Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) Harvard referencing is a popular citation style used by students and scholars to acknowledge sources in academic writing. It is a variation of the Harvard referencing style. It follows the author-date format, requiring the author’s surname and the year of publication to be included in the in-text citation. MMU Harvard referencing also requires a reference list or bibliography at the end of the document that lists all the sources cited in the text. Properly citing sources is crucial in academic writing, as it gives credit to the original author and ensures the credibility and validity of the work. This article will provide a harvard referencing guide, including the format for various source types and how to generate citations using MMU Harvard referencing generator tools. We will also answer some frequently asked questions about manchester metropolitan university citation and referencing to help you accurately and efficiently cite sources in your assignments.
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Popular Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style Citation Examples
How to cite a Book in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
To cite a book in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, you should include the following details in the reference list and in-text citation:
Reference List: The reference list should be arranged alphabetically by the author’s surname. If there is no author, use the title of the work instead.
Template: Author’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. (2008) The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do, and How to Change. New York: Random House.
In-text citation: When citing a book in the text, the author’s surname and year of publication should be included in parentheses or brackets.
Template: (Author’s surname, Year of publication)
Example: (Smith, 2008)
If you cite a specific page or pages, you can include the page number(s) after the year, separated by a colon.
Example: (Smith, 2008: 62-64)
How to cite a Journal in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing a journal in Harvard-Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) style, the following templates and examples can be used for the reference list and in-text citation:
Reference List: The reference list citation for a journal article should follow this
Template:
Author Surname, Initials. (Year of Publication). Article title. Journal Title, Volume number(Issue number), Page range. DOI or URL (if available).
Example: Johnson, A. (2019). The impact of social media on mental health. Journal of Psychology and Mental Health, 26(3), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318763467
In-text citation: Use the author-date format for in-text citation of a journal article. The author’s surname and the year of publication are included in parentheses at the end of the sentence before the punctuation.
Example: According to Johnson (2019), social media hurts mental health.
How to cite Film or Movie in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing a film or movie using the Harvard referencing style at Manchester Metropolitan University, you need to include the following details in your reference list:
Reference List: Director’s Surname, Initials., Year of release. Title of the film in italics [Format]. Country of origin: Production company.
Example: Tarantino, Q., 1994. Pulp Fiction [Film]. United States: Miramax Films.
When citing a film or movie in-text, you must include the director’s surname and the year of release in parentheses after the relevant information in your text.
In-text citation:
According to Tarantino (1994), Pulp Fiction is a cult classic film.
How to cite an Online image or video in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing an online image or video in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, the following information should be included:
Reference List: Format for Online Image: Author Surname, Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of Work [Type of Work]. Name of Website. URL (date accessed).
Example: Smith, J. (2021). Sunset on the beach [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/123456/ (accessed February 15, 2023).
Format for Online Video: Author Surname, Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of Video [Video]. Name of Website. URL (date accessed).
Example: Johnson, A. (2022). The History of Rome [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=123456 (accessed February 15, 2023).
In-text citation: The in-text citation for an online image or video should include the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses.
Example: (Smith, 2021) or (Johnson, 2022)
How to cite a Website in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
Citing a website in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style requires the following information: author or organization, year of publication, the title of the webpage or article, name of the website or publisher, and the URL. In the reference list, the citation should be arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name or the organization’s name if no author is specified.
Reference List: Author/ Organisation. (Year of Publication). Title of Webpage or Article. Name of Website or Publisher. URL.
Example: Smith, J. (2022). The impact of climate change on marine biodiversity. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/01/the-ocean-is-running-out-of-breath-but-scientists-can-help/
In-text citation: (Smith, 2022) or Smith (2022) states that…
How to cite a Blog in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing a blog in Harvard style, the reference list entry should include the author’s last name and Initial (s), publication year, blog post title in italics, blog name in italics, and the URL. If the blog post has a specific publication date, include that too. In-text citations should include the author’s last name and the publication year.
Reference List:
Author’s last name, Initial (s). (Year, Month, Day of publication). Title of blog post [Blog post]. Name of Blog. URL
Example:
Williams, T. (2022, January 12). The power of positive thinking [Blog post]. The Inspiration Blog. https://www.inspirationblog.com/the-power-of-positive-thinking
In-text citation: (Williams, 2022)
How to cite a Court case in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing a court case in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, the citation should include the case name, the year of the decision, the volume and reporter abbreviation, and the page number(s) where the case can be found.
