by Herman Bailey | Mar 12, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as the state of complete social, mental and physical wellbeing, and not just disease absence or infirmity. Health is a condition that is dynamic that results from constant adjustments and adaptation of the body in response to changes in the environment and stresses for maintaining the inner equilibrium referred to as homeostasis (WHO, 2016).
According to Nordqvist (2015), health can be categorized into two broad categories; that is mental and physical health.
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1. Physical health
The Physical health aspects to humans imply a good health for the body because of regular exercises or physical activities, adequate rest and a good diet. As people in the region or a country experience improved standards of living, healthcare, quality of life and nutrition, their weight and height generally increase (Nordqvist, 2015).
Physical health relates to issues that concern our bodies. Henningfeld (2009) pointed out that physical wellbeing is another term used for physical health. Physical wellbeing is something that an individual can attain by developing all parts of his or her lifestyle that is health related. Fitness reflects an individual’s body composition, flexibility, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. Furthermore, other physical wellbeing contributors may include getting sleep in its right amount, hygiene, sexual health or responsible sexual behavior, avoiding alcohol abuse, abstaining from drug abuse, body weight management, and proper nutrition.
Nordqvist (2015) pointed out that sometimes physical health is divided into two distinct groups: structural and chemical health.
Structural health: this encompasses sound organs, muscles, bones among others. That the body structures are performing their functions properly. The structural health of a person is associated with an individual’s Body Mass Index (BMI), resting pulse rate, height/weight ratio, and recovery time after performing an exercise.
Chemical health: an individual’s chemical health that is good implies that the chemicals in the body of a person are right, and that the body tissues have the right nutrients balance, and that there are no chemicals that are poisonous. People may swallow or inhale synthetic and natural chemicals. Similarly, they can enter the human body through the skin. However, in most instances, the human body can break down the toxic chemicals and eliminate the waste them to avoid toxic overload or risk of intoxication. Nordqvist (2015) also indicated that some chemicals and destroy or harm tissues and cells while other chemicals may affect directly the genetic components, which raises the risk of getting cancer.
2. Mental Health
This refers to people emotional and cognitive wellbeing. An individual with sound mental health does not suffer from any form of mental disorder. WHO defined mental health as a state of wellbeing whereby a person can cope with the life’s normal stresses, realizes his or her abilities, can work fruitfully and productively, and can make a contribution to his or her society or community (WHO, 2016).
Determinants of health
An individual’s health and their communities are affected by several contributory factors. The good and bad health of people is determined by their situations and their environments. That is what has happened and what is happening to them. According to WHO, the factors that have a bigger impact on people health that use and access of health care services include the state of people environments, where people live, individuals income, genetics, relationship with family and friends and an individual’s education level.
The main determinants of health according to WHO are the country’s economy and society, that’s is the economic and social environment. Another determinant is where people live; that is the physical environment. Lastly, what people do and what they are, that is an individual’s behaviors and characteristics. Most of the factors contributing to people’s bad or good health are out of people control. These determinants or factors, according to WHO, include the following:
Socio-economic status– the higher an individual’s socioeconomic status is, the higher likelihood of the person enjoying good health. According to Ojeda (2004), socioeconomic status affects family members, including the newborn babies. Ojeda (2004) further observed that mothers from lower socio-economic status have a lower likelihood of breastfeeding well their newborn babies. This is an important factor that will impact on their babies’ health.
Education– according to Nordqvist (2015), generally people with low education levels have a higher risk of having poor health. Their stress levels will be higher most probably, than the individuals with higher academic qualifications. Moreover, an individual with high education level will likely have greater self-esteem.
Physical environment– if the air people breathe is pure, water taken is safe and clean, the houses are safe and comfortable, the workplaces are healthy, there is a higher likelihood of enjoying good health compared to people whose air they breathe is contaminated, water supply is not safe or clean and the workplace is unhealthy (Blaxter, 2004).
Employment conditions and job prospects– statistics indicates that people who have jobs are more likely to enjoy better health compared to the unemployed people. Similarly, if a person has some control over your conditions of working, they will benefit health wise too (Henningfeld, 2009).
