Acute Pyelonephritis can be defined as infection that occurs in the renal pelvis and in most cases it is always followed by an individual having infections in the renal parenchyma. The main source of infection is majorly from the bladder but in some cases haematogenous spread can also happen. The organisms that cause this are almost similar to those that cause Urinary Tract Infection for example; Escherichia coli and proteus species. When there is a repetitive occurrences of acute pyelonephritis, the affected individual have a higher chance of acquiring chronic pyelonephritis. This may in return lead to the scarring and destruction of tissues of the renal organs because of repeated inflammation (Leroy et al., 2013).
Acute Pyelonephritis can be acquired at any given age. In a previous research, it was found that 3% of girls and 1% of the boys have the probability of acquiring this infection by the time they are 7 years of age. However, it was found that women between the age of 15-29 have the highest incidents of these cases and are closely followed by babies and the aged (Colgan et al., 2011). It has the following symptoms; fever which is variable but in some cases might be extremely high to the extent of producing rigors, vomiting and nausea, loin pain which can be bilateral or unilateral, in some cases it may be associated with UTI symptoms. However in children and more so infants, symptoms are less in most cases and urine culture should be done frequently in sick children in order to be sure.
This disease can be diagnosed through the following ways; first and foremost urinalysis. In most cases, the urine of the infected individual is usually cloudy and has offensive smell. Sample of urine should be cultured and sent to microscopy. The microscopy of urine identifies pyuria. Studies that were currently undertaken showed that procalcitonin is a biological marker when it comes to acute pyelonephritis diagnosis in children. The third way of diagnosis is by imaging. This is useful when the clinical picture is ambivalent because structural problems are not very uncommon. It is majorly recommended in children and men and is a compulsory test for patients who have recurrent pyelonephritis and it might also assist in the identification of stones.
In management of acute pyelonephritis, it is recommended that patients should have enough rest and take adequate fluids. The second way of management is the admission of these patients in the hospital. As much as many of these patients can be taken care of in the community, guidelines recommend admission of expectant women because of their complication risks. Other cases that may involve admission are; the inability of the patient to take fluids, severe pain, the obstruction of the urinary tract, extreme vomiting and the failure to respond positively to treatment. Another way of managing this infection is by taking antibiotics. The patient is advised to begin empirical antibiotic treatment when waiting for sensitivity and culture. It is recommended that adults should either take coamoxiclav 500/125mg tablets or ciprofloxacin 500mg for 7 days (Strohmeier et al., 2014).
Co-amoxiclav is recommended for children as a first line treatment and the second line treatment as cefixime. It was found out that children who do not receive early treatments with intravenous antibiotics have a greater chance of developing renal scarring. Other studies have showed that for children over the age of one month, this infection can be managed and controlled by oral therapy. This infection can be prevented by; considering prophylactic treatment for women who have a minimal of three symptomatic infections per annum and reserve antibiotic prophylaxis for children who have a high risk of complications for example renal scarring (Nickavar and Sotoudeh, 2011).
References
Colgan R., Williams M., Johnson J., (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women. Am Fam Physicisian.
Leroy S., Fernandez A.,Nikfar R. et al., (2013). Association of procalcitonin with pyelonephritis and renal scars in pediatric UTI. Pediatrics. Epub
Strohmeier Y., Hudson E., Willis N. et al., (2014). Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
Science tells us that three-quarters of the earth is covered in water. Water is essential for human survival. Water is used for drinking, bathing, helps crops grow just to name a few. Despite the fact that a larger percentage of the earth is made up water, millions of people still do not have access to this vital commodity. Goal number seven of the Millennium Development Goals are to ensure that at least half of the world’s populations have access to safe drinking water and for sanitation purpose.it is 2015 and this goal has yet been achieved in most third world countries. It was reported in the year 2012; over 700 million of the world’s population did not have access to drinking water. My group project was focused on collecting funds to help in the achievement of clean and safe drinking water through the Water Aid America campaign. All f s were required to collect money to fund the project, all monies were collected in the following link http://www.gofundme.com/vwbgmw.