Reference List: Case name [Year] Volume Reporter Abbreviation Starting page
Example: R v Johnson [2007] 1 AC 44
In-text citation: The case of R v Johnson [2007] 1 AC 44 established the principle that…
How to cite a Dictionary entry in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing a dictionary entry in Harvard-MMU style, the basic elements that need to be included are the author or editor’s name, the year of publication, the entry’s title, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher. Here is a template and an example for citing a dictionary entry:
Reference List: Author/editor. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Editor(s) (Ed.), Title of the dictionary (Edition, if applicable, pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. (2010). Evolution. In S. Jones (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Biology (3rd ed., pp. 127-129). Oxford University Press.
In-text citation: (Author’s last name, year of publication, p. xxx)
Example: (Smith, 2010, p. 127)
How to cite an E-book or PDF in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing an e-book or PDF document using MMU Harvard Referencing, you must include specific information about the document, such as the author’s name, publication year, and the document’s source. Here is a template and an example for citing an e-book or PDF in the reference list and in-text citation:
Reference List: Author’s Surname, Initial(s). (Year of Publication). Title of Book. [e-book] Publisher. Available at: URL [Accessed Date].
Example: Smith, J. (2020). The History of Science. [e-book] Penguin Books. Available at: https://www.penguin.com.au/books/the-history-of-science-9780241002929 [Accessed 10th February 2023].
In-text Citation: The in-text citation format for e-books or PDF documents follows the same author-date style used in other MMU Harvard references. Here is an example of an in-text citation:
(Smith, 2020, p. 20)
How to cite an Edited book in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
To cite an edited book in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, use the following template for the reference list:
Reference List: Editor’s Surname, Initials. (ed.) (Year of publication). Title of book. Edition (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Cottrell, S. (ed.) (2019). The Study Skills Handbook. 5th ed. London: Red Globe Press.
To create an in-text citation for an edited book, use the following template:
In-text citation: (Editor’s Surname, Year of publication)
Example: (Cottrell, 2019)
Note that if you are referring to a specific chapter or section within an edited book, you should also include the chapter author’s surname and initials, the year of publication, the title of the chapter, and the page numbers in your in-text citation. For Example:
Example: (Baker, 2018, ‘Referencing and citation,’ p. 43)
How to cite an Email in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing an email in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, the citation should include the following elements:
Reference List: Sender’s Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). The subject of email [Email message]. Retrieved from URL
In-text citation: (Sender’s Last name, Year)
Example: Reference List: Smith, J. (2022, January 5). Re: Meeting on Monday [Email message]. Retrieved from https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox
In-text citation: (Smith, 2022)
How to cite an Encyclopedia article in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
To cite an Encyclopedia article in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, follow the guidelines below:
Reference List: Author’s Surname, Initial(s), Year of publication, ‘Title of the article,’ Title of the Encyclopedia, Edition (if applicable), Publisher, Place of Publication, and Page Numbers.
Example: Dawkins, R 2011, ‘Evolution,’ Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., Chicago, pp. 240-249.
In-Text Citation: (Author’s Surname Year of publication, Page Numbers).
Example: (Dawkins 2011, p. 243).
How to cite an Interview in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
Citing an interview in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style follows a specific format for the reference list and the in-text citation. Here’s a template and an example for each:
Reference List: Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Interview title (if any). Interview with Interviewee’s Initial(s) Surname, Publication name, and Page number(s).
Example: Smith, J. (2022). Interview with Dr. L. Lee. Science Today, 22-24.
In-text citation: The in-text citation for an interview should include the name of the interviewee and the year of publication in parentheses.
Example: (Lee, 2022)
How to cite a Magazine in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
Citing a magazine in the Harvard-Manchester Metropolitan University style follows a similar format as a journal article. Here are the templates and examples for the reference list and in-text citation:
Reference List:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Article title. Magazine Title, volume number(issue number), page range. DOI or URL (if available)
Example:
Smith, J. (2021). The future of renewable energy. National Geographic, 240(6), 24-47.