Support from people around– according to Nordqvist (2015), a person having family support as well as community and friend’s support, his or her chances of enjoying good health are higher compared to someone who has no support from the family, friends and the community
Culture– the customs and traditions of a community or a society and the response of a family to these traditions play a significant part in the health of people. The effect could either be bad or good health. For instance, the genital mutilation tradition of women has an effect on mental health and the infection rates of millions of women and girls in many nations (Nordqvist, 2015).
Genetic inheritance– the people’s health in general, longevity, and predisposition to some diseases are determined partially by their genetic makeup (Blaxter, 2004)
What people do and how they manage– people’s physical activity, what they eat and whether a person drinks or smoke or take drugs, and how people cope with stress play a significant role in people’s mental and physical wellbeing (Ojeda, 2004).
The use and access to health services– according to Nordqvist (2015), a society that uses and has access to good quality health services has a higher likelihood of enjoying better health compares to a society that does not have access. For instance, developed national with universal health care services for their people have longer life expectations that the developing nations that do not have.
Gender– women and men are susceptible to different disease, physical experiences and conditions that play a role in their general health. For instance, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and childbirth only affect women, while testicular cancer and prostate cancer only affects men. Similarly, in some societies, women does not access education compared to men, and education is a significant factor influencing health (Nordqvist, 2015).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the paper discussed health. The paper discussed two aspects of health; that is physical and mental health. Furthermore, it highlighted determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, physical environment, education, employment conditions and job prospects, gender, support from people around, genetic inheritance, culture, what people do and how they manage, and the use and access to health services
References
Blaxter, M. (2004). Health. Cambridge, UK, Malden, MA, Polity.
Henningfeld, D. A. (2009). Health. Detroit, Greenhaven Press.
Nordqvist, C. (2015). What Is Health? What Does Good Health Mean?. [online] Medical News Today. Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150999.php [Accessed 15 Jan. 2016].
Ojeda, A. (2004). Health. San Diego, Calif, Thomson/Gale.
WHO, (2016). [online] Who.int. Available at: http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html [Accessed 15 Jan. 2016].
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Mar 12, 2023 | Essays |
An overview of the diagram
The diagram above shows an RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem that is a class diagram from the RMO CSMS. The diagram shows the use cases and the actors or the users. The actor or the user is the person that uses the system. The actors in the diagram presented are outside the automation boundary of the system. Ostle & Arnold (1985) pointed put that the user of a use case sometimes is not a human being but also be another device or system receiving services from the system. Simple stick figures have been used in representing the actors. The stick figures in the graphic were given names that characterize the role the actor is playing, which are marketing and merchandising.
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The automaton boundary in the diagram is represented by a rectangle. According to Kiyoki (2006), automation boundary defines the border between the applications computerized portion and the individuals who operates the application. The communication of the actors with the use cases passes through the automation boundary.
The use case in the diagram above have been represented by an oval which written use case inside. Moreover, the connecting line linking the use case in the ovals and the actors indicates the involvement of the actor with the use case. In the diagram presented above, the use case includes add/update product information, add/update promotion, add/update accessory package, add/update business partner link.
The presented diagram of RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem can be understood easily by any person because it has been designed and structured using association and specialization relationships (Fowler & Scott, 1997). The analysis of the diagram, therefore, will try to understand the user’s knowledge on his or her system by asking them about their existing relationship in different entities.
An analysis of the actors
The information and the graphic presentation above is a recast diagram that visually highlight the actors and the use cases for a single subsystem that is the RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem. From the graphic presentation, the merchant and the marketer are all permitted to directly access the system.
As shown by the relationship lines, each of the actors can use the case of “Add/update product information.” The merchant might do this when repackaging or sorting the products. On the other hand, the marketer might do this when promoting, branding or advertising the products to different market segments. However, only the merchant can add/ Update accessory package. Similarly, only marketer can Add/ update promotion, and Add/ update business partner link.
According to Fowler & Scott (1997), there are three derived classes and six major different classes in RMO CSMS Marketing Subsystem. The major classes includes Marketer, merchant, product comment, accessory package, product item and promotion. On the other hand, the derived classes are categorized into two. Partner link that is derived from the marketer class, and another Partner link and promotion offering classes derived from the merchant class.