Figure A screen Shot of My Quest of funding for the project.
Each group member was supposed to participate fully in the project. Each of us was required to collect the money individual through our own initiatives and later put it together as a group. Having seen the power of the social media is finding aid for people, I choose Facebook as my target group. Each day I would post an update about the project I was undertaking and its purpose and plead with my friends and the general public to assist in making access to safe drinking water a reality to those who cannot access it. At the end of the update were the words “Montco’s quests for clean water by Sarah Buttaro-go fund me http://www.gofundme.com/vwbgmw”. I also asked my friends to help me to post updates in request for contribution from their friends by sharing the link on their Facebook pages. The feedback we got from Facebook was overwhelming. Most people were remorseful that it was quite unfortunate for people to lack this vital commodity when others misuse it. My friends shared the messages along and the campaign went on smoothly.
A friend of mine has a shop that is busy all during the day because it is frequented a lot by people because of its location. I placed a jar labeled “Montco’s Quest for the funding quest for clean water”, at the shop and put up notices to remind the customers and passersby to drop some money into the jar to facilitate access to water for all people in the world. The jar was very large and placed on a high counter where it would be seen by all and not be interfered with. Lucky enough most of them were kind enough and contributed something towards my campaign for Water Aid America.
Figure The jar at my Friend’s Shop
My friends did very well; all of us were very committed on the project and wanted to do something towards the achievement of Water for all Americans. They also took advantage of the social media platforms and sent text messages to their friends and family to fund them in the project. I am happy we all brought something to the table, I feel very proud of ourselves.
I learnt that Montco Quest for Clean water has its roots in 37 countries in the world. I learnt that in the recent earthquake in Nepal the group was very active in supplying clean water to all hose affected. I would like to cultivate a saving culture to help Montco Quest for Clean Water fund itswater projects across the world.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
The coffee company is determined to serve the local coffee shops that serve people who like coffee, a place to look forward to as you try to leave the daily life stressors, and a nice place to read your book or to meet your family or friends. With the great demand for great service and coffee of high quality, the company will capitalize on its location in the city centers to build a core group of store partners. The company will offer the best coffee lids to its customers and it will be complemented with free delivery that makes the patrons enjoy.
The owners of the company have secured the company building for a five –year lease with an extending option. They have also paid the $ 150, 000 of the required $180,000 startup money. The remaining balance will be settled through a loan from the bank of America.
The projected sales for the company are $584,000 in financial year 1 to year three. The company will strive to maintain a 60% gross profit margin in addition to manage operating expenses. The company will also ensure net profits grow from $125,000 to $130,000 during the period.
A Comprehensive Market Analysis of Pioneer Coffee Stores
Objectives
The objectives of the company in the first year are:
Become the best coffee disposal lids company in the area
Plough in profits of the fist operation month
Maintain 60% gross margin
b) Keys to success
Attractive store design to the customers, and has efficient and fast operations
Employee training for the best coffee disposal lids designs
Marketing strategies geared to maximizing profits and creating a solid base of customers
c) Mission
The company will strive to crest unique designs of coffee disposal lids that are environment-friendly and simple to use by the clients. We will be the best business that creates beauty through its products. The company will invest back its profits for the customer’s satisfaction while giving stable returns to the owners.
Company summary
The company sells disposal coffee lids to the coffee stores in the company building located in New York City. The investors are “Tom and jack” who cumulatively own over 65% of the company. Furthermore, the company’s startup loss is assumed to be $25,600
Company ownership
The company is registered as a limited liability company in New York. “Tom and jack” owns 65 % of the company. Other family member s of tom and jack hold minority stakes in the company.
Star-up summary
The expenses of a startup include:
Legal expenses for getting permits and licenses and accounting services totaling to $1200
Expenses for marketing promotions for the grand opening of the company is $3500 besides flyer printing of a total amount of $3600
Consultants fees of $2800 paid to espresso consultants to help I set up the company
Insurance (property-casualty, workers compensation, and general liability) coverage totaling to $2500.
