by Herman Bailey | May 12, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
Plato’s Mimesis focuses on imitation, which is the meaning of the word Mimesis. Mimesis is the act of the actor imitating and making realistic the character he is playing. Taken in this context, therefore, Mimesis can be considered the foundation of the film industry. Even where films are thought of as true stories or based on actual events a lot of acting is involved. The content may be based on the truth, but the characters are not experiencing the reality and truth as it is. According to Plato, there does not exist any real form of art, art is all imitation. What he contends with is the result of the imitation. While other philosophers such as Aristotle agree that art is imitation, they tend to indicate that this is indeed something good. Plato disagrees completely stating that art is indeed imitation and this is bad.
People Also Read
The Lumiere brothers are often considered the pioneers of film. Their films provide an insight into the first images created for the film. The result is an exciting journey into color photography. In comparison with modern films, one can see the reality of the actions of the actors. Few special effects were present even then to determine or evoke particular emotions. Their first film titled Sortie de l’usine Lumière de Lyon featured workers in their own factories leaving work. Whereas critics can say that this is indeed the most significant and realistic kind of violence and the NFL films, are the things he thinks about (Sollins et al 119). The CREMASTER film, one in which even the actors may not be aware that they are involved; according to Plato even this film is indeed a work of fiction and therefore an imitation of true reality. There are no chances that even in 1895, could be a reality.
Epistemology
According to Plato, life needs to be enjoyed as it is. Many critics of Plato indicate that this is giving a special ticket to people to live without morals and apathy. In essence, allowing them to enjoy significant amounts of power crudely. However, this is not the case, (Conard 2007) states that Plato had great respect for life in reality. He intended for people to enjoy reality while exploring the truths of justice and morality. This society exists when people can pool their resources in the community to bring about a better and stronger reality. Each needs to play their part or the society falls apart. This is where Plato distinguishes with the art and film industry specifically. Whereas, on the one hand, the violence and the NFL films, are the things he thinks about (Sollins et al 119). The CREMASTER film is supposed to draw us closer to reality, it tends to distort the reality thereby forcing individuals to believe in something that is not true. In this case, in the movie Sortie de l’usine Lumière de Lyon, workers are seen leaving the factory. There is no conversation as the technology was yet to develop, there is no color as this was developed much later, what Plato takes issue with is the choreographed scenes.
In the majority of the scenes of the workers are viewed as female, leaving the factory after a productive day. However, in the late 19th century there would have been more male workers than female. This is especially the case in France where women came to work much later. Such a large number of females leaving the factory would only mean that the scenes had been choreographed and staged. Therefore, the reality we get from the violence and the NFL films, are the things he thinks about (Sollins et al 119). The CREMASTER film is far from the true reality. Also, although the workers have been hard at work from early morning they do not show signs of fatigue. In reality, workers leaving work and especially women would be harried in an attempt to get home and care for their families. However, they seem to be walking leisurely almost as if they are strolling or shopping. This reality is therefore heavily distorted marring our facts about the subject of the video and computer games that correctly simulate the environment. film.
Theological Representation
Plato takes issue with the fact that the majority of the forms of art represent religion and gods falsely. They focus on attributes that are often wrong about the gods. The Lumier’e brothers’ violence and the NFL films, are the things he thinks about (Sollins et al 119). The CREMASTER film may not focus on religion and in fact, has no depiction of the gods. However, (Caroll and Choi 2006) states that the directors themselves who were the brothers took on the role of the gods. They sought to record reality, to provide human society develops. The evidence to the future generation of history. In history, the only people with [20]. For example, the course of nation-state building that took place in the 19th and 20th century and society militarization, as well as the warlordism, are two processes that provide evidence of events in the past and future are the gods. In ancient Greece, the gods controlled the world making sure that people understood events of the past. A good percentage of the population only accepted what they were told was reality. Whatever happened there was no research should address pediatric infections and resistant organisms in Aseptic Technique for peripheral IV insertion. There are much evidence. In essence, the directors played a major role in acting like gods. By choosing to distort the facts of the film, the individuals began a journey which many have called a journey to become the gods. From the first violence in films is utterly harmful. He insists that exposure to such images and film by the brothers to the modern films, directors and producers have sought to distort history. The only things we know about the past are from films and other forms of media, yet these are not even close to reality.