Promotion class– it has end date, start date, description, year and season attributes
Product item class– it has picture, manufacturer, supplier, description, and name attributes
Accessory package class– it has description and category attributes
Product comment class– it has comment, rating, and data attributes
Merchant class– it has status, email address, mobile phone, address, and name attributes
Marketer class– it has telephone, status, email address, mobile phone, address and name attributes
Partner Link Class– this class derived from the merchant class has date linked up, status, merchant 1 and merchant 2 attributes.
Partner link class– this class derived from the marketer class has date linked up, status, marketer 1 and marketer 2 attributes.
References
Fowler, M., & Scott, K. (1997). UML distilled: Applying the standard object modeling language. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley Longman.
Kiyoki, Y. (2006). Information modelling and knowledge bases XVII. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Ostle, J. R., & Arnold, D. O. (1985). Information systems analysis and design. Santa Rosa, Calif: Burgess Communications.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Mar 11, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
Born in January 1839, the French artist Paul Cezanne has made a significant contribution to the transformation of art to how it is today (Cezzane). He joined the Saint Joseph school and later the college of Bourbon in Aix. It was until 1857when he began attending drawing classes in the Free Municipal School of drawing in Aix. His father, Auguste Cezanne, was the founder of a banking firm which guaranteed financial security in his education process. However, his father was pessimistic about his choice of career in art. He sponsored his enrollment in Law school from 1858 until 1861. He demonstrated his passion for art and departed his home for Paris on completion of his Law study. His father was embarrassed by his son’s decision but he eventually reconciled with him and provided more financial support to succeed his artistic ambitions. In this paper, I will explore Paul Cezanne’sartistic styles which took a different path from the previous and existing artists. I will also discuss the contributions he made to cubism, which has influenced the modern world today.
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The landscape style
Paul Cezanne demonstrated his ambition for art over his years. He attracted the attention of the fathers of art who were intrigued by his style of art. He met the Impressionist Camille Pissarro in Paris, who guided him in his mastery of artwork. Cezanne desired to deviate from the obvious painting techniques and resort to a style of his own. He began by painting the landscape. Unlike other artists, he chose colours as a representation of the natural landscape. In his initial drawings, he captured a wide area of natural landscape and designed colours to represent various objects. He developed an interest in working his art from direct observation rather than through imagination. He maintained his desire to produce art made from direct observation and improved his choice of artistic representation of the natural phenomena.
Relationship with impressionists
He lived around impressionists but was hardly interested in developing art using their techniques. First of all, when it came to impressionism, he preferred working in the studio, unlike landscape art. He rejected orderly and organized art created from spontaneous brushwork. His main focus was symbolism and substance, unlike the impressionists who targeted style. Paul wanted to transform impressionism from art of style to his type of art with solid backgrounds bound to last long in museums. He foresaw the evolution of art in the future centuries. Cezanne was a one-of-a-kind artist of his time who barely faced much opposition but distinctive support from the masters of art. Some of the styles he used that defined his paintings are his constructive brushwork, bright colour and skewed perspective.
Constructive brushwork
He adopted the broken brushwork technique from the impressionists. This was after he exhausted his devotion to palette knives which produced highly textured images. He used a constructive style of brushwork in which he developed distinctive objects from multiple marks made on his painting field. As seen in the painting, The Bathers (1906), each mark was in unison with each next in the creation of geometric forms which represented recognizable images. Unlike other artists, he did not use dark lines to outline his objects. Instead, his contrasting brushwork showed the outlines of the objects in his paintings, especially where points of contact were delicate.
Bright colour
Besides his constructive brushwork, he adopted the use of bright colour in his paintings. Most of his paintings were characterized by their bright colour. He discovered that the natural sunlight could not be reproduced in paintings, so, he chose to use bright colours to represent the sunlight effect on the environment. He also reduced the physical environment captured in his landscape paintings to mere blocks of colours. According to him, his representation was more substantive and promised the development of art. His paintings had high contrast images which when solitarily picked out as a section of any of his drawing, would not bring out its meaning. The bright colour technique workedconjointly with the style of brushwork. One would only make sense out of his paintings only if they observed it as a whole and not by detaching the multiple marks which represented various features.