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2021, p. 30)
In the example above, Smith is the author of the article, 2021 is the year of publication, “The future of renewable energy” is the article title, National Geographic is the magazine title, 240 is the volume number, and 6 is the issue number. The page range, which is 24-47 in this case, refers to the specific pages where the article can be found. Finally, the DOI or URL is included if available.
How to cite a Newspaper in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing a newspaper in the Harvard style, the following information is required: author (if given), the year of publication, the article title, the newspaper name, and the page numbers of the article. The URL and the access date should also be included if accessed online.
Here’s a template for citing a newspaper in the reference list in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style:
Author’s Last name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, page numbers. URL [if accessed online] (Accessed date).
And here’s an Example:
Smith, J. (2022, February 18). New research shows the importance of sleep for productivity. The Times, p. 4. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/new-research-shows-importance-of-sleep-for-productivity-f2nmhjg6f (Accessed February 20, 2023).
For in-text citations, the author’s last name and year of publication should be included in parentheses, e.g., (Smith, 2022). If the author’s name is not given, use the article’s title in quotation marks, e.g., (“New research,” 2022). If the article spans multiple pages, include the page number(s) in the citation, e.g., (Smith, 2022, p. 4).
How to cite a Podcast in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
To cite a podcast in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, the following information should be included in the Reference List: Format: Last name, Initials of podcast creator(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the podcast episode. Title of Podcast. Podcast publisher. URL or DOI (if applicable).
Example: Mullin, B. (2022, January 5). The strange and exciting world of quantum physics. Science Vs. Gimlet Media. https://gimletmedia.com/shows/science-vs/brhvwm/the-strange-and-exciting-world-of-quantum-physics
In the in-text citation, the author’s last name and the year of publication should be mentioned.
Example: (Mullin, 2022)
How to cite a Song in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing a song in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, the general format for the reference list and in-text citation is as follows:
Reference List: Songwriter, A. A. (Copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from songwriter]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Label. (Original work published year).
Example: Sia. (2014). Chandelier [Recorded by Sia]. On 1000 Forms of Fear [CD]. Monkey Puzzle Records.
In-text citation: (Songwriter’s last name, year)
Example: (Sia, 2014)
How to cite The Bible in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
When citing The Bible in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, the format will depend on the specific version of The Bible you are using. Generally, the format for a reference list entry and in-text citation will follow this basic
Template:
Reference List: Title of the Bible (Version). (Year of Publication). Publisher.
Example: The Holy Bible (King James Version). (1769). Oxford University Press.
In-text citation: The first time you cite The Bible in your text, including the version you use in parentheses after the title. You can refer to the title without the version for all subsequent citations.
Example: As John 3:16 states, “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son” (The Holy Bible, King James Version).
How to cite a TV Show in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style
To cite a TV show in Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University style, the following templates, and examples can be used for the reference list and in-text citations:
Reference List: Format for a TV Show: Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of TV Show [Television series]. Production Company.
Example for a TV Show: Waters, M. (Creator). (2005-2009). The L Word [Television series]. Showtime Networks.
In-text citation: (Last Name Year) or (Title Year)
Example for in-text citation: (Waters 2005) or (The L Word 2005)
Note: When citing a specific TV show episode, the title is added after the title in quotation marks.
FAQs about MMU Harvard Referencing
What is the difference between a citation and a reference?
A citation briefly mentions the source within the text, while a reference is a detailed entry in the reference list at the end of the essay.
Can I use a Harvard reference generator for my MMU assignments?
While many Harvard reference generators are available online, it is important to check the accuracy of the generated citations and ensure that they comply with MMU Harvard referencing guidelines.
Do I need to include the access date for online sources in the reference list?
If the source’s content is likely to change over time, or if the source is not freely available online, it is recommended to include the access date in the reference list.
How do I cite a book with multiple authors in MMU Harvard referencing?
In MMU Harvard referencing, if a book has two authors, both surnames should be included in the citation, e.g. (Smith and Jones, 2022). For three or more authors, you can use et al., e.g. (Smith et al., 2022).
How do I cite a social media post or message in MMU Harvard referencing?
To cite a social media post or message, you should include the author’s name (if available), the year, and the content of the post or
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