Psychological Effects
Plato draws issue with the fact that much of the imitation in art is meant to draw out emotions. This he terms as immoral, no individual even a justly talented one would be given the authority and/ or power to control the emotions of others (Connard 2006). One of the rights that has been justly pursued and fought for is the right to control one’s life. Even slaves of the 19th century have their own rights to control their own emotions and handle their own feelings. Taking the example of the 46-second violence and the NFL films, are the things he thinks about (Sollins et al 119). The CREMASTER film by the brothers that are, Sortie de l’usine Lumière de Lyon, one is likely to experience different emotions yet even speech is absent from the film. Watching the workers, some may emphasize with them perhaps even feeling their exhaustion as they leave for work. Some may feel joy for them because of their productivity or even the chance to be involved in the changing of history through film. Whatever the case, this first violence and the NFL films, are the things he thinks about (Sollins et al 119). The CREMASTER film does elicit some form of emotion even if it is boredom.
Plato continues to indicate that such imitation makes it hard for people to return or to differentiate between film and reality. Emotions come into play and people cannot be able to control themselves. They cannot be able to think for themselves, and this is what Plato considers morally wrong. Today, modern films have based the industry of exploiting the emotions of the viewers to draw crowds into the theaters. People watch the film for the experience rarely noticing the art.
Imitation Is Natural
For as long as human beings have been existing, there has always existed imitation. Even before art came into the picture, stories were woven depicting forms of reality. It follows therefore that no form of art and especially film can exist without some form of imitation. By creating imitation, we as human beings are only doing what comes to us naturally. Wartenberg and Curran (2005) state that although films are a form of reality, they are a reality experienced by directors, producers, and the actors of the film. Each of them distorts the film to fit into their own reality. They want the viewer to experience their reality, and not the reality that they know. This is the basis of success in the film industry. Taking t consideration the film, Sortie de l’usine Lumière de Lyon, the directors and producers did not just choose a specific action to film. They chose to film their own reality. They focused efforts on teaching people about what came to them naturally.
It is to be remembered, that the film was taken at the factory which the brothers owned. The same film was directed and produced by the brothers.no one could have understood the workings of the factory better. However, instead of using this information to make the film even more nearer to reality, the brothers use the information to dramatize and create a perfect imitation. Whereas it seems that the viewer is actually experiencing reality, seeing the factory worker leaving the factory as is a normal routine. It is actually more realistic to consider that the directors hired actors and set up the perfect imitation to an everyday activity which they had studied endlessly. No form of art is realistic; everyone is imitation which comes naturally to human nature.
The film holds up a mirror to nature
According to Plato, the world in which we exist and live is in actuality a mirage, a reflection of a true universe. It follows therefore that film cannot be a reflection of reality since we are not experiencing reality as it is. We live in an illusion, in which God has yet to inform us about the true perfect form. Since the film is often based on the reflection of the world, therefore it is based on an illusion. Considering the Lumiere brothers’ movie, the movie is supposed to be a reflection of the workers leaving the factory. However, according to Plato, this action is in fact an illusion, therefore, the movie is far from a representation of the truth.
References
Carroll, N., & Choi, J. (2006). Philosophy of film and motion pictures: An anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
Conard, M. T. (2006). The philosophy of film noir. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Conard, M. T. (2007). The philosophy of neo-noir. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky
Wartenberg, T. E., & Curran, A. (2005). The philosophy of film: Introductory text and readings. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 12, 2023 | Essays |
Munsterberg’s film formalism.