Skewed perspective
In the paint, “The basket of apples” Cezanne brings out a technique which was never used before by other artists. Instead of embracing the realistic portrayal of space, he focuses on creating almost similar paintings made from the same observation but from different angles of view. In addition to his constructive brushes, he emphasizes in the visibility of the different objects in the scene. In the painting, he flattens the surface to bring out his creative image of the basket, apples, bottle, and the background where the table is placed. It was until 1957 when Georges Braque noted that the technique would play a major role in cubism. The piece of art marked Cezanne’s gateway into cubism.
The rise of cubism
Cubism was a traditional form of modern art developed by Picasso Pablo and Georges Braque in the 20th century. The artists noted that the world was changing rapidly and artists had to respond to guarantee their identities and legacies in the modern world. They challenged the existing forms of art which had been their guide since the Italian Renaissance. They sought to discover new and effective ways of representing art as depicted in the modern age. The modern age was characterized by rapid technological advances including the development of photography and cinematography which threatened the identity of the artists (Olive-Tomas et al. 1910). Therefore, the cubists collaborated to establish newer and modern ways to express art in modern societies. Cubism defined the new ways they discovered, ways that would change how they saw and presented the world in the form of art.
His contribution to cubism
Paul Cezanne ignored the traditional ways of art perspective which demanded artists to draw objects of three dimensions in two-dimensional techniques. He found the idea rather compromising and emphasized on creating art in three dimensions as they were visualized by the human eye. This explained why he chose to use flat surfaces in his paintings; to create more space to fill with objects that would bring out the three-dimensional view. His aim was to point out the difference between reality and paintings (Artfactory). He tended to face reality, unlike other artists who focused on creating images that would be rendered questionable on whether they were realistic or not. With the discovery of photography, Cezanne’s ideas on Cubism perspective were embraced by all cubists who incorporated his style in their artwork after the birth of cubism.
L’Estaque
Despite the fact that Cezanne’s artwork differed largely from the Cubists’ works, they all agreed that his art was remarkable and stood to be the threshold for future cubist art. It is important to note that the title “Cubism” emerged from Cezanne’s work. He frequently painted a village in France, L’Estaque using the line and colour art style. Georges Braque, later on, attempted to draw a painting born from Cezanne’s picture of the village (Smith & Terry 84).
Cezanne’s geometry
The cubists also identified Cezanne’s style of geometry in his art production. They noted that in all his paintings, he used geometric figures to represent natural phenomena. This was one of the major characteristics of art in the cubism era. Cezanne escaped the struggle to present nature in art using rather complex forms that would bring to question the attachment of the paintings to the real world. Simply put, he unravelled the secrets to aligning the traditional methods of developing art with the method implications of the modern era. In his paintings, he created a large volume observable to the human eye in the real world, all in one picture (The Westologist). His compression was marked outstanding and remained a significant influence on the cubist founders. The cubists also demonstrated their recognition of his perspective design in art.
Cezanne foresees the evolution of art
After the rise of cubism, Cezanne secured a new title in the art industry, “The father of modern art.” Since he developed an interest in art, his ideologies on how art should be portrayed in paintings reformed the whole industry. This was made possible by the acceptance of his work by the former father of art, Picasso. Cezanne developed his art in due creativity nurtured by his ambitious nature. He always wanted to develop art that had not been made before. His innovative mind led him to visualize the world in a completely new way. In his landscape creation, Cezanne tells that art made at the studio is nothing compared to the art made in the real environment. His understanding of the transformation of art from the visual analysis to a painting saved important aspects of art. He noted that several objects may be lost if all artists chose to produce their work in studios. A closer comparison with art today, especially in photography reveals that drawings made from studios barely have a sense of preserving the components of the natural environment. Photography would capture everything in the field of view. Besides, they meet the three dimension requirement as per the Cubists’ stipulations.
