Galenica Company is a global and fully-integrated provider of healthcare in Switzerland. Incorporated in 1927, the headquarters of Galenica is in Switzerland from where Galenica fulfills its role as a logistics and pharmaceutical company group (GALENICA 2018). The Company operates a large network of pharmacies and offers its reputable products and brands in Switzerland. Galenica also offers products from business partners including a variety of on-site tests and services for customers. The Galenica network compromises of nearly 500 independent and joint venture partner pharmacies the Company provides a noticeable healthcare services market command (GALENICA GROUP 2016). The services offered by Galenica are pre-wholesale as well as wholesale distribution services in the healthcare system. healthcare market in Switzerland. Against this backdrop, the report will present concepts of sustainability status at Galenica, analysis of environmental needs, stages of corporate environmental responsibility, and environmental auditing and reporting.
The Company acknowledges that proactive and accountable actions contribute are requisite for long-term success and have an influence on the Galenica. Part of the goals of Galenica includes practicing social responsibility including the efficient use of natural resources for sustainable commercial exploitation (GALENICA GROUP 2016). The topmost management of Galenica supports several goals targeting sustainability of the Company that includes enhancing the efficiency of resource management especially energy consumption (Alt, Díez-de-Castro and Lloréns-Montes 2015). Through attempts to attain these goals, Galenica has increased its capacity for innovation and efficiency. Galenica cites motivation and employee awareness as part of its approaches to seek responsible and efficient energy consumption in the workplace (Garcia Martinez, Guijarro, and Poyatos 2017). Stakeholders of Galenica are adequately involved through annual updates as captured in the sustainability report.
Analysis of Environmental Needs/Challenges at Galenica
The activities of Galenica touch on several areas and impact the environment. The Company requires both renewable and non-renewable resources particularly fossil fuels to produce active ingredients and finished products. The Galenica production processes generate solid, gaseous, and liquid waste products including greenhouse gases (GALENICA GROUP 2016). The Company claims that it has taken measures to economically use resources efficiently and lessen the adverse environmental impact. The energy consumed at Galenica is in form of vehicle fuel, electricity, heating oil, and natural gas. As of 2016, impact on the natural environment. They mostly use green energy consumption at Galenica increased by 6% suggesting the need to rethink the approach towards efficient energy use (GALENICA GROUP 2016).
Evaluation of Galenica Environmental Sustainability Practices
Technological Innovation
Creative and beneficial application of technology is critical for a firm to realize significant global climate change. Previously solar energy savings and contribute significantly to a sustainable environment. Galenica indicates that it has pursued the reduction of energy demand via insulation of heating and production of hot water (Wolf 2014). The Company argues that it prevents losses of energy in the compressed air network of the Ettinger site (Christ and Burritt 2013; GALENICA GROUP 2016). At the Geneva site, Galenica reports that it has optimized cold activities that result in physical healthiness. For example, proper diet, ensuring that all meals are balanced, and taking a lot of water production. The Company also has enhanced that recovery from heating, installation of LED lights in the offices, and compressors at the Lisbon site (GALENICA GROUP 2016). At the St. Gallen site, the Company is commissioning an additional heat pump and installing the energy-saving light. Through technology implementation, Galenica has attained a reduction in steam consumption via optimization of configurations (GALENICA GROUP 2016). In its report on sustainability, Galenica has indicated that it has entered into agreements to cut down on carbon dioxide emissions and enhance energy efficiency in line with the Energy Agency in Switzerland.
Changing Patterns of Consumption
Individuals and organizations committed to environmental impact can opt to use less harmful services and products. In line with adjusting consumption patterns to foster environmental sustainability, Galenica has embraced solar energy (Schulze et al. 2016). Galenica in line with the Energy Agency in Switzerland has conducted a feasibility study of installing roof photovoltaic systems (Galpin, TWhitttington, and Bell 2015). The other changes are the renovation of building at several production sites of Galenica to attain energy-saving and reduction in carbon dioxide emission preparedness. Some of these changes include insulation of the new building with measures to save energy such as LED lights (GALENICA GROUP 2016). The other changes at Galenica focusing on increasing environmental sustainability are the creation of a new parking concept and reduction in hard paper printouts (Colicchia, Marchet, Melacini and Perotti 2013). Some of the innovative solutions that qualify as change patterns include the use of video conferencing and the merger of sites to cut down on vehicle journeys between sites.
Five Stages of Environmental Responsibility
1. Compliance with Regulations Only
A significant number of organizations aspire to attain environmental sustainability but most follow a wrong approach of attaining instant makeover which is infeasible (Aguado, Alvarez and Domingo 2013). The five-phase sustainability plan allows organizations to transition through the environmental sustainability process and enhances their commitment and compliance with environmental sustainability (Singh, Jain, and Sharma 2014). The pre-compliance stage involves an organization using exploitative practices to beat the system. An organization at this stage tends to flout safety, environmental, and health laws (Lorek and Spangenberg 2014). Organizations engaging in pre-compliance practices are risking a lot on their reputation and fines. The actions of an organization at this stage are illegal (Tseng, Tan and Siriban-Manalang 2013). Galenica complies with environmental and workplace regulations which disqualifies it as a stage one firm.