Munsterberg’s formalism has one main objective to understand the inner workings and reason why the public is often fascinated by film. Whereas other theorists insist that the story and sometimes even the actors themselves draw crowds into the cinema halls, he insists that the secret lies in the mechanics of the film. Rebecca, a film produced by albert Hitchcock is one which can best explain the theory. Hitchcock is today renowned for his work in the horror film industry in the 1940’s. However, this was not the case. The film itself won an Oscar although not in the director category which Munsterberg considers to be the most important. Focus was given more to the actors in the video and computer games that correctly simulate the environment. film. However, today even for the basic film student understanding Hitchcock’s work has become a necessity. His films are a studied picture by picture, frame by frame and they still continue to fascinate audiences. This Munsterberg states is because of the mechanics that were invested in the violence in films is utterly harmful. He insists that exposure to such images and film. From color, to lighting all the way to posture and sound effects, the movie continues to be legendary. Fahy (2010) concludes that Formalism in this film simply means a focus on the mechanics and tolls of production without dwelling on the culture and history of the film itself, the actors and other aspects.
People Also Read
Film and Critical mass
According to Benjamin’s theory, critical mass is created through the influence of history. We are not only influenced by the circumstance upon which we exist but also the history that informs our own existence. It therefore follows that when history is tampered with, there will develop a singular form of thought (Sanders and Skoble 2008). This thought is often influenced by what he terms as the medium of education and information which is art. Every form of art exists within a specific time frame and takes into consideration various aspects when being created. However, art is just an imitation of the true reality, and therefore even the best form of art and in this case film lacks one aspect which is simply the “presence” in its time of existence.
According to Carroll and Choi (2006) the age of critical mass seems to have come to existence in this decade. This is because; majority of the reality that we know has been informed by documentaries of our history, stories in the news and recordings of film. However, each of this lacks some form of truth which basically alters what future generations will know about our
Directors influenced by reality
Bazin makes a distinction between directors who are influenced by reality and those influenced by the image. According to Bazin, the image came first and from there developed film. Film was meant to enhance the image, bring it into reality. However, with years of experience came several other aspects which included focus on elements that could enhance and dramatize the image. Sound effects and movements came to ruin what was in fact a perfect reflection of reality. Bazin insists that all directors need to be inspired by the desire to create a true reflection of reality. This means re-energizing and pulling away from aspects such as color, over-dramatization and effects that although draw in audiences pull away the film from the true reality.
One of the directors truly inspired by reality is, Haddock William. His movie the immoral Alamo is based on the true attack and battle fought by General Antonio Lopez. The director takes the concepts of Bazin’s theory into picture in the movie. He uses little known actors, bases his movie in the same place the battle took place and finally makes the movie a silent movie. According to Bazin, reality is often in the visual and it can be distorted by including speech and sound. In order for the audience to experience the true reality upon which the movie is based, there is no need to talk or include speech. Only one sense is vital and it is this that the directors should focus on and that is the visual sense.
Michael Moore and visual lie
Much of the criticism that surrounds films and documentaries by Michael Moore is that he continually inserts himself completely distorting the reality. The documentaries seem to revolve more around him than on the subject which he expects and wants to study (Wartenberg and Curran 2005). Whereas the audience begins or inserts itself into the journey with the hope of understanding or perceiving the aspects of life around the subject matter, they are instead subjected to a world of imagination where the subject seems focused on the director rather than the subject.
There are those who have indicated that Moore’s presence is meant to draw in the audience and authenticate the documentary. However, watching his documentaries one feels that his presence is far from reality, looks forced and alien to the film. The film itself would therefore have been more realistic without his presence. Instead, his presence is often directed at enhancing his believes and political agenda. It does not enhance, explain or make clearer the subject matter being discussed. In majority of the cases, his presence is in fact confusing.
References
Carroll, N., & Choi, J. (2006). Philosophy of film and motion pictures: An anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
Fahy, T. R. (2010). The philosophy of horror. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky.
Sanders, S., & Skoble, A. J. (2008). The philosophy of TV noir. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky.
