by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
Nochlin’s essay presents the question of why there have been no great women artists. She explains the obstacles that prevent women in the West from becoming successful in the field of art. She recognizes the recent expansion of feminist activity in the United States, in her essay. Her main consideration is the nature of art together with reasons why the notion of the artistic genius is male dominated. The notion of this paper is to discuss the reasons for the lack of female artists and suggested methods of inclusion of women in the existing art history.
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According to Nochlin, the reason that explains the lack of greatness for female artists is the lack of education opportunities for female artists in the field.[1] Training opportunities in the field of art were favorable to male. Most arts educational institutions were readily available to women as to men. The knowledge of arts belong to men, and women could only study art as hobbies but not career. She argues that it is not right to consider art as being different from other fields, which need proper training opportunities.[2] Moreover, the great artist is not born genius with mysterious powers that makes them great. Every artist ones went through the educational training of art. Therefore, everyone needs specific training and experience in this field.
Nochlin realized a problem of the paradigm shift with the way in which amendments of art history aimed at involving women in the canon. She levitated the question of women art to challenge all other social and institutional factors in the study of the history of art.[3] The historical process of artistic creation and the representation has no meaning if there is a lack of understanding about social meaning and symbol operations of gender. The female art historians had to confront a domain standing for art history without art women, having initiated a canon exclusively comprising of inordinate rulers.
Linda Nochlin responded to the development of introducing female artists into the canon, by posing the question for the study of the feminine in the art, the quest for women artists, and a critique of the discourse of art history.[4] The viewpoint of equality between men and women suggests that females’ art should get cultural and social acknowledgment just as males.’ The inclusion of women in the canon raised another question on how to locate art of women within and outside the canon. The propensity is to admit the work of women into standard history.
The anticipation of gender-based equality is vague without gender contextualization and the mechanisms of exclusion. To be success in any field, one requires a fight and sacrifice. The discipline of art history should include equivalence in the study and evaluation of women art as those of men.[5] Educational art institutions should provide equal scholarships similar to other fields. The art historian needs to interpret and analyze women artists, artisans, and architects using examine theories and methods.
Conclusion
Nochlin argues that significant societal barriers such as individual glorifying, elitist, romantic, and restriction on female education in art academies, prevented women from perusing art. The response to the question of why there have been no great women artists relates to the problem of institutions of art, but not to the delinquent with female artists. The reality is there is no great aristocratic artist even with training and experience, not preferably female artists. The situation calls for the need for involvement of women in art field since they can make great artists compared to male.
Bibliography
Buikema, Rosemarie, and Anneke Smelik. 2005. Women’s studies and culture: a feminist introduction. London: Zed Books.
D’Alleva, Anne. 2005. Methods and theories of art history. London: Laurence King
Nochlin, Linda, and Maura Reilly. 2015. Women artists: the Linda Nochlin reader.
Buikema, Rosemarie, and Anneke Smelik. 2005. Women’s studies and culture: a feminist introduction. London: Zed Books. ↑
D’Alleva, Anne. 2005. Methods and theories of art history. London: Laurence King. ↑
D’Alleva, Anne. 2005. Methods and theories of art history. London: Laurence King. ↑
Nochlin, Linda, and Maura Reilly. 2015. Women artists: the Linda Nochlin reader. ↑
D’Alleva, Anne. 2005. Methods and theories of art history. London: Laurence King. ↑
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Wireless Local Area Network Working Group (WLANWG)
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) refers a computer system that connects expedients through a wireless method within a restricted zone. An association, Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) network, formed a working group called Wireless Local Area Network Working Group (WLANWG). IEEE comprises scientists and engineers including medical doctors, information technology professionals and software developers. The professionals’ a purpose of promoting technical and educational progression in various areas such as telecommunication, engineering, and electronics. The Wireless Local Area Network has a frequency of IEEE 802.11. WLAN consist of physical layer and media access control, mainly for computer communication (Garcia-Martin & Camarillo, 2014). The basis of this paper is to explore the functional ability of WLANWG and provide views on the essentials for IEEE 802 standards.
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Wireless Local Area Network Working Group comprises of professionals in the field of wireless technology who work for the Intel Standard. The major purpose of this group is to dominate the networking access point technology used in businesses, homes, and public hotspots. The group works on implementing sophisticated device to needed to support bonding of channels to achieve this. The devices help in combining channels and improving the availability bandwidth especially in remote areas. By doing this, the wireless network using the WI-FI brand is brought into existence by the States Federal Communication Commission (FCC) (Cooklev, 2004).