His death
Years passed as Cezanne made significant progress in the creation of his art albums until the day when he went to the field, during stormy weather, to work on a painting. After hours of working, on exposure to the harsh environmental conditions, he set to suspend his work until the next day. Unluckily, he passed out on his way home. He was rescued by a driver who happened to be passing by. His housekeeper provided him with ample treatment which restored his health; little did they know the recovery was short-lived. The next day, he woke up healthy and set to resume his work but fainted before his resumption. His colleague called for professional medical aid who demanded that he be laid to bed until he fully recovered. It was not until a few days later when he was pronounced dead from Pneumonia. He was buried in his hometown in the Saint-Pierre Cemetery.
Conclusion
Despite his demise in 1906, he remained a legend in the field of art. He was not only identified as the father of modern art but was recognized as the father of cubism. It was intriguing that his work was accepted and faced minor criticism from the existing art structures. His mastery in art not only influenced the upcoming artists but also those who guided him to his level of expertise. His reformative techniques in art backboned the industry until other artists emerged and improved his work. All the same, Paul Cezanne remains to be an important figure in the field of art until today. His paintings remain valuable assets in the museums today. To other artists, he taught determination and perseverance to ensure that the world inclines to hear the voice of artists. He also nurtured the potentiality of re-development of art as technology advances. He inspired a modern and artistic view of the world and its visual components when he advocated for the development of three-dimensionalarts. Fighting his battles alone, Cezanne demonstrated that his ideas were worth the attention of other artists. His desire for art led to a temporal stalemate between him and his father who later gave up trying to lead him to a different interest in the course of pursuing his studies.
Works cited
Artfactory. Cubism. 2018. Accessed at http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/cubism.htm
Cézanne, Paul. Conversations with Cézanne. Univ of California Press, 2001.
Olive-Tomas, Antoni, and Susan S. Harmeling. “The rise of art movements: an effectual process model of Picasso’s and Braque’s give-and-take during the creation of Cubism (1908 1914).” Small Business Economics (2019): 1-24.
Richman. K. “Why Post-Impressionist Painter Paul Cézanne Is Known as the “Father of Modern Art”13.2 (1-6) May 11, 2018. Accessed at https://mymodernmet.com/paul-cezanne-paintings/
Smith, Terry. “Cézanne: Figuring Truth in Painting.” boundary 2 43.4 (2016): 71-125.
The westologist. Cultural insight. “How Cezanne influenced Cubism”. 2018. Accessed at http://www.thewestologist.com/arts/how-cezanne-influenced-cubism
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Mar 11, 2023 | Essays |
Navy SEALs are superior operations command force selected from the army, navy, and air forces. The SEAL started in the United States in 1962 under the Presidency of John F. Kennedy. It began as a minimal and top maritime military power to eccentric demeanor competition, and currently is the largest and supreme authoritative navy in the entire world. The U.S. Navy originated during the Revolutionary conflict in America from the Continental Navy (Blewett, 2009). The Navy SEALs undergo training, which make them suitable to work in any environments including air, water, and land. The training prepares them to operate in extreme climates such as freezing arctic, deserts, and humid jungles. This paper explores the history and heritage of the Navy SEALs by discussing the evolutionary development and impact of the force on military operations.
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The Navy embedded in the American maritime custom, which shaped a great community of captains, sailors, and shipbuilders in the expatriate period. In the beginning, Massachusetts owned its Navy before the American Revolutionary War (Hawkins, 2014). The formation of a national navy became a disturbing subject of discussion among the Second Continental Congress committee. However, the proposers debated the role of the navy in curbing security matters. They argued that a navy would defend the coast and provide protection from enemies, hence paving ways for supports from neighboring countries (Marquis, 2007). The proposal of national navy foundation diminished proceeding the loss incurred by the Continental Navy that dispersed them at the end of Revolutionary War.
The United States quitted the Navy for approximately a decade until the launch of the first Navy warship in 1797 (Blewett, 2009). Their major role was to protect small units and fight in missions with high-impact, such as platforms with huge profile: tanks, ships, and jets. The power of Navy played a very crucial role in the American Civil War. They blocked all main ports, which stopped coastal trade and exportation to foreign countries (Crawford & Brentwood, 2004). The internal transportation for the Confederates become tiresome as the Navy took control over the rivers systems. By the 20th century, the U.S. began to expand its navy making it most powerful navy battleship compared to Britain and Germany (Hawkins, 2014). The Navy contributed to several important fights such as Solomon Islands and Battle of Midway and Coral Sea. The growth of the navy continued enormously since the U.S. became strong and frequent.