Wartenberg, T. E., & Curran, A. (2005). The philosophy of film: Introductory text and readings. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 12, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
Physical agent modalities are quite useful in therapy and have often been used for treatment for many years. This kind of therapy includes activating the tissues and stimulating them by sending frequencies and energy. Majority of the critiques of PAMs often indicate that is more of a trial and error form of treatment. However, scientific research has been conducted perfecting the use of PAMs and the advantages of the same. Questions have often arisen over dosages and frequencies of the treatment that should be employed towards treatment of specific illnesses. However as (Bracciano 2008) shows, PAMs are important and quite effective in an exclusive and comprehensive form of treatment.
People Also Read
Role of Physical agent modalities in therapy
Individuals, who are suffering from decreased muscle stimulation and poor control of muscles, are often the greatest beneficiaries of PAMs. In the first era, electrical stimulation one of the forms of PAMs was designed and used to stimulate nerve endings for individuals whose movement was decreased and sometimes stagnated. Science has discovered that deadening of nerves causes muscles to become immovable limiting productivity of the individual. In some cases, muscles that have not moved for many years or even months can develop chronic pain when attempts to use them are made. This is especially the case for individuals who have either been injured, forcing them to keep away from using particular muscles. In addition, individuals who have been in a coma, who have been under need rest, often find that any single movement, simple as it might be causes excruciating pain. Electoral therapy applies the use of nodes through which electrical energy is delivered to the muscle ends and nerve endings. It is expected that the delivery of this energy will indeed stimulate the nerve ending and muscles causing them to become more flexible. In this form of therapy pain is greatly reduced. This allows the patient to be able to voluntarily move their muscles, without experiencing much pain. It is often considered a form of re-education, where through the use of electricity the muscles are trained to re-perform the functions that they were designed for and were formerly able to do.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation commonly known as TENs, is a famous form of therapy in which pain is reduced by activating the nerves so that they are able to control pain by themselves. Chronic pain especially unending pain, is often the result of the inability of nerves to control stimulation and therefore set on pain. This form of treatment is ideal for treatment of neuromuscular disease which often causes extreme pain. In the past, individuals have had to suffer through excruciating pain and discomfort sometimes causing much discomfort. Tens is used to stimulate, reactivate the nerves and rebuild the system to allow for easier movement. The high voltage is ideal for neuromuscular treatment, softening the muscles so that further interventions can be made. Braddom and Buschbacher (2007) indicate that one the major concerns for muscle atrophy and other similar diseases is circulation. When blood does not get into the muscles, they lose strength and mobility. They become stiff and often quite painful in any form of movement. Doctors previously had trouble introducing any form of therapy to such patients. This is simple because they had trouble managing the pain patients had to endure, majority of the patients gave up on any form of treatment because they could not withstand the pain. Managing any form of treatment would mean that the patient would have to be issued strong forms of pain management, majority of which do not work. With TENs however, management of pain becomes possible, restructuring of muscles is made easier and therefore introduction of other forms of therapy quite possible.
Perhaps the one thing that PAMs assists greatly in, but is often less than recognized by majority of the therapists and doctors is the treatment of wounds. Recently, the United States government shut down any form of wound treatment that would include negative pressure. These forms of therapy have been found to be detrimental to the future of the patient especially where such wounds are internal such as stomach ulcers (Starkey 2004) . On the other hand, PAMs allows the introduction of positive energy which in turn activates the healing process. What is most unique is that this form of treatment is often directed at the wound itself and includes the surrounding area that may have been traumatized by injury and the presence of the wound. In addition, the wounds often heal much faster with the body naturalizing the treatment process. Nothing negative is introduced, sound waves are introduced and because they are quite stable and easy to use, they are able to bring recovery to any injured tissue underneath the skin. The use of sound is evident in transforming sound into energy which is the most important aspect in healing of wounds, terminal or otherwise.