The group focuses on increasing the speed and range of transmission of the network. WLAN working group provides ongoing improvements needed to promote economic development. The world of business relies on communication and networking and, therefore, requires a more reliable and affordable sources of internet. The overall use of the wireless network helps the local users to gain experience and provide more connections. For example, the increased availability of hotspots and internet cabling helps reach more customers. Besides, it improves the performance and application of home digital video streams and high definition television (HDTV) in innovations.
IEEE 802 Standards in Networking
The IEEE 802 standards consist of groups of networking norms or averages that protect the physical requirements of technology from Ethernet to wireless (Cooklev, 2004). The standards depend on the Ethernet Protocol and Carrier Sense Multiple Access connected to Collision Avoidance for path sharing. It has yielded numerous Local Area Network standards including bridging, wireless, token ring, Logical Link Control, and Ethernet.
The standards play different major roles in networking. These include Ethernet, which provides asynchronous networking with the help of carrier sense. Bridging in LAN protects management and lower sub-layers of OSI layer such as post-based access. The token ring passes standard for shielded copper and twisted-pair network cables. Besides, WI-FI, a wireless media access control and physical layer specification for the Local Area Network.
IEEE, ISO, and ANSI
According to Walke, Mangold & Berlemann (2007), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standards organization are associations that improve global standards in a wide series of industries including energy, healthcare, telecommunication, and transportation. The standards provide a platform for activities such as accreditation, certification, branding and marketing. The IEEE has created an original forum where development processes and related activities modification by participants, technology and market takes place (Garcia-Martin & Camarillo, 2014).
International Standards Organization (ISO) is a body that works to initiate standardization developments. Its activities aimed at facilitating the trade of goods and services internationally within the cooperate environments. The standards create tools for managing various global challenges especially in the business such as introducing new companies into the market and marketing the existing ones. The International Standards ensure the safety, quality and reliability of products and services in the market. They help reduce costs by improving productivity and lowering waste and errors.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) are organizations that supervise the development of voluntary consensus standards for systems, processes, products and service in the United States. Its major role is to harmonize the Standards in the United States with that of the international markets for the promotion of the American products worldwide. ANSI endorse other standards developed by different standard organizations and government agencies. In other words, these standards safeguard the uniformity in the performance and characteristics of products. They give a similar definition and terms of products sales and approval in the market by carrying out a uniform product and personnel certification according to the international standards (Garcia-Martin & Camarillo, 2014).
The above discussion renders IEEE the most important standard organizations as it plays a major in the internationally. By creating a new forum where people, technology, and the market can develop processes and related activities (Walke, Mangold & Berlemann, 2007). In a nutshell, the IEEE standard organizations provide a podium for all other standard organizations.
To conclude, the federal regulating body of standards is very vital in helping the private sectors and the federal government to manage large quantities of data. Their major effort is on the movement of technology and huge data in cloud computing and cyber security. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) works on standards related to international technology and metrics. It acts the most important national policy for a more reliable identities in cyberspace. Therefore the federal regulating body of standards very essential especially in the matter pertaining businesses and the government (Cooklev, 2004).
Reference
Cooklev, T. (2004). Wireless communication standards: A study of IEEE 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16. New York: Standards Information Network, IEEE Press.
Garcia-Martin, M.-A., & Camarillo, G. (2014). The 3g ip multimedia subsystem (ims): Merging the internet and the cellular worlds. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Walke, B. H., Mangold, S., & Berlemann, L. (2007). IEEE 802 Wireless Systems: Protocols, Multi-Hop Mesh/Relaying, Performance and Spectrum Coexistence. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Majority of today’s psychologists indicate that character development is more of a combination of factors found in the social environment. Harris (1998), begins by addressing and summarizing these assumptions. She indicates that she too, at one time believed that personality and character in children was more of a nurture rather than nature event. However, over time she has come to dispute this hypothesis. In her hypothesis, she indicates that home culture has little if anything to do with the development of character and personality in children. In essence all parents are able to pass on to their children is the biological traits such as skin color, height and looks. Character on the other hand is heavily influenced by the outside home factors.