The management of Navy is under Navy Department controlled by the civilian Secretary of the Navy. This department has two division with the other one being defense force department headed by Defense Secretary. According to Marquis (2007), the senator officer of the naval of the Navy departments is Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). However, the highest rank in the management is the chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for Navy offices. The national security of the U.S. plays a significant role of the president. The naval operations and Navy secretary are responsible for the training, recruiting, organizing, and proving adequate equipment for the navy to enhance its operations.
The Navy has approximately 500,000 personnel, which the commissioned officers, sailors, and midshipmen from the Naval Academy and Reserve Officer Training Corps (Hawkins, 2014). The sailors under several training processes to gain the qualifications required. These include; mastering skills from Personnel Qualification Standard and examination pass. Warfare education and experiences comprise aviation, surface, submarine, naval aircrew, information dominance, and special warfare. The navy uniforms are navy blue and white in color, which followed the templates of the royal navy from maritime in the entire world. The ranks of the commissioned officers in the U.S. has three divisions namely: senior, junior, and flag officers (Marquis, 2007). On the other hand, the sailors have five groups: Fireman, Seaman, Airman, Hospital man, and Construction man.
SEALs maintained its survival from the original days because of the trademark in their success and functioning doctrines they implemented through the movements and events of their bequest comrades in Scouts, Maritime, Underwater Demolition teams, and Raiders (Hawkins, 2014). They are always unique since no any other group can replace their actions. They operate in situations of high risk of security, often-isolated places, and hostile conditions, but still manage to achieve the set missions. The principle of survival and teamwork still operate in the teams of special operations, combat divers, and special warfare today.
The evolution of the Navy SEAL brings several unique elements: both surface and subsurface super-high-tech seaborne and well-trained special operations forces. The military synchronizes efforts and works together to achieve their objectives. Today, the Navy get proper training qualifications to be able to transit into and out of harbors underwater without any detections. The fact that the U.S. Navy SEALs can work under very hostile and strict condition with no supervision makes them a special team (Blewett, 2009). Organization leaders should adopt a similar notion of improving their productivity and reducing work-related pressure. Properly trained and experienced workforce assist in stimulating principles at work: such as time management, coordination, teamwork, and ethics at work.
Reference
Blewett, D. K. (2009). American military history: A guide to reference and information sources. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited.
Crawford, S. L., L.O.T.I. Group., & Brentwood Home Video (Firm). (2004). U.S. Navy SEALs: Evolution of the teams. Westlake village, CA: Brentwood Home Video.
Hawkins, T. (2014). The history and heritage of the U.S. Navy SEALs. Chicago: Pritzker Military Museum & Library.
Marquis, S. L. (2007). Unconventional warfare: Rebuilding US special operations forces. Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. Press.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Mar 11, 2023 | Essays |
Rajkumari Singh was born on October 13 in the year 1923 and lived a legendary life up to the years 1979. Seawar describes Rajkumari Singh as an Indo-Caribbean, a revolutionary Guyanese writer, educator, cultural leader as well as political activist (3). Seawar states that Rajkumari never embraced the identification of a ‘feminist’ although she stands as the Indian Woman who was first who originated from the Caribbean. Seawar says that Rajkumari Singh significantly contributed towards the fight for women empowerment in her part of the world (4). Furthermore, Rajkumari Singh, she established substantial advancements in the culture of the Guyanese national integrations at the same time greatly upholding her Indian culture in the entire process of moulding the new world (Seawar 4).
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According to In Hossein and In Outar, Rajkumari Singh went through numerous challenges throughout her life (5). Rajkumari Singh contracted polio at the age of six, but this was just one of her first challenges in her early life. In Hossein and In Outar points out that she fought all her obstacles and made significant contributions towards Guyana’s cultural as well as political life (7). Furthermore, Rajkumari Singh’s children have held on to her legend expanding her work as well as thriving through Rajkumari Cultural Center located in New York, Richmond Hill (In Hossein and In Outar 7).