For a long time, muscle spasms have been difficult to treat. Individuals who are suffering from seizures have had to endure extreme treatment methods. Families and the patients themselves often go deep into any form of treatment with the aim of reducing seizures and allowing them to live a productive life without much worry. Seizures are often caused by negative messages that are sent to the brain’s neuro -system. Unfortunately, majority of the options that are present are not sufficient, sustainable or even easy to sue. Patients are often forced to endure difficult treatment options, majority of which are not even guaranteed to work. Recent research into light therapy , a form of treatment which involves long term exposure to small amounts of energy, this relieves stillness in small shifts. It allows the brain to awaken and to begin to work slowly by sending the right stimulation. Over time, the exposure to stimulations allows the patient to not only reduce the frequency and strength of the seizures but to also manage any form of muscle pain. Indeed, they are able to control their muscles with exposure to a few sessions of light therapy. Through localized energy dispersal and tissue temperature, patients are often able to manage their conditions and indeed lead a productive life.
Conclusion
PAMs is often used concurrently with other forms of treatment. Scientifically speaking, PAMs cannot replace true therapy. In fact, used alone PAMs is far from effective and often leads to a patient becoming resistant to therapy. PAMs is used to support other forms of therapy, as encourages and prescribed by the doctor. In addition, for patients seeking out the support of PAMs it is important to seek out trained therapists. The right devices, tools and dosage of PAMs is quite effective in hastening the treatment process.
References
Bracciano, A. G. (2008). Physical agent modalities: Theory and application for the occupational therapist. Thorofare, NJ: SL
Braddom, R. L., & Buschbacher, R. M. (2007). Physical medicine & rehabilitation. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
Starkey, C. (2004). Therapeutic modalities. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 11, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
eBay is an online market platform where third-party sellers transact. This company operates on the domain ‘eBay.com’ and other online commerce platforms like ‘half.com’, ’rent.com’ and ‘shopping.com’ (Cabral & Hortacsu, 2010). eBay also provides a secure, quick, and cost-effective platform of money transfer called PayPal which operates on the domain paypal.com. eBay has been trying to expand by purchasing other online platforms like GSI in 2011 and Skype in 2005. These allow for effective competition among the online retailers and also helps conduct all online transactions regardless of the size. However, eBay sold Skype to Microsoft in 2011 after it could not deliver as expected.
People Also Read
eBay needs to work on stabilizing the take rate considering it has been decreasing since 2008 for it to stay in business. eBay gets a commission for all the items sold on its network. This commission is referred to as the transition take rate. Higher priced rates have a lower take rate as compared to the lowly priced rates. To be in business though, eBay employs a pricing rate that will attract more clients. eBay further offers discounts for power sellers to keep them coming back; it has made notable reductions on the insertion charges for fixed-price listings to entice the sellers (Berman, & Evans, 2013). Lower insertion charges definitely attract more sellers. PayPal is eBay’s other main business considering most payments are done via PayPal. There has been a big increase in global internet users therefore eBay has been working on improving functionality, trust, and safety for this global payment platform. There are constant updates on fraud detection software to cub all the cyber bridges.
EBay’s marketplace offers a very wide product variety ranging from clothes, motor vehicles, electronics, and several other merchandisers. It further operates on more than one online commerce platform and owns the global payment platform, PayPal. The number of PayPal accounts is on the rise at a very high rate. This means the security also needs often monitoring and updating to minimize fraudsters. The huge product assortment to eBay comes with advantages and disadvantages. For instance, from the various products available for sale on eBay, some of them can be fake or counterfeit. Considering you bid to purchase a product and wait for the auction time to expire to know if the purchase went through, imagine the disappointment of realizing you wasted all your time and money on a counterfeit product. Sometimes, the dealer might fail to deliver, good news is these dealers once reported some of them are flagged or banned from transacting; too late for the victim. Coming up with a standard insertion rate for the various goods and maximizing the transition take rate can be tedious and requires more manpower. eBay bought GSI and Skype in 2011 and 2005 respectively (McKinnon, 2015). They however sold Skype to Microsoft when it could not work for them but are still keeping GSI.