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Home Culture Influences Behavior
However, modern psychologists having conducted research on several pairs of twins have found that parents do indeed pass on some characteristics and mannerisms to their children. If the home culture for example is prone to encouraging crime and anti-social behavior, there are less chances that the child will develop a strong personality, resisting all forms of crime. To the child, anti-social behavior is the norm and therefore the expected. Simanowitz and Pearce found that 56% of the juvenile offenders today, indeed come from a home where crime is the norm (203). The parents have either been arrested or have a previous brush with the low. In this case, he provides evidence that contradicts Harris’ belief and hypothesis. Behavioral psychologists further suggest that some personalities stem from genes and home culture or a combination of the two. They indicate that by the time, an individual reaches the teen years, they have acquired a firm set of personality traits, developed through the home culture. It is therefore most likely that all decisions forthwith will be based on what they have been taught by their parents and what has been influenced upon them. In the poem, “digging” by Seamus Heaney, the writer states that his father like his grandfather was not only hardworking and persistent, but also chose a similar career path. It is common to find families that are made up of policemen, firemen, teachers and other careers to a great percentage. According to Graziano, Children in these families are likely to desire and seek out similar career paths (94). While the dimensions of their duties and tasks may differ, similarly their qualifications may also differ but the foundations of their careers are heavily influenced by the home culture.
Home Culture Does Not Influence Child Behavior and Development
Even with this factual argument, there are social scientists who support the hypothesis by Harris (19). They indicate that the home culture may help in formulating the basis of the culture but this foundation is rarely if ever stable when met with other influences away from the home. The most ideal for example is the teen life, or the normal teenager in society. Such teen is heavily influenced in mannerisms of dressing, speech and even character by friends, societies and the school environment. Parents may have brought up the teenager influenced them to speak in a certain manner, to dress as they do; however this all changes within a few days sometimes even taking a shorter time to completely transform the teenager.
Furthermore, Letourneau et al highlights that children from the same family, brought up with the same resources, exposed to the same things can never be the same in terms of personality (21). This challenges the twin studies which have been greatly used to propagate the importance of the home culture towards development. Goldstein et al states that twins maybe similar in terms of physical features, they are exposed to the same environment and often have to endure the same challenges while growing up, yet even their parents can state and have often argued that the twins are completely different (87). While one maybe headstrong, the other is probably shy and reserved. Based on this therefore, it can be said that the home culture has little to do with how children grow up and behave. Each individual is supposed to make their own path of development despite the desires and attempted influences of the parents. In the short story, “You can’t kill the rooster”, we see two brothers who though years apart, come from the same parents yet even to the writer they are completely different. Sedaris indicates that with the birth of Paul, the younger brother, the outside world suddenly became a realistic influence to the family.
Perhaps the biggest highlight from the short story, you can’t kill the Rooster is that even the home culture is prone to outside influence and often differs. Nature does not change, and in order to completely influence the development of a child, home culture needs to be stable and consistent. The Sedaris family, in an attempt to maintain the consistency and stability of their home culture, begin by influencing upon the children the importance of not brining outside culture into the home. Harsh punishments are called upon, for example when strange accents are detected. The writer gives an example, where the use of the term “y’all”, led to one finding themselves on the barn floor French kissing a goat. Although the family had moved to Carolina, the parents had managed to ensure that the children were not unduly influenced by the culture of the town. However, it seems that with time the consistency of the home culture cannot be relied upon. The youngest child is born and becomes a complete native. His accent and language are completely influenced by the outside community and he does not seem to have any interest or inkling of the home culture. Though they have grown up in the same home, the writer feels that he and his brother might as well have come from two different homes. A home culture is defined as family traditions and norms which have been established over time, they therefore are not expected to change, despite generational and time gaps between children. Because human beings are prone to influence and change even in their own traditions, it follows therefore that home culture cannot be relied upon to influence the development of children.
As children become adults they are called upon to make their own decisions, to think independently in the career choice, completion of assigned tasks and even personal decisions. It is not uncommon to meet an adult, one whom you knew as a child and find them completely different in terms of mannerisms and personality as well. This is because, the home culture is sheltered, and children often behave in a particular way to avoid being punished or meeting with disappointment, (Hindle and Smith 111). When they leave the sheltered home environment, other factors and cultures come into play and the home culture is completely forgotten. While they may maintain some of the elements of the home culture, they often do so for comfort while away from home. In addition, the elements that are retained are those that do not unduly collide with the changes that they are undergoing. In most cases however, change is often complete and one may not be able to find even a trace of their home culture. It is not just the basics such as dressing and hobbies that change, there are cases where even religion and other matters that are often introduced in the home culture completely change. Loehlin, for example, found that only 13% of the students in college maintain the religion introduced to them as children by their parents (87). Many of the college students either become laggard when it comes to religion or completely change their beliefs, opting for new and what they may think are more adventurous and exciting religions. In America today, it is common to find a family that is made up of people with diverse beliefs and religions. In the past however, the home culture was vital in such choices. Families were known to be of one religion such as catholic, Presbyterian or Muslim.