2. Pollution Prevention
In the second phase, the organization obeys all environmental, safety, labor, health, and environmental regulations as a way of managing its liabilities (Flammer 2013). In other terms, a business reactively fulfills all legal demands concerning environmental regulations. Organizations at this phase will provide a safer and respectful workplace for employees including the installation of pollution containment equipment (Ervin, Wu, Khanna and Jones 2013). However, the organization will still treat environmental and corporate social responsibility actions as a cost at this stage (Fifka, 2013). The actions of a company at this stage are legal but not sustainable (Fontaine 2013). Galenica has transitioned through this stage and cannot be qualified as a stage two firm.
3. Product Stewardship
An organization transitions to the third phase from the second phase on the realization that it can save money with proactive and operational eco-efficiencies (Galpin, Whittington and Bell 2015). The savings can be realized in several ways such as energy savings and lowering the associated trail of carbon. The second way is by the organization saving impact on our environment. Sometimes I find myself moving from the city and take a walk in the countryside where we have trees and freshwater. The third way involves the organization saving materials in its packaging and products. The fourth way entails the company saving costs of handling waste (Mair and Laing 2013). At this stage, a business increases its investment in the community and enhances its reputation, and maximizes the value of shareholders. However, sustainability initiatives are not yet institutionalized (Toppinen and Korhonen‐Kurki 2013). Galenica’s actions and changes to attain environmental sustainability can be classified as product stewardship as it has not fully institutionalized all environmental sustainability processes and measures (GALENICA GROUP 2016).
4. Clean Technology
At this phase, a business has adjusted its business model into a sustainable design. The company at this stage will rebrand as an entity committed to sustainability (Fujii, Iwata, Kaneko, and Managi 2013). The business will infuse sustainability principles into the company values and organizational culture (Sahakian and Wilhite 2014). A business at this stage-manages sustainability approaches with critical business strategies. Companies in this phase produce cleaner products and practice eco-effectiveness (Mair and Laing 2013). Galenica needs to develop new technologies that support environmental sustainability; the Company lacks innovative technologies to support its efforts of realizing environmental sustainability.
5. Ecologically Sustainable
A business at this stage builds a committed, value-driven focus to enhance the well-being of the society, environment, and the company. An organization at this last stage actively practices environmental sustainability because it is moral to do such (Alazzani and Wan-Hussin 2013). Since Galenica has not transitioned through the fourth stage to realize the benefits of the fifth stage on ecologically sustainable practices, the Company needs to commit more to environmental sustainability using this model (Toppinen and Korhonen‐Kurki 2013).
Environmental Auditing and Reporting
Additionally, Galenica pursues integrated reporting that covers environment and corporate social responsibility. From the Sustainability Report of Galenica of 2016, the organization has health and safety measures to safeguard the health of employees and maintain workplace safety in tandem with the country’s occupational safety commission (GALENICA 2018). The Federal Coordination Commission for Occupational Safety in Switzerland oversees the implementation of minimum workplace safety and employee health (Papagiannakis, Voudouris, and Lioukas 2014). In reaction to the Commission minimum demands, Galenica organizes prevention campaigns at different sites to raise employee awareness of topics related to health and risks of accidents (Montiel and Delgado-Ceballos 2014). Due to these efforts, Galenica reported a decline in absences linked to illnesses by 22% as of 2016 (GALENICA GROUP 2016). Employees at risk of illnesses or those that had fallen ill were offered assistance through Galenica Care Management. All these developments affirm the social responsibility of Galenica.
Agreeably, the reason for engaging in environmental reporting and auditing that is integrated is justified by an acknowledgment of relatedness of processes and entities at organizations. Galenica boasts of management and prevents victimization of the employees. Furthermore, to the management, it helps them communicate to the employees from diverse countries and ethnicities (GALENICA 2018). These workers exhibit different personal philosophies towards environmental sustainability necessitating an integrated approach to sustainability at the firm (Martins 2015). An integrated reportage and auditing of sustainability at the organization seeks to set the path for institutionalizing the numerous changes in processes, attitudes, and activities at Galenica towards environmental sustainability (Lorek and Spangenberg 2014). The integrated approach also acknowledges the dependability of different entities and domains in creating a sustainable organization. Social activities, for instance, impact the environment (Junior, Best and Cotter 2014). A motivated employee may find it natural to use resources efficiently as opposed to the status quo.
Correspondingly, the sustainable report gives data and information on the integrated approach to attaining sustainability at Galenica (GALENICA GROUP 2016). Energy consumption is a critical area of focus for the Company due to its involvement in the manufacturing, storage, and distribution of pharmaceutical products (Dixon-Fowler et al. 2013). In line with this target, Galenica collects and analyzes consumption data and addresses each energy consumption category (GALENICA 2018). Galenica still uses fossil fuel but is in the process of substituting a significant percentage of fossil fuel with solar energy that is clean and sustainable (Renwick, Redman, and Maguire 2013). Vehicle fuel is separated from fuel categories to analyze fuel used in automobiles and the one used to run plant machines and equipment.