There should be regulations on what type of products can be listed for sale and filter the sellers. For instance, products that should be listed for sale should not go against any laws; for example, illegal weapons and drugs should not be listed on the website. There should be programs monitoring sellers listing this kind of merchandise and flag them automatically. There are also those sellers who sell fake merchandise. There should be a channel for feedback from buyers and once these unprofessional sellers are reported, they should be flagged from listing on the website.
Conclusion
eBay is an online commerce platform that earns a commission from allowing selling a variety of products across the network. It gets its revenue from these commissions, PayPal, the insertion fees, advertisements, and other online commerce platforms it runs. eBay works on balancing the price rates and insertion rates to attract more sellers.
References
Berman, B., & Evans, J. R. (2013). Retail management: A strategic approach. NY: Pearson Prentice Hall
Cabral, L., & Hortacsu, A. (2010). The dynamics of seller reputation: research should address pediatric infections and resistant organisms in Aseptic Technique for peripheral IV insertion. There are much Evidence from eBay. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 58(1), 54-78.
McKinnon, C. C. (2015). Dual-Class Capital Structures: A Legal, Theoretical & Empirical Buy-Side Analysis. Mich. Bus. & Entrepreneurial L. Rev., 5, 81.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 11, 2023 | Essays |
When we meet someone new, the first thing that interests us is knowing their name and what they do for a living. Just like the name, a person’s occupation speaks a lot about them; for instance, you can tell their passion and what motivates them through the occupation. An occupation is a day-to-day activity a person is involved in, despite the reason for doing it. A person’s occupation is rooted in the quality of education they have received and their general life experiences. Children brought up with proper education are destined to have great futures, resulting in a good occupation.
People Also Read
As I grew up, I developed a passion for teaching. I dreamed of having my classroom and guiding students in their studies. This passion began at the tender age of five; my brother was my first student. I would run back home after school to teach him what I had learned in school; this began before he could walk. I had a very different childhood. Instead of playing with toys and receiving toys for my birthdays, I would beg my mother to take me to the teacher’s Supply store. In the store, I would enjoy watching teachers as they came in one after another to buy books; I knew one day that’s what I wanted to do. My upbringing was in a very loving environment, and I was always taught to be grateful for all I had and always to have a giving heart. With these values instilled in me, I plan to pass them on to my students. I advocate for fair treatment because I believe every child deserves it and needs the reassurance that they will have successful lives.
One key factor is that I am enthusiastic; with this value, I can implement and understand the meaning of connecting with the growth of students as a motivator toward my dream of becoming a teacher. What thrills more about teaching is the opportunity to positively impact a child’s life, to give them a reason to study hard and achieve better grades. As a student, I had the best teacher-student relationship. I believe my teachers gave me their best, and I would wish to give even better to my students. I believe that the key to success for students in their studies is cultivating durable relationships that motivate and encourage them.
The organization is another factor that gives me a passion for being a teacher. My mother was a very organized lady, and she taught this principle to us at a tender age by helping with less bulky house chores. I have had this same principle all along in my educational experience. One can only be organized if they have prepared themselves early enough. I love teaching because I want to narrow the gap between theory and practice. The theory of pedagogies acquired in my classwork expanded my thinking to implement theories and practices. I believe that educators can account for students’ differences in learning styles. A teacher should be a facilitator, a guide, paving through channels of knowledge, nurturing, and creating an environment that inspires students. I was a dedicated student with superb leadership skills and a work ethic that catalyzed my academic success.
As a teacher, I hope to positively impact the lives of children and students by having their best interests in mind. I will motivate and inspire them to become better students with excellent academic results. Teachers are responsible for bringing the best out of their students and fulfilling the intellectual enrichment goal. As an educator, I am altruistic and understand that all students and children are not the same. I believe in all my students, no matter their social, racial, or cultural background, and will always support them equally to do their best. I will be involved in creating assignments and teaching strategies tailor-made to fit their needs. Discipline and academic success are intricately intertwined; I will call my students to a higher standard of maturity to achieve academic excellence.