One month prepaid rent expenses of $4200
Remodeling of the premises for $ 9000
Other expenses for the startup including stationery ($600) utility deposits and phone ($2500).
The startup assets required of $ 143,000 include:
Operating capital of $67,000 which includes salaries of the owners and employees of $23,800 for the first two months and also cash reserves set for the first three operations months.
Startup inventory of $16,000.
Equipment for an amount totaling to $60,000
Two major sources are reliable for funding the company, the bank loans, and owners’ investments, and the principal owners “tom and jack,” have contributed $100,000 and $50,000 respectively. The remaining $30,000 required covering the expenses of the assets and startup came from bank loans. A long-term loan of five years of $20,000 and a one-year loan of $10,000.all loans were gotten from the bank of America. Therefore, the assumed total start-up loss is $2,600.
The company’s facilities and location
The company will be located on the first floor of the commercial building in New York. The floor plan includes 300 square feet of office and 2200 square feet of operations are which also include the store and washrooms. The premises have the necessary electricity and water will only require slight remodeling to accommodate the store and the kitchen
Products
The company will offer its customers the best coffee disposal lids. This will be achieved by sourcing aesthetic and unique designs, light and environmentally friendly raw materials, and products. The products will be aimed at making our clients attract many clients to their stores.
Sales literature
Three thousand flyers will be distrusted to the nearby neighborhoods, in the selected coffee store, restaurants, and hotels two weeks before the grand opening of the company. Subsequently, some free postcards with the company’s endorsement will be printed and distribute to increase the visibility of the company in the neighborhoods.
Summary of the Market analysis
Market trends of the coffee market in America
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages globally and in the United States. Coffee is a significant beverage in the daily life of the Americans that we can say that it assists Americans over forward. In fact, about 60% of the United States households either use at home ground or whole coffee beans. The coffee market is segmented into roasters, growers, and retailers. Nescafe is the most valuable brand of coffee globally while Maxwell and Folgers are the primary coffee brands in the local coffee segment. In 2012 flogs were estimated to be valued at US 852.4 million dollars.
For many years, coffee chains have gained popularity among their customers. These retail markets were dominated by Dunkin brand Inc. and Starbucks Company with almost 50% of a combined market share in 2011.furthermore, the latest statistics show that about 22% of American coffee consumers take one cup of coffee daily averagely. Similarly, the employed Americans of ages ranging from 18-34 years usually spend 24.74 dollars on coffee weekly.
Coffee at home
The average household in the U.S that uses a ground and household coffee consumes an average of 4.2 cups daily. That amounts to 289.5 million total coffee cups consumed at home daily
89% of households stock regular coffee
84% of the households use pre-ground coffee and the other 26% of the households use whole bean coffee.
The instant flavored coffee
27% of households stock the intent coffee
16% of households use it. Most coffee drinkers of instant flavor are Older Americans.
Projection of the coffee market in America
The volume of off-trade sales is projected at 1% for the forecast period, steadying at 760,830 tons by the year 2017. This is a representation of a conservative forecast grounded on single-serve brewing changes in the market. Furthermore, with the expiration of the k-cup patent by Green Mountain, economy brands, private labels, premium players, and regional roasters could all have an impact on the growing terms in the whole category. This combined with on-trade brands for the off-trade brand consumption replication and the brewing convenience will increase the volume of off-trade sales of the fresh coffee pods. However, the projected growth will be affected by the other reductions in other categories, because of a shift in the manner people consumes coffee, rather than more consumers taking the coffee.
On the other hand, the international coffee organization on July 10th, 2013 forecasted that the production and supply of the world coffee for the past one year was 7.8% higher compared to the other previous coffee years.
The company will strive to build many loyal customers by offering quality products.
e) Competition and buying patterns
Competition
The company will face competition from other established companies that have contracts with the leading cogged stores like Starbucks and Café Roma statistics from the New York food services estimate that non-alcoholic bars and snack shops made sales of $14.2 million in 2012. therefore; competition exists for the suppliers to these coffee outlets.