Equally important is that Galenica explicitly acknowledges and addresses environmental responsibility in its sustainability report. The organization acknowledges that it engages in diversified healthcare and the production of the multiple products’ active ingredients impacts the environment (Crane, Matten and Spence 2013). In particular, Galenica cites that it requires fossil fuels to generate the active ingredients used in its products and services which adversely impacts the environment (Tung, Baird and Schoch 2014). The pollution due to the usage of fossil fuel exists in gaseous, solid, and liquid forms widening the scope of a single instance of pollution (Ervin, Wu, Khanna, Jones and Wirkkala 2013). In a way, Galenica implies that in producing its products to address different service delivery is another basis of social allocation. According to the Great Britain healthcare concerns it inadvertently sets the path to the creation of pollution-related healthcare issues not just for humans but the entire ecosystem (García‐Martínez, Guijarro and Poyatos 2017). Environmental sustainability is highly critical for Galenica.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Galenica acknowledges the criticality of environmental sustainability and engages in several attempts to realize environmental sustainability. Some of the initiatives of Galenica are the promotion of workplace safety and workplace health. The efforts of Galenica qualify it as an organization at the product stewardship stage where it embraces existing technology to improve its sustainability but not all these changes and targets are institutionalized. Galenica reportedly engages in environmental auditing and reporting using the integrated approach to social and environmental sustainability initiatives. The integrated approach is necessary as organizational processes and entities show significant dependency preceding a cause-effect relationship. The overall view is that Galenica has taken measures to acknowledge and enhance environmental sustainability but more needs to be done to realize true environmental sustainability.
Recommendations
Galenica should use the framework for stages of environmental sustainability and focus on institutionalizing environmental sustainability practices.
The organization needs to increase the energy efficiency of its machines and equipment which contribute significantly to energy consumption.
Galenica should develop an integrated plan or framework for sustainability rather than running disjointed programs and reportage. For instance, social responsibility at the workplace impacts the attitudes of workers towards environmental sustainability.
Last, Galenica should use energy-efficient vehicles with minimal greenhouse emissions.
Reference List
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Fraud is a deliberate trickery that is made for individual advantage or an offense to the other. The definition of fraud differs depending on the legal authority (Gottschalk 1). According to Levi fraud can both be categorized as a civil war violation as well as a crime. The majority of tricks are deceitful, even though those that are not for individual gains are not categorized as technical frauds (11).
The most common fraud today remains to be the defrauding of money, other frauds are also present in science, art, and archaeology. In many cases, the act of lying has been termed as fraudulent, but on a lawful basis, lying is just a small tip of the real fraud (Brytting, Minogue &Morino 9). In the case of fraud, there has to be monetary damage and a measured falsification of the product condition.
Professional Ethical Challenges in the Fee-Payment System and the Role of Technology in Accounting and AuditingEssay Service
Gottschalk illustrates that besides misrepresentation, the fraud offenses also comprises of false statement and deceitful conduct (4). The core reason for fraud is for the fraudster to gain something of value at the end of it which is usually money or property (Gottschalk 4). Levi states that they do this by deceiving or misleading their victims to the point they believe that which is false (30). While it’s good to note that not every instance of dishonesty is regarded as a fraud, being alert for the warning signs may be of help for someone to stop the scammers from taking advantage of one’s financial, personal, or business affair.
According to Glick, Rush &Robert, there are many methods through which fraud can be committed, this includes mail, internet, wire, and many others (17). The strain in verifying the legitimacy together with identifying an online platform makes it susceptible to online fraud as hackers can easily access crucial details like a credit card through the internet and steal your information, this concept has made internet fraud to be the fastest growing in the area of fraud (Coenen 67).
Proving fraud in a court of law is a big task as it has many challenges. Levi highlights the point that the laws on fraud vary depending on places and in general there is a specified threshold that must be met (49). The most vital thing to prove when it comes to fraud is the deliberate misrepresentation of the facts. For one to substantiate a fraud in court the complainant must validate that the defendant had a preceding knowledge and willingly distorted the facts (Levi 49).
Types of frauds
Identifying the risk of fraud and also finding out how it can happen in business is very vital and is considered as the initial step in creating an appropriate environment free from all types of fraud. The common types of fraud are:
False Accounting:
Most theatrical corporate failure has been associated with false accounting. The major aim of this fraud to misrepresent the affairs and results of the organization in a more improved way which is far from reality (Brytting, Minogue &Morino138). According to Gottschalk, this is usually one by either exaggerating the organization’s assets or devaluing the liability of the organization with a varied aim which may include obtaining financial support share, attracting investors, and customers (1). Regularly, there are always pressure on reporting the impracticable level of incomes, which usually takes preference over controls intended to stop fraud from happening
Asset misappropriation:
Employees can steal any corporate asset, or even they can collude with the third party or assist them in the act. According to Bennet the example of management and employee fraud include: Receiving rewards from suppliers or commission from suppliers, making false claims in regards to the expense, payroll fraud is also part of it in the sense that a ghost employee is created and funds diverted towards the employee, coercion from the third parties to reveal information or process wrong transactions and also the employee conflict on in terms of related to a transaction (1).