I understand the challenges with the occupation, and I look forward to them since it is the only way to grow and explore the real world as a young adult. I am sure I will be remembered for not only for setting the educational standards high but also inspiring students to go beyond their comfort zone and achieve excellence. I will help students discover their talents and teach passionately to encourage the love of learning. I strongly believe that the human mind is too precious to waste. Students should stay clear of demoralizing input and focus on achieving their best. They can only do this will the help of their teachers. The ingredient to outstanding citizens begins during childhood, a childhood of schooling. The influence of a good teacher on a student can never be erased.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 10, 2023 | Essays |
Boddington (2018) defines artificial intelligence as a computer science branch that deals and associates with intelligent behavior simulation in computers. While Graham (2003) defines artificial intelligence as a machine’s capabilities to effectively familiarize as well as imitate human behavior that is intelligence. Graham (2003) further explains that artificial intelligence describes a robot controlled by a computer or digital computer abilities to perform various tasks related to substantially intelligent beings efficiently. Furthermore, Graham (2003) points out that beings substantially adaptable to changing situations and circumstances are intelligent.
People Also Read
However, it is vital to note that artificial intelligence definitions shift and change according to the objectives, aims, and goals strived to attain with a particular artificial intelligence system (Boddington, 2018). Boddington (2018) states that development and investment in artificial intelligence are based on three major objectives. First of all, to effectively build a system that functions as well as thinks similarly to humans. Secondly, to attain systems that function without going through the process of comprehending reasoning in human beings (Boddington, 2018). Lastly, according to Boddington (2018), the third objective when investing in artificial intelligence is to utilize reasoning in humans as a standard model without it being the project’s end goal. Therefore, different definitions emerge with different understandings and perceptions of artificial intelligence and its purpose in today’s world.
The current perceptions of what Artificial Intelligence is now and what it will become in the future must involve a discussion of how the world’s political climates are currently, as to whether the embrace of Artificial Intelligence is a good or bad thing depends on who is being asked. According to Muller (2016), quite a several people are skeptical and creating rational fears surrounding artificial intelligence due to its current state. On the other hand, another significant group has completely embraced the development and investment in artificial intelligence as the future staple of many industries.
Muller (2016) points out that, traditionally, the idea of artificial intelligence was considered significantly ambiguous and substantially difficult to pinpoint to one single concept; thus raising the question of what makes Artificial Intelligence intelligent. For many, the idea of being self-aware is sufficient. However, that is an almost insignificant definition as many computers are completely aware of their existence, not in a retrospective way but rather by their capabilities to perform functions and calculations. Moreover, In Muller (2016) mentions that when reviewing the processes, the computer must be fully aware of its actions; thus, it can review them for various processes such as debugging.
Tegmark (2017) argues that artificial intelligence is often given a range of tasks and, after that, judged on its ability to be humanlike or behave as a human being would. This is the basis of the Turing test; however, some would argue that creating a machine with pre-programmed humanlike responses to attempt to engage in a conversation with a human effectively; does not efficiently satisfy the definition of artificial intelligence. Tegmark (2017) explains that this is because the machine developed would not have active thinking, nor would it efficiently generate original responses based on thought, perspective, opinion, empathy, and bias, all of which are present in real human responses. This points out the substantial limitation which has always been surrounded by the growth, development, and advancement of artificial intelligence; the inability to effectively replicate numerous factors that make humans the way they are (Tegmark, 2017).