Buying patterns
The major reason for the stores to go for the disposable coffee lids is the uniqueness, quality, and ease of disposal of the lids. The company will price its products competitively. We believe that selling the lids with great service will help us build a storing and a large base of loyal clientele.
Management team
The company will hire a full-time manager to oversee the running of the company. The company (name withheld due to his commitment to his current employment) has three years of experience in a managerial position in a New York industry. His responsibilities will include ordering inventory, managing staff, developing a marketing strategy, dealing with suppliers, and other daily managerial duties.
The company will also still retain the services of espresso consultants. The consultants will primarily do market research, conduct surveys on customer satisfaction, and give additional input in the business evaluation.
Personal plan
Year1 ($)
Year 2($)
Year 3($)
Manager
34000
36,000
40,000
Barristers
48,000
52,000
58,000
Employees
40,000
53,000
55,000
Total people
8
9
9
Total payroll
122,000
141,000
153,000
6. Financial plan
The company will capitalize on the high demand for coffee in the locality. The owners of the company provided sufficient capital for stat up. With professional management aimed at creating and growing a large base of customers, the company will double its net profit in a couple of years. The company intends to maintain 60% of the gross margin, which when combined with operating expenses will give enough return to finance the company’s growth.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
For Brekkers, their main concern is the provision of friendly, fast services that are presented in a neat environment often in modern restaurant kiosks located at strategic locations. Some of the areas that they have targeted their establishments include those that will often have a given influx of people that might seek fast foods as a by-the-way. As such, most of the branch outlets are at airports, railway stations, leisure centers, like the racecourse or a golf course (Johns, 1994). Retail outlets like supermarkets, hypermarkets and shopping malls, food courts, departmental stores, and retail parks are also potential areas that have been identified for these establishments. This allows for convenience in serving the customers will be served fast enough within those close proximities. This is the same case with the Alongstay and Brooklyn service ideology. They focus on the convenience of serving their customers, especially Brooklyn, which capitalizes on the speed of delivery of pizzas to their clients (Heskett, Sasser, & Hart, 2007). They are allied to the concept that a pizza should be delivered to the customer within 30 minutes of the order. It, therefore, plays two roles simultaneously- preparing the pizza and transporting it to the owner. For this reason, they locate their branches in high population areas to maximize the number of products demanded, and also to close in the time gap required for making deliveries, although that matters with the distance between the store and the client (Canziani, 2008).
The Brekkers business model is one that goes into two items in their menu: a finger food pancake and all-day-breakfast that includes eggs, sausage, bacon, and tomato, although a trayed big-6 breakfast is also available for service (Whitelaw, 2008). They ensure that fries are available throughout the day, as well as fresh pancakes prepared with sweet and savory fillings that are packed and distributed for consumption the whole day. On top of this, they also have both cold and hot drinks on order, including good quality coffee products, and meals for children are also available (Shoemaker & Gorin, 2008). This is to ensure the satisfaction of the client; and in a similar case, Alongstay also ensures that their clients are served with the varieties that they ask for, and within the shortest time possible. If there is anything that can be done to reduce the delivery time for attending to the customers, the business takes it as an advantage to create better satisfaction (Namasivayam & Lin, 2008).
Capacity Management
Brekkers has a means of operating its outlets through direct management, although it is in the process of considering franchising it to hasten its expansion plans. With the expected rate of returns on investment, it is quite viable to speedily equip a branch outlet and have it started up (Cabanas, 2015). In the management of the establishments, each of the branch outlets is run by an operations manager who is usually mandated to oversee about 5 to 8 units; with one member of the team being tasked with running every outlet during its working hours from 7 am to 7 pm. As such, it is, therefore, necessary that each outlet has 2 or 4 staff running the outlet (Kavanaugh & Ninemeier, 1999).