The importance of parental involvement in a child’s development cannot be denied. Parents cannot decide to completely withhold from the process of raising a child with the assumption that their influence is limited. Children, do need guidance and parental affection in order to develop into complete, highly integrated adults. However, as scientists have proven there is little evidence to suggest that the home culture strongly influences the direction of child development. Home culture can lay a foundation, upon which the child can make decisions and develop a set of goals. However, upon reaching an age where they can make decisions for themselves, children can either completely adapt the home culture or rebel against it. In the poem “digging”, the writer chooses to edit the home culture upon which he has been brought up. Both his father and grandfather are idealistic farmers. They work hard, often digging through the day. Perhaps, the older generation expects the younger to take the same path they have elected. This maybe why the young boy is sent to bring milk to his grandfather, so that he can be exposed to the farm life and its benefits at an early age. However, the writer chooses instead to write, a completely different career path from that found in his home culture. Instead of the hoe for digging he elects to use the pen, to forge his own career path.
CONCLUSION
Harris puts forward a convincing argument against nurture, children brought up by nannies in Britain for example, spend most of their time in the hands of the nannies during what is termed as formative years. They are taken to boarding schools where again they spend a majority of their time, only to return as adults. Upon their return, however, they act completely like the parent role model. This despite the fact, that from birth the parent has had little if anything to do with their upbringing. With her examples, she shows that fundamental principles of behavior such as religion, language and behavior have little to do with parental influence. The child with the help of external social factors determines his own set of behaviors and personality development.
REFERENCES
Graziano, William G. Personality Development. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2003. Print
Goldstein, Sam, and Jack A. Naglieri. Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. New York: Springer, 2011.
Hindle, Debbie, and Marta V. Smith. Personality Development: A Psychoanalytic Perspective. London: Routledge, 2002.
Letourneau, Nicole, Allison Hirst, and Justin Joschko. Scientific Parenting: What Science Reveals About Parental Influence. , 2013.
Loehlin, John C. Genes and Environment in Personality Development. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1992.
Simanowitz, Valerie, and Peter Pearce. Personality Development. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2003. Internet resource.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
Since time memorial women’s rights, movements have been concerned with various issues about women. The goals of these movements kept on changing as women learnt more about their rights. The goals women fought for in the early 1920s were different from those fought for in 1970s. This paper shall discuss the various rights fought for and how women rights movement changed over time. The paper shall allude from Gloria Steinem ‘Testimony on Equal rights amendment’, Margret Sanger’s ‘The case of birth control’, and Jane Addams, ‘Utilization of women in city government’.
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The women’s rights movement in the 1970s was a second wave feminism. Most of the organizations championing for women’s rights were more divided on what issues to advocate. One particular organization The Equal Rights Amendment Ratification Council was formed in 1973 under the leadership of Gloria Steinem, who fought for the independence of a woman over a man. Steinem argued that gender should not be a threshold of civil rights (Steinem 142).
Consequently, women’s oppression was an important issue and the US Congress should implement a legislative agenda to eradicate this oppression. Since the civil rights movement was considered a disruption to public order, Steinem argument was that the women’s right movement was targeted at promoting democracy principles. Steinem made it clear to the committee; women did not expect to be treated in a special due to the mythical belief that they were inferior to men. She argued that women were indeed superior to men using biological statistics like life expectancy, and health reports that suggested women were superior to men. Steinem also refuted the claim that women were already equal to men, she argued that women did not receive equal pay as men, as a result had no economic power (Steinem 143).
Margret Sanger was at the forefront of the women’s rights movement in 1917. She advocated for the availability of birth control so that women could limit the size of their families. Sanger came from a very large family and she argued that her mother died at an early age because she had many children, and it is for this reason that she decided that availability of birth control information was important to women. She argued that women could only effectively take part in the society if they had smaller families. Sanger said that most women are trapped at home caring for their families as they languish in poverty and depended on men. She tells of a woman who was happy to have had a stillbirth because the child would have died with the limited resources she had. Sanger advocated for birth control arguing that it is also beneficial to the child since children will not be brought in to poverty-stricken families (Sanger 55).