Wire fraud
According to Bennetthis type of fraud takes place over regional wires like phishing, telemarketing, and spam-related schemes. In US federal wire fraud is categorized under federal offense and is often investigated by the FBI, however, the state charges and laws are also applicable. Wire fraud is very wide and it includes pictures, signs, sound, or even writing that is transmitted by radio, wire, or television in a foreign commerce(1). Wire fraud has got some similarity to regular fraud, the only difference is that it happens via an electronic transmission
Computer Fraud
This type of fraud is the one by which a computer can either be a subject, a tool, or an object of fraud (Levi 53). The fraud has been on constant evolution considering the speed at which technology has evolved. According to Levi This type of fraud include:- getting unauthorized access to a bank and transferring or diverting funds from one account to the other, this is mostly done by hackers, pretending to be a genuine business on the internet and deliver poor quality merchandises contrary to what was expected and displayed online and also influencing the share price of a company by illegally spreading fake news on bulletin boards (54).
This kind of fraud can be carried out without the actual use of the computer, computers and the internet offer access to unauthorized parties where in most cases there is usually a collaboration with an insider (Brytting, Minogue &Morino 121). Computer-enhancing processing of large amounts of data and therefore its effective tool for cracking of passwords.
Insurance Fraud
According to Bennet, this fraud covers several areas with various natures, it includes exaggerated claims, false claims, or getting cover based on false information and even intentionally destroying assets and claiming it on insurance (1).
Intellectual property fraud:
Intellectual property comprises items such as customer lists, design rights, and patents, and also business assets, machinery, or stock into this category (Bennet 1). Coenen observes that just as any other assets, intellectual property is also vulnerable to stealing by either the staff or the third party, although it does not usually seem that the intellectual property is being embezzled. employees including the management in this scam could include a direct stealing of intellectual property for example when the leaving employee access the core business information that is a backbone of the organization and gives it to the competitor or even giving the list of customers of the company to the competitor (63).
In this case of intellectual fraud, the theft or violation by third parties could include:
Intentional under-reporting of the royalties by a party that is manufacturing or retailing the product that has already been licensed, knowingly creating products that compete and violates the design rights that are protected and registered by the owner and finally selling counterfeit products as the genuine one (Coenen 63).
Corruption
Brytting, Minogue &Morino define corruption as untruthful or fraudulent behavior by those in power, typically involving bribery. This is usually an off-book kind of fraud that usually occurs in the form of rewards and commission, gratuities, or gifts to influent a fraud (16).
Money Laundering
Money laundering is the process by which criminals mask the original proprietorship and control of the incomes of criminal conduct by making such earnings to have resulted from a genuine source(Gottschalk 1). Though money laundry is not considered as fraud itself the links come as it is basically a mechanism through which the earning of crime are disseminated (Levi 32). Examples of such connection are when one obtains a loan from banks against the assets which resulted from an activity that is criminal in nature.
Investment Scheme Fraud
This is another third-party asset misappropriation. It entails taking money in the promise of investing it and getting a spectacular return only to turn and use it for the individual purpose (Gottschalk 1).
Bond/Redemption/Strawman Fraud
According to Bennet, this is based fundamentally on the conspiracy theory that all banks are in control of the government. Based on this theory the fraudsters send information randomly to people informing them that they need to purchase kits to get into the scheme with the promise that it would enable them to purchase desirable things like homes and cars or it would help them in discharging their debts (1). Other scammers in this category may promise to give access to the secret account and help the victims to evade tax.
Charity Fraud
A deceiving charity uses the same technique as the real one to steal money from people. It’s a norm when it comes to donation people usually don’t give attention to where the money is going to (Bennet 1). The fraudsters, in this case, take advantage of people mostly when there is a natural disaster because they know that people are usually generous and sympathetic during the period of disaster (Coenen 71). A good example of this fraud is kids wish network which is located in Florida US which is alleged to have raised millions of dollars in the name of helping dying children and their loved ones and in a real sense the charity spends only 3 cents per dollar for the help and the rest of the money goes for personal use.
Credit Card Fraud:
This has been a worldwide problem for many years. According to Coenen the effect of this fraud is not only felt by the victim, but also the merchants and the credit card companies. This type of fraud usually becomes fruitful based on the implementation of various schemes (71). According to Gottschalk, to avert credit card fraud both the merchants as well as the company have put in place various programs among them being adding features making the card more elaborated making it hard to imitate. Also, programs such as card verification code have been integrated into the card, together with card activation process and advanced authorization procedure have helped to curb this type of fraud (47). Merchants have also taken a further step by implementing different programs which have also been key to deterring this fraud. It’s actually very simple to be scammed with your debit card it is estimated that the credit card scam could lead to a loss of around $12 billion by the year 2020 (Gottschalk 48).
Lottery Fraud
The target of this fraud is often the elderly. Glick, Rush & Robert highlight the fact that the elderly are usually targeted simply because they are never skeptical enough more so when it comes to the lottery. It may basically begin with a phone call or a postcard mostly sent from Jamaica (99). The scammers usually request for funds that would cover taxes and other fees for the alleged money to be released. The victims are usually asked for additional cash once they have sent the initial claim with the hope of getting the money they have won(Glick, Rush & Robert 100).