Inducing real emotions into a machine is a great impossibility; steps may be taken to attempt to initiate configurations that make machine responses mimic emotions. However, the reality is that a computer does not get sad, happy, jealous, or angry, amongst other human emotions. Tegmark (2017) emphasizes that a machine does not and cannot experience many things humans do, like jealousy, extreme joy, anxiety, or extreme devastation. Therefore, artificial intelligence cannot empathize with anybody without all of these features. For example, Siri, Amazon Alexa, or other devices intended to produce humanlike dialogue are just used to solve problems and answer commands, like “Siri, call Jesse to please” or “Hey Alexa, what is the score of the Winnipeg Jets game today.” These devices will work great for these purposes and are self-aware, and they do learn over time.
However, what they learn is based upon the actual human users as they rely on and are programmed to efficiently remember patterns related to the owner of these devices, like when the owner comes home from work or learning what type of music preference the users have.
Boddington (2018) argues that these devices cannot answer and respond to ethical dilemmas with original answers because they are still artificial intelligence and have not experienced the same things a human has in their lifetime and cannot see or record any form of a human’s perspective. Therefore most of the questions on ethical dilemmas artificial intelligence will not have the capacity to answer effectively, such as “Would you steal food to feed your starving family?” or “whose life is more important than of a child of a senior citizen?”; thus leading these ethical dilemmas to raise significant issues in artificial intelligence.
Nevertheless, self-driving cars are an invention and technological creation that are already in play and are being used and implemented on a large scale. Tesla by Elon Musk is a large contributor to the growth of artificial intelligence and the technological advancement of self-driving vehicles. However, as popular as they are, the vehicles are not perfect, and more often, they require updates to the existing models and new models, just like the traditional vehicles.
The interactions between human-driven cars on roads and self-driving cars are nowhere near similar to human error is inevitable and occurs every day daily. Human error can create quite a several controversial ethical dilemmas for artificial intelligence-operated powered cars. They are programmed to make the safest decision; however, many times, it is the case that it is a choice of which is worse of two bad outcomes. Suppose a self-driving Tesla has an automotive issue like a broken brake system which is separate from the artificial intelligence, and then let us consider a situation where the only options for the Tesla are to either continue through a stop sign into a busy intersection or crash into a crowd of people on the sidewalk. Artificial intelligence is not configured to have ethical standards, and its basis for decision-making processes makes them unpredictable. This decision-making design flaw applies to many other industries where the utilization of artificial intelligence in their systems is increasing at a high rate.
Today the service sectors are optimizing for the utilization of artificial intelligence in their production process, creating a situation where it could thrive as the everyday obstacles, and the morally ambiguous situation would be less common. The idea that computers or even artificial intelligence do not make mistakes is not far from the truth, although they make far fewer mistakes when compared to humans. AI or robotics do not require human error and simple human needs such as eating, drinking water, sleeping, and excreting waste. Service industries may see a complete shift from human workers to AI shortly. Although they are not at the point that they are completely self-reliant, they are already being implemented to replace human workers for purposes like call centers, taking orders, and troubleshooting, amongst other responsibilities and tasks.
Businesses that require service all day and night, like gas stations, hotels, and fast food, would benefit greatly from using Artificial Intelligence to replace human workers. More businesses would be able to stay open longer as well. Mistakes by human employees are far too common; AI can make business much more efficient and provide substantially better customer service. Moreover, there is significantly less wastage due to fewer orders being prepared incorrectly. One major obstacle preventing this from already being a reality is the audio function as miscommunications are common as machines are not good at differentiating words that are not clear, especially from those who have strong accents, different language from that programmed creating a language, as well as cases where people use slang or have speech impediments.
All in all, artificial intelligence stands at the top of technological developments that could lead to a significant revolution; several people, among the great scholars, refer to it as twenty-first-century electricity. However, it is vital for professionals as well as researchers to be in a state of awareness of the existing social as well as ethical implications that this particular advancement in technology poses. Nevertheless, we are responsible for creating, developing, and investing in the creation of robotics and artificial systems that has and is helping and substantially empowering humanity.
References
Boddington, Paula. (2018). Towards a Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Graham, I. (2003). Artificial intelligence. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library.
In Müller, V. C. (2016). Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence.
Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being Human in the age of artificial intelligence.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