In the early 1990s, Jane Addams argues that women understand better the leadership duties such as running the department of health. Additionally, she argues that women understand how best to allocate the various resources since they are homemakers. It is for this reason that she advocates for the right of women to vote. However, she does not advocate for the rejection of traditional roles of women and says that these roles are what make women better leaders (Addams 52).
Conclusion
The women’s rights movement evolved as the years went by. The issues advocated for included the right to equality, the rights of women to vote and the availability of birth control. Congress passed an equal rights amendment in 1972 that prohibited discrimination on gender basis, women can now access birth control and women have the right to vote
Works Cited
Addams, Jane. “Utilization of women in city government”. US History Resources, 1907.
Sanger, Margret. “The case of birth control”. Issues and Controversy in American History, 1917.
Steinem, Gloria. “Testimony on equal rights amendment”. Journal of Women’s History, 1970.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
“The illiterate of the 21st Century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.” — Alvin Toffler
We believe it is time to present a new generation to the world, we have seen the Silent Generation, Baby Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, and the Millennial Generation. What we believe the generation teachers are beginning to see now is the Click-Through Generation.
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A generation is based on the range of birth years of a group of people. Generations can span many years; since people are individuals, not all members of a generation exhibit the same traits. It is important that we understand the generations and also embrace their uniqueness. Jopling suggests, by examining the values of different generations, we can better understand interpersonal relations and learn to cooperate with others.
As a Professor I believe we are currently being faced with this new generation of students that are challenging the traditional teaching methods. “Today’s students are no longer the people our educational system was designed to teach”. This generation was born with technology in their hands and they have absolutely no idea of what life was like without the ever present cell phone, laptop, or iPad. These click-through students’ technology expectations surpass any previous generational expectations in that everything can be accomplished on a computer; it is not uncommon to hear – there is an app for that or check out YouTube. If you ask a click-through how long they have been using the internet and a computer, their reply more likely will be “my whole life”.
Today’s students are the generation of instant everything from pudding to news. In a nutshell, they want it all and they want it now! This generation is by far the most confident generation and they want to be loved and valued by everyone. They have never had to wait for anything, they have always had what they needed to get by and often they had much more. Thus, their expectations are almost to the entitlement level; I want it, I get it.
Today’s students – K through college – represent the first generations to grow up with this new technology. They have spent their entire lives surrounded by and using computers, videogames, digital music players, video cams, cell phones, and all the other toys and tools of the digital age. Today’s average college grads have spent less than 5,000 hours of their lives reading, but over 10,000 hours playing video games (not to mention 20,000 hours watching TV). Computer games, email, the Internet, cell phones and instant messaging are integral parts of their lives.
The result of this mentality is that they believe they can do no wrong; the rules apply to others and not to them. They have always had someone to pick them up and dust them off so they have little sense of accountability; it is always someone else’s fault when something does not work.
In school, and in particular in an online college or high school course, these click-through students no longer read instructions and they are not willing to take the time to go through a tutorial on how to use an online Learning Management System or Homework System. Rather the click-through generation simply attempts to click-through the homework and then they don’t understand when they get less of a grade than they expected. The excuses are many and they typically focus on how their technology failed them rather than the fact that they simply did not read the directions.
Even though this click-through generation is very well educated, like all young members of every generation they are quite naïve. They don’t think anyone will question their actions and when they are questioned or the evidence trail shows that they did not do as they said they did, they tend to turn a bit hostile and even blame the very technology that they demand. When, at the end of the term, they get a lower grade than they feel they deserve (of course it is an ‘A’) they naturally want to know why. When it is pointed out that they missed an assignment or exam which was listed in the course syllabus they claim that they never knew about it even though they clicked on the ‘I understand’ button on the syllabus, or sent an email stating they read and understood the syllabus. The click-through students are so used to seeing license agreements, terms and conditions, and other acknowledgements (that few people read), they just click the box and move on to the next page.
This new click-through generation will learn differently and we, as educators, will need to learn to teach differently. The authors of this article believe, although a challenge, this new generation will also enhance the way education will change to meet their needs. The need for textbook and lectures may become a thing of the past. The click-through generation will be the motivators of change over the next lustrum. Alvin Toffler was not so far off.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