Fraud investigation
To investigate fraud the following steps should be taken
Identification of the type of fraud
This is the initial stage of the investigation, it is very significant as it builds an investigative hypothesis at which it will provide the foundation at which investigation would be launched. At the beginning of the investigation, it’s significant to identify the type of fraud that has been committed. This sometimes becomes a challenge considering the many types of frauds that exist and there a new types which are committed on a day to day basis (Glick, Rush & Robert 111). By determining the type of fraud, it will ensure that I easily get the right people to help with the investigations.
Create an investigative plan
According to Levi this is a very significant part of fraud investigation even though it is usually overlooked, coming up with an investigative plan is time-consuming, but it is vital as it keeps investigations organized and focused considering the abundant documents that are usually involved in a fraud case (37). What usually gets measured is usually done. According to Coenen, the identification of the chronological event that leads to the actual fraud is often very core for the investigators and the fraud team (53). These steps are often effective when it comes to uncovering the vulnerable victims and their culpability. The proper investigative plan leads to the revelation of the loopholes and inconsistency that may be in a story. In the instances where the victim is the fraudsters. Investigators focus on where the victim timeline and the perpetrator’s timeline link and then come up with valid statements with facts.
Interview and reinterview the victim
For the investigator to know the victim well, they need to conduct background checks at the start. According to Glick, Rush &Robert, this will provide information on who they are and why they are probably targeted (87). The background checks also provide information on the victim past in regards to whether they have been a victim of fraud before (Glick, Rush &Robert 88). The interview should be conducted on ffavorableground, free from distractions, and in a place where the victim feels comfortable. The interview should start with an opened end design type of question to trigger the victim to tell the story in detail themselves without being given leads (Gottschalk 64). Frequently the investigators pepper the victim with complex questions so as the victim can provide every single detail necessary for the case.
According to Gottschalk detailed information is extremely essential in fraud investigation, investigators should ensure that they ask gritty questions of when, how, why, where, and what (73). Why was it taken? Who alerted them? When was the initial discovery? How were they made aware?
Re-interviewing the victim is also very necessary as it will enable them to provide additional information to assist investigation I cases where they later come up with additional documents(Gottschalk 73).
Securing evidence
Just like any other crime scene, fraud investigation sham critical issues for collecting as well as preserving evidence. Brytting, Minogue & Morino indicate that it’s upon the investigators to ensure that they get copies of essential documents for example credit statements, phone records, emails, and social media posts when it comes to fraud related to banks(139). In this case, the crime scene is usually virtual in nature, and evidence is usually obtained electronically as long as the victims can access the documents. According to Bennet the virtual nature of the evidence usually creates frustration for both the victim as well as the investigators (1). For instance, when a victim is alerted of the potential fraud may be in a banking institution, there is a chance that the victim has forgotten the login credential to the account hence complicating the issue even further(Levi 117). This causes investigators to lose more time.
Once the evidence is obtained, it has to be thoroughly analyzed, properly secured, and documented in the case file. Fraud investigation pose frequent problems and drawbacks, therefore, professionalism is required for the investigators throughout the process regardless of how frustrating the cases are, it requires a high level of focus(Glick, Rush &Robert 75).
Risk Management
Managing fraud risks is done using the same principle as managing business risks. According to Glick, Rush &Robert, the best approach to managing the risk of fraud is the systematic approach at the organizational level and the operational level (143). At the organizational level, the organization can come up with fraud policy statements and personnel policies at the operational level. Bearing in mind the fraud risks in precise operations the following steps should be considered:
Identify risk areas: determine the areas that are prone to fraud risk. Areas that have potential for loss and any pattern of loss should be pinpointed. The staff that operates the system should be surveyed to establish their level of awareness of risks to which they are exposed (Gottschalk 119).
Assess the scale of risk: According to Gottschalk, this is whereby the assessment of the measure that is already in place is done to establish the level of remaining risk (119).
Assign responsibility for the risk: this is where an individual is given the responsibility of managing each risk (Gottschalk 119).
Identify the need for reviewed controls: assess the competence of prevailing controls and establish what additional controls or changes to the prevailing controls are required to decrease the risk (Gottschalk 119).
Conclusion
In conclusion, it’s close to impossible to eliminate fraud considering how it has evolved over the years and technology has made it even complicated. However, governments should allocate more resources to combat fraud. Governments should also give a higher priority to the combat by ensuring the decision-makers are well conversant in regards to fraud and also how millions of dollars are being lost on fraud.
The line between the victim, the authorities and the public needs to be taken into consideration. Victims need to feel the effect that the government is doing something to fight the fraud. The issue that arises in fraud cases, for instance, a case where the crime happened in different jurisdictions, needs a collaborative effort from different governments to curb the menace.
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Levi, M. (2018). SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research. [online] Journals.sagepub.com. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1748895808096470 [Accessed 5 Jul. 2018].
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According to Rogers (1984), the first emergence of psychology was as a science, a science that was distinctly separated from both philosophy and biology; however, a great debate arose on definitions, descriptions as well as explaining an in-depth understanding of the human mind together with behavior. Therefore the various schools of psychology significantly hold a representation of the key psychology theories (Rogers, 1984).
Rogers (1984) points out that, structuralism stands in as the first school of thought. Structuralism is focused on and advocated by psychology-2795249″>Wilhelm Wundt in his psychology lab (Rogers, 1984). Van (1984) explains that, after Wilhelm Wundt’s first discovery in psychology, numerous theories began emerging and thus began the struggle for significant dominancy within psychology.