For the Alongstay ventures, however, the branches are more often than not located in the large cities where there is a variety of clients and potential ones. The towns and cities provide a place of convergence for the business type and the leisure guests, who make up their target markets (Jones, 2010a). In its management, it is advanced as it has its general manager, assistant managers that help in the management and coordination of the large organizational departments, departmental heads are heading in individual departments, and a given set of employees in each of the departments. Due to the number of suits that are cleaned, and the level of influx into the venture, the housekeeping team is greater while those concerned with order and the system records the total number of clients anticipated to attend. This helped in budget making especially on the food. This is especially so because most of the guests prefer to serve service (Heskett & Schlesinger, 1997).
Managing Services
These two businesses are service providers in the food industry, Alongstay has a slight addition of accommodation and hospitality. Brekkers has ensured to guarantee consistent service, each of its outlets has a storage facility and has adequate equipment for preparing and producing its commodities placed behind a service counter (Heskett, 1986). The business also has it deliberately that there is no or little seating for the clients. It then uses a fully integrated IT system that monitors sales, controls the stock in the business, and orders inventory. Among other hotel and suite facilities, Alongstay will often have a few types of equipment for production including about 100 full-size suits with completely stocked kitchens, room service, utilities, and housekeeping services (Afify, 2008). It also includes a bar and a restaurant on-site, as well as a convenience store.
References
Afify, M. (2008) Quality Management, in Jones, P. (2008) The Handbook of Hospitality
Operations and Information Management, Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, 295-338
Cabanas, R. (2015). English brekkers option – Picture of Richard Cabanas, Tissamaharama
TripAdvisor. [online] Tripadvisor.com.
Canziani, B.F. (2008) The Hospitality Customer: their role in service blueprints, in Jones, P.
(2008) The Handbook of Hospitality Operations and Information Management, Butterworth
Heinemann: Oxford, 63-90
Heskett, J.L. (1986) Managing in the Service Economy, Harvard Business Press: Boston
Heskett, J.L., Sasser, W.E. and Hart, C. (2007) Service Breakthroughs: Changing the Rules of
the Game, Free Press
Heskett, J. L., and Schlesinger, L.A. (1997) The Service Profit Chain, Free Press
Johns, N. (1994) Foodservice Layout and Design in Jones, P. with Merricks, P. (1994) The
Management of Foodservice Operations Cassell: London, 59-77
Jones, P. (2010a) Managing management and prevents victimization of the employees. Furthermore, to the management, it helps them communicate to the Employees, Handout in ULearn, University of Surrey
Jones, P. (2010b) Loss Control and Asset Management, Handout in ULearn, University of
Surrey
Kavanaugh, R.R., and Ninemeier, J.D. (1999) Managing Productivity and Controlling Labor
Costs. CHA Certification Study Guide, 1, 145.
Mill, R. C. (2008) Managing Labour Productivity, in Jones, P. (2008) The Handbook of
Hospitality Operations and Information Management, Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, 269
294
Namasivayam, K. and Lin, I.Y. (2008) The Servicescape, in Jones, P. (2008) The Handbook
of Hospitality Operations and Information Management, Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford,
43-62
Sasser, W.E., Wyckoff, D.D., and Olsen, M. (1978) The Management of Service Operations,
Allyn & Bacon: Boston
Shoemaker, S. and Gorin, T. (2008) Revenue Management, in Jones, P. (2008) The
Handbook of Hospitality Operations and Information Management, Butterworth
Heinemann: Oxford, 237-268
Whitelaw, P. A. (2008) ICT and Hospitality Operations, in Jones, P. (2008) The Handbook of
Hospitality Operations and Information Management, Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, 167
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as the state of complete social, mental and physical wellbeing, and not just disease absence or infirmity. Health is a condition that is dynamic that results from constant adjustments and adaptation of the body in response to changes in the environment and stresses for maintaining the inner equilibrium referred to as homeostasis (WHO, 2016).
According to Nordqvist (2015), health can be categorized into two broad categories; that is mental and physical health.
The Physical health aspects to humans imply a good health for the body because of regular exercises or physical activities, adequate rest and a good diet. As people in the region or a country experience improved standards of living, healthcare, quality of life and nutrition, their weight and height generally increase (Nordqvist, 2015).