Seawar mentions that Rajkumari Singh was brought up in Georgetown, in a devout activist home (5). Rajkumari Singh’s mother Alice Bhagwandai Singh was born in a place known as Suriname. While her father Dr Jung Bahadur Singh was born in a place called West Bank Demerara, Goed Fortuin (Seawar 5). Both of Rajkumari’s parents were both immigrants from India, who migrated to the Caribbean, who got married in 1912 through a process of three different ceremonies: a Hindu, civil as well as Christian ceremony (Trotman 16).
Donnell and Lawson state that in the year 1929, Rajkumari’s mother successfully produced Savitri, and achieved a great foundation of the British Guiana Dramatic Society (35). Furthermore, she was an active influence and power behind various projects of social welfare. According to Donnell and Lawson, Rajkumari’s mother was a legendary member of the YWCA, Red Cross, as well as the Dharm Shala (35). In addition, she often visited the prisons to serve. Donnell and Lawson further state that in the year1936 Rajkumari’s mother was the successful founder of the Balak Sahaita Mandalee; this was a well-known organization dealing with children’s welfare by providing training as well as education for the children in dire need in Eastern India (35). Nevertheless, Rajkumari’s mother achieved the MBE award.
Rajkumari’s father completed his education in medicine and graduated in the year 1919 from the Edinburgh University and began his medical practitioner career working in the transportation ships of Caribbean immigrants heading to India after the completion of their contracts of indentureship (Donnell and Lawson 35). Later on in the year 1920, Rajkumari’s father became the SS Madian medical superintendent; and in the year 1938, he became the SS Ganges surgeon superintendent on SS Ganges (Donnell and Lawson 35).
In Hosein and In Outar mention that both of Rajkumari’s parents were involved in politically induced activities during their professional careers (10). Therefore creating an environment that significantly influenced Rajkumari who then established legendary reputation through her innovativeness, creativeness, the multi-talented producer, playwright, broadcaster, songwriter, director, poet, as well as the cultural activist (In Hosein and In Outar 10).
Seawar states that Rajkumari became an Indian cultural programmes presenter as well as announcer Radio Demerara (25). Rajkumari became an active member of the British Guiana Dramatic Society where she left a mark with Gitangali play (Seawar 25). Rajkumari successfully published six of her short stories all in the ‘A Garland of Stories’.
Rajkumari pathed back to tackling issues in the cultural sphere all in the years around 1970. Therefore she focused on literary related activities as well as broadcasting. As the years went by Rajkumari landed amongst the list of the first Indo-Guyanese women writers who were dedicated to openly speaking about gender as well as ethnic issues that the Indo-Caribbean women are faced with (Trotman 23). Rajkumari later achieved the position of Heritage’s editor, which was a literary booklet. Furthermore, According to Trotman (23), Rajkumari became Messenger Group’s leader where she focused on mentoring Guyana potential talent, giving rise to some legendary figure of the era of post-independence era.
According to Trotman (23), Rajkumari’s passions in arts led to the creation and establishment of Guyana’s post-independence society. Rajkumari strived to educate her community on the opportunities the arts held that should be thoroughly explored. Therefore, in the year 1972, she became a member of the Guyana National Service.
This step, however, brought up so many controversial views from her people but she held on it with certain objectives she wanted to achieve. Moreover, with her leadership in the place, she enables the Guyanese from African ancestry to understand and considerably demystify the Guyana aesthetics within Indian ancestry (Trotman 23). She remained a relentless culture corps defender fighting to turn GNS into a better entity with appropriate founding ideals.
Rajkumari Singh remains a hero of Guyanese culture hero, who brought to light the importance of exploring the history and celebrating the various histories as well as ethnic and racial communities.
Works Cited
Donnell, A., & Lawson, W. S. (1996). The Routledge reader in Caribbean literature. London: Routledge.
In Hosein, G., & In Outar, L. (2016). Indo-Caribbean feminist thought: Genealogies, theories, enactments. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Searwar, L. (1996). They came in ships: An anthology of Indo-Guyanese prose and poetry. Leeds, England: Peepal Tree.
Trotman, D. A. B. (1968). Voices of Guyana: An anthology. Georgetown? Guyana: International P.E.N.
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