Historically, scholars in psychology often define and identify themselves with exclusivity to one specific school of thought (Van, 1984). However, in our world, today psychologists have developed an eclectic perspective on psychology as a whole. Van (1984) indicates that psychology tends to draw theories as well as ideas from the various schools and does not hold a basis to a specific perspective and view. Some of the key schools of thought which have a significant influence on psychology’s knowledge as well as understanding include; structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis.
In the 1800’s Wilhelm Wundt successfully developed the structuralism psychology’s school of thought (Lamberth, McCullers & Mellgren, 1976). Structuralism according to Lamberth, McCullers & Mellgren (1976), is psychology’s first developed school of thought. Lamberth, McCullers & Mellgren (1976) points out that, Titchener B. Edward brought forth a significant contribution to the structuralist school of thought.
According to the structuralists’ theorists, they desired to substantially examine a human’s adult mind from a perspective of the least possible comprehendible pieces (Vinacke, 1968). Vinacke (1968) explains that therefore they would focus on determining how the various pieces collaborate to eventually fit together towards the creation of both ideas and thoughts. The school of thought utilizes the entire process of introspection that entails observers who are cautiously within descriptions of the conditions of the controlled environment. Moreover, the individuals who were involved in the training into how individuals entirely make a description of their personal experiences utilizing vocabulary that is specifically set. Vinacke (1968) documents an informal introspection is based upon a person who has a self-reflection on their individuals’ feelings as well as thoughts, however, structuralists tend to favor a particularly substantial formal approach.
It is vital to note that Wundt’s and Titchener’s theory versions have a slight difference (Lamberth, McCullers & Mellgren, 1976). Whereas Wundt perceived the entire experience, Titchener tended to substantially particularly focus on the process of breaking it down into smaller and smaller pieces.
Titchener argues that an individual experience should be taken into consideration as a “fact,” that particularly exists without any consideration of the value as well as the significance of the particular experience (Van, 1984). Titchener further argues that the only way of making the description of the conscious experience based on these particular experiences; the feeling of affection as well as sensation. Van (1984) indicates that the psychological process of thought resulted in this particular sensation that is developed by facing experiences that have similar previous occurrences. Critics, however, argue that as a science, the school of thought stands with the least reliability particularly because of its level of subjectivity, particularly the introspection methods. The structuralism theory brought forth the comprehension of the distinct differences that exist between perception and sensation.
Functionalism
According to Rogers (1984), functionalism is a competitive school of thought which had shortly arrived specifically after the development of the structuralist school of thought. Rogers (1984) explains that functionalism was a theory that was significantly influenced by the research of Charles Darwin as well as William James. Rogers (1984) further states that Harvey Carr, John Dewey, and even John Angell were also involved in the school of thought are developed.
According to the Structuralists, elements of consciousness were highly placed in consideration. However, the Functionalists have their focus on the root purpose of both consciousness and behavior (Van, 1984). The functionalists placed substantial efforts on the empirical, as well as the rational thought as an alternative to the experimental approach. Moreover is further questions the human mind capabilities alternatively to how attained the particular capabilities. Functionalism arguments have no particular basic structure towards the consciousness due to constant changes. Furthermore, they make an argument that attempting to “map consciousness” stands as a valueless task. According to Van (1984), a great number of scientists eventually made an agreement that makes the focus towards being more on the school of thought alternatively as an attempt to substantially build a common structure.
William James particularly argues that the consciousness, as well as mind, will not be in existence unless individuals have a type of adaptive purpose which substantially presents evolutionary theories by Charles Darwin. James’ arguments are quite similar to Darwin’s; in the aspect that mind development serves both adaptive and practical purposes (Vinacke, 1968). Therefore, Vinacke (1968) states that he argues that psychology should have its focus on different practical thought’s implications. A significant focus is also placed on individuals making assumptions that every individual approaches thinking as well as problems differently. Thus, this particular idea made a foundation for substantially more individualized education approaches. Moreover, it is eventually focused on the behaviorist school of thought. John Dewey as a functionalist argues that the thought leads to the creation of behavior so that individuals focus on further studying behavior alternatively to make observations of consciousness, which is significantly difficult to research and study.
Psychoanalysis
The founder of psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud (Van, 1968). Sigmund holds a strong belief that individuals could deal with and handle the vast range of mental ailments by substantially forcing out any of their repressed memories. Freud was focused on making unconscious feelings as well as thoughts conscious so that individuals are in a place to deal with them. Van (1968) mentions that this particular process is common in dealing with both depression and anxiety. Freud, focused significantly on childhood dreams as well as memories, according to Freud they were vivid manifestations of an individual’s unconscious mind (Van, 1968).
Psychoanalysis functioned on quite several assumptions. First of all, the theory assumes that all psychological problems originate from a person’s unconscious mind. According to Rogers (1984), the symptoms are rooted in the underlying disturbances of an individual’s unconscious mind. Freud attempts to explain that they are caused normally in regards to trauma that is repressed and even the issues that are unresolved issues that tend to occur during an individual’s childhood development. Furthermore, the focus of the treatments emerges the memories that are repressed, thus an individual is in a better position to effectively deal with the repressed memories within their conscious mind.