Physical health relates to issues that concern our bodies. Henningfeld (2009) pointed out that physical wellbeing is another term used for physical health. Physical wellbeing is something that an individual can attain by developing all parts of his or her lifestyle that is health related. Fitness reflects an individual’s body composition, flexibility, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. Furthermore, other physical wellbeing contributors may include getting sleep in its right amount, hygiene, sexual health or responsible sexual behavior, avoiding alcohol abuse, abstaining from drug abuse, body weight management, and proper nutrition.
Nordqvist (2015) pointed out that sometimes physical health is divided into two distinct groups: structural and chemical health.
Structural health: this encompasses sound organs, muscles, bones among others. That the body structures are performing their functions properly. The structural health of a person is associated with an individual’s Body Mass Index (BMI), resting pulse rate, height/weight ratio, and recovery time after performing an exercise.
Chemical health: an individual’s chemical health that is good implies that the chemicals in the body of a person are right, and that the body tissues have the right nutrients balance, and that there are no chemicals that are poisonous. People may swallow or inhale synthetic and natural chemicals. Similarly, they can enter the human body through the skin. However, in most instances, the human body can break down the toxic chemicals and eliminate the waste them to avoid toxic overload or risk of intoxication. Nordqvist (2015) also indicated that some chemicals and destroy or harm tissues and cells while other chemicals may affect directly the genetic components, which raises the risk of getting cancer.
2. Mental Health
This refers to people emotional and cognitive wellbeing. An individual with sound mental health does not suffer from any form of mental disorder. WHO defined mental health as a state of wellbeing whereby a person can cope with the life’s normal stresses, realizes his or her abilities, can work fruitfully and productively, and can make a contribution to his or her society or community (WHO, 2016).
Determinants of health
An individual’s health and their communities are affected by several contributory factors. The good and bad health of people is determined by their situations and their environments. That is what has happened and what is happening to them. According to WHO, the factors that have a bigger impact on people health that use and access of health care services include the state of people environments, where people live, individuals income, genetics, relationship with family and friends and an individual’s education level.
The main determinants of health according to WHO are the country’s economy and society, that’s is the economic and social environment. Another determinant is where people live; that is the physical environment. Lastly, what people do and what they are, that is an individual’s behaviors and characteristics. Most of the factors contributing to people’s bad or good health are out of people control. These determinants or factors, according to WHO, include the following:
Socio-economic status– the higher an individual’s socioeconomic status is, the higher likelihood of the person enjoying good health. According to Ojeda (2004), socioeconomic status affects family members, including the newborn babies. Ojeda (2004) further observed that mothers from lower socio-economic status have a lower likelihood of breastfeeding well their newborn babies. This is an important factor that will impact on their babies’ health.
Education– according to Nordqvist (2015), generally people with low education levels have a higher risk of having poor health. Their stress levels will be higher most probably, than the individuals with higher academic qualifications. Moreover, an individual with high education level will likely have greater self-esteem.
Physical environment– if the air people breathe is pure, water taken is safe and clean, the houses are safe and comfortable, the workplaces are healthy, there is a higher likelihood of enjoying good health compared to people whose air they breathe is contaminated, water supply is not safe or clean and the workplace is unhealthy (Blaxter, 2004).
Employment conditions and job prospects– statistics indicates that people who have jobs are more likely to enjoy better health compared to the unemployed people. Similarly, if a person has some control over your conditions of working, they will benefit health wise too (Henningfeld, 2009).
Support from people around– according to Nordqvist (2015), a person having family support as well as community and friend’s support, his or her chances of enjoying good health are higher compared to someone who has no support from the family, friends and the community
Culture– the customs and traditions of a community or a society and the response of a family to these traditions play a significant part in the health of people. The effect could either be bad or good health. For instance, the genital mutilation tradition of women has an effect on mental health and the infection rates of millions of women and girls in many nations (Nordqvist, 2015).