The classic psychoanalysis tends to take a significant amount of time, therefore Freud went forward to recommend two up to five sessions weekly over a period of quite several years. The key reason psychoanalysis tends to consume a ridiculous amount of time is that individuals fall back to utilizing defense mechanisms when attempting to deal with emerging conflict. Defense mechanisms entail denial, repression, projection, sublimation as well as displacement. Vinacke (1968) points out that Freud, did not have his focused on symptom reduction, instead, he leaned towards finding out and bringing to light the existing underlying problem.
Key Advancements Psychology’s Biological Foundations Related to Behavior
Biopsychology is a scope of psychology that tends to seek an in-depth understanding of the ways upon which the brain substantially affects behavior (Rogers, 1984). Biopsychology is alternatively referred to as behavioral neuroscience. Rogers (1984) states that the neuron stands as life’s basic building blocks. Therefore, the highly specialized cells hold the responsibility for both receiving as well as transmitting information entirely from one section of the human body to another.
Neuron anatomy enables us to have an in-depth understanding of how a neuron functions when transmitting information throughout an individual’s body, thus it is vital to effectively comprehend the neurons in various parts. Neurotransmitters bring forth the process upon which a cell’s structure, as well as nerve the vast impulses, are in propagation throughout the cell. Chemical messengers are utilized in the transmission of cell signals from one to another. Neurons due accumulate to form a makeup only a minimal section within the human body’s complex communication system. Furthermore, the nervous system comprises two major categories; first of all, the human central nervous system and secondly, the human peripheral nervous system. Not to mention that the endocrine system holds a significant role in the communication system both of which effectively impact the human brain, human behavior as well as the human body.
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Admissibility of evidence from forensic science requires the side that is preferring the evidence to show that the Federal Rules of Evidence, rule 702 and the Daubert were followed. Therefore, the expert witnesses that are testifying needs to carefully consider how they are demonstrating they have achieved the requirements that are necessary. Ultimately, the court is to ask the expert to prove the methods they used and the derived conclusion and whether they are reliable. Demonstration that they used procedures that are properly done, and the methods that were used were vetted properly, and that there are known rates of error, that also the expert received training that is appropriate, and so forth, are essential for the information coming from the examination of the expert to be admitted by the court as the human society develops. The evidence. In most instances, experts are questioned about their level of certainty on their opinions and conclusions (Fisher, 2016). The paper will argue against the admissibility of the forensic science evidence and the techniques used in describing the evidence in the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ~ 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786. Moreover, the paper will incorporate and discuss the university’s core values as appropriate.
The Case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc
The petitioners, who were two young children (Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller) with their parents, in their suit against their defendant (Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals) that grave birth defects of the children were the results of the prenatal ingestion Bendectin by their mother. This was a drug prescription that was being promoted by the respondent. The district court granted a summary judgment to the accused based on their expert affidavit which was well credentialed, making a conclusion upon reviewing scientific Literature that was extensively published on the subject, that the maternal usage of Bendectin has not been demonstrated at all to be a risk factor for birth defects on human beings. The plaintiffs made a response to the testimony by eight other credentialed experts. The experts on the side of the petitioner based their arguments that Bendectin can cause birth defects on chemical structure analysis, animal studies, and unpublished re-analysis on human statistical studies that were previously published. In their determination, the court found out that this evidence presented by the plaintiff was not meeting the general acceptance standard that are applicable for the expert testimony to be admissible. The court of appeals affirmed and agreed, citing Frye v. United States, 54 App. D. C. 46, 47, 293 F. 1013, 1014, Indicating that the opinion of the expert is not admissible based on a Scientific technique unless the technique that was used is accepted generally as reliable and in the relevant community of science (CULS, 2018).
Arguments against the admissibility of the forensic science evidence and the techniques used in describing the evidence in the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc
The admissibility of risk assessment standards within the legal frameworks. The essay explores the forensic evidence depends on the principle of its basis. That is, it has been established sufficiently that it has a general acceptance in the scientific field where it is belonging. The evidence presented by the petitioners did not meet this set standard. Given the Existing data on epidemiology that is vast in regard to Bendectin, any opinion of the expert that is not based on the epidemiological evidence is inadmissible for establishing a causation. Therefore, the chemical structure analysis, live animal studies, and the animal cell studies on which the petitioners were relying on cannot raise reasonable disputable jury issue by themselves in regard to causation. The epidemiological analysis of the petitioners was also based on data recalculations on the studies that were previously published but they did not find a causal link between birth defects and the drug. This also makes these evidences by the petitioner to be inadmissible because they had not been subjected to peer review and they have not been published (CULS, 2018).
According to Frye v. United States (Harvard, 2018), an opinion of an expert that is based on scientific technique cannot be admissible unless the technique used is accepted generally as reliable in the relevant scientific community. Therefore, any opinions of an expert based on a methodology that significantly diverges from the accepted procedures by the authorities recognized in the field cannot be demonstrated to be accepted generally as a technique that is reliable. Considering the risks of Bendectin, the reanalysis of the epidemiological studies by the petitioners Is inadmissible. This is because, the reanalyzed studies have not been subjected to peer review and has not been published. These unpublished reanalyzes in this case are specifically problematic because the original published studies massively supported the position of the respondent (CULS, 2018). Moreover, the published studies which the petitioner reanalyzed all had undergone full scrutiny from the researcher’s community. Therefore, the evidence of the petitioners does not provide any sufficient foundation for admissibility of the expert testimony that Bendectin caused them injuries.
The Federal Rules of Evidence, provides the standards for admission of expert scientific testimony in a federal trial. The adoption of the rules superseded the Frye’s “general acceptance” test (CULS, 2018)
The rules particularly Rule 702, places limits that are appropriate on the admissibility of purportedly scientific evidences by giving the Trial judges the task of making sure that the testimony of the expert is relevant to the task at hand and is resting on a reliable foundation. Rule 702’s requirement establishes the standard of reliability that a testimony of an expert pertain to “scientific . . . Knowledge.” Given that the adjective “scientific” Means that it is based on the methods and procedures of science, while the word “knowledge” implies to a body of ideas or facts inferred from the facts or are generally accepted on the good grounds as true. The requirements of the Rules that the testimony “helps the of fact in an understanding the evidence or in determining a fact in issue” primarily goes to relevance by demanding a valid connection in science to the pertinent inquiry as a precondition for admission of forensic scientific evidence. In the case, the evidence presented by the petitioners Lacked scientific connection to the pertinent inquiry and therefore it cannot be admissible.
Pursuant to Rule 104(a), the trial judge, when faced with a proffer of scientific testimony from an expert under Rule 702, Must make a preliminary evaluation of whether the testimony that underlies the methodology or reasoning is valid scientifically and can be applied properly to the fact at issue. a number of considerations will bear on the inquiry including whether the technique or the theory in question has been or can be tested, whether it has undergone publication or peer review, potential error rate or its known, and the maintenance and existence of standards that control its operation, and whether it has attracted acceptance that is widespread within irrelevant scientific community. CULS (2018) Indicated that the inquiry is always a flexible one and its focus must be solely on methodology and principles, not on the findings that they generate. Throughout the process, the judges should always be mindful of other rules that are applicable. Therefore, the chemical structure analysis, live animal studies, and the animal cell studies on which the petitioners were relying on under inquiry were valid scientifically but has not been generally accepted in their relevant scientific community. The epidemiological analysis of the petitioners was also based on data recalculations on the studies that were previously published but they were unpublished and not peer reviewed. This also makes these evidences by the petitioner to be inadmissible because they had not been subjected to peer review and they have not been published.
Presentation of contrary evidence, cross-examination, and instruction on the burden of proof carefully, instead of wholesale exclusion under the “general acceptance” standard that is uncompromising, is the appropriate method by which evidence based on principles that are valid may be challenged. That even the trial judge’s limited screening, on occasion, will prevent the jury to hear the scientific breakthroughs that are authentic is simply as a result of the fact that the rules are not made for seeking cosmic understanding but instead, for resolving legal disputes. The petitioners based their evidence on providing contrary proof to the published epidemiological studies. The evidence was based on the chemical structure analysis, live animal studies, and the animal cell studies. Upon cross-examination and the instructions on the burden of proof it was discovered that they applied inappropriate methods and principles that are not valid. These further supports the argument that the evidence presented by the petitioner is inadmissible by the courts.
The University Core Values and their relevance to Admissibility of Forensic Evidence by Courts
Saint Leo University is a Catholic university in Florida comma and it offers education that is best on liberal arts for people of all faiths. The core values of the university include excellence, community, Respect, personal development, responsible stewardship, and integrity.
1. Excellence
Saint Leo University Is an enterprise education. every member of the university, collectively individually work hard in ensuring that the students develop the character, learn skills and assimilate the essential knowledge in becoming leaders who are morally responsible. The success of the university majorly depends Upon all stakeholders of the university conscientious commitment to the mission, vision and goals of the university. based on the core value excellence, the university ensures that the students learn the skills and get knowledge. This is essential in analyzing scientific subjects and other related disciplines. Based on the topic of the paper, which is the admissibility of forensic evidence by the courts, the survey by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, in average a pharmacy student borrows an average of 0,000. Most students in this discipline have the capability of analyzing the case and determining whether the presented evidence is admissible by the courts (SLU, 2018).
2. Community
Saint Leo University endeavors in developing Christina learning communities everywhere they serve. The university fosters the spirit of unity, belonging and interdependence based on mutual respect and trust in creating socially responsible environments that challenges them to learn, listen and to serve. Based on the core value of community in the university, the students are able to identify themselves as belonging and are united as a community. Forensic investigations often entail information gathering and intelligence, laboratory analysis, and crime scene investigation, interpretation of results and tests, and reporting and communication with the law enforcement members as well as the judicial system. The forensic science community is diverse but integrated like Saint Leo University community. A forensic student in the university who has embraced the community as a core value will embrace it even in the field while collaborating with other agencies and experts in collecting analyzing forensic science evidences in the field (SLU, 2018).
3. Respect
Animated in the spirit of Jesus, Saint Leo University value all unique talents of people, thrive in fostering their commitment to excellence in the work of the university, and respecting