Genetic inheritance– the people’s health in general, longevity, and predisposition to some diseases are determined partially by their genetic makeup (Blaxter, 2004)
What people do and how they manage– people’s physical activity, what they eat and whether a person drinks or smoke or take drugs, and how people cope with stress play a significant role in people’s mental and physical wellbeing (Ojeda, 2004).
The use and access to health services– according to Nordqvist (2015), a society that uses and has access to good quality health services has a higher likelihood of enjoying better health compares to a society that does not have access. For instance, developed national with universal health care services for their people have longer life expectations that the developing nations that do not have.
Gender– women and men are susceptible to different disease, physical experiences and conditions that play a role in their general health. For instance, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and childbirth only affect women, while testicular cancer and prostate cancer only affects men. Similarly, in some societies, women does not access education compared to men, and education is a significant factor influencing health (Nordqvist, 2015).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the paper discussed health. The paper discussed two aspects of health; that is physical and mental health. Furthermore, it highlighted determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, physical environment, education, employment conditions and job prospects, gender, support from people around, genetic inheritance, culture, what people do and how they manage, and the use and access to health services
References
Blaxter, M. (2004). Health. Cambridge, UK, Malden, MA, Polity.
Henningfeld, D. A. (2009). Health. Detroit, Greenhaven Press.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
The diagram above shows an RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem that is a class diagram from the RMO CSMS. The diagram shows the use cases and the actors or the users. The actor or the user is the person that uses the system. The actors in the diagram presented are outside the automation boundary of the system. Ostle & Arnold (1985) pointed put that the user of a use case sometimes is not a human being but also be another device or system receiving services from the system. Simple stick figures have been used in representing the actors. The stick figures in the graphic were given names that characterize the role the actor is playing, which are marketing and merchandising.
The automaton boundary in the diagram is represented by a rectangle. According to Kiyoki (2006), automation boundary defines the border between the applications computerized portion and the individuals who operates the application. The communication of the actors with the use cases passes through the automation boundary.
The use case in the diagram above have been represented by an oval which written use case inside. Moreover, the connecting line linking the use case in the ovals and the actors indicates the involvement of the actor with the use case. In the diagram presented above, the use case includes add/update product information, add/update promotion, add/update accessory package, add/update business partner link.
The presented diagram of RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem can be understood easily by any person because it has been designed and structured using association and specialization relationships (Fowler & Scott, 1997). The analysis of the diagram, therefore, will try to understand the user’s knowledge on his or her system by asking them about their existing relationship in different entities.
An analysis of the actors
The information and the graphic presentation above is a recast diagram that visually highlight the actors and the use cases for a single subsystem that is the RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem. From the graphic presentation, the merchant and the marketer are all permitted to directly access the system.
As shown by the relationship lines, each of the actors can use the case of “Add/update product information.” The merchant might do this when repackaging or sorting the products. On the other hand, the marketer might do this when promoting, branding or advertising the products to different market segments. However, only the merchant can add/ Update accessory package. Similarly, only marketer can Add/ update promotion, and Add/ update business partner link.
According to Fowler & Scott (1997), there are three derived classes and six major different classes in RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem. The major classes includes Marketer, merchant, product comment, accessory package, product item and promotion. On the other hand, the derived classes are categorized into two. Partner link that is derived from the marketer class, and another Partner link and promotion offering classes derived from the merchant class.
Promotion class– it has end date, start date, description, year and season attributes
Product item class– it has picture, manufacturer, supplier, description, and name attributes
Accessory package class– it has description and category attributes
Product comment class– it has comment, rating, and data attributes
Merchant class– it has status, email address, mobile phone, address, and name attributes
Marketer class– it has telephone, status, email address, mobile phone, address and name attributes
Partner Link Class– this class derived from the merchant class has date linked up, status, merchant 1 and merchant 2 attributes.
Partner link class– this class derived from the marketer class has date linked up, status, marketer 1 and marketer 2 attributes.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
This website uses cookies to improve your experience. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. ACCEPTPrivacy Policy
Privacy & Cookies Policy
Privacy Overview
This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.
Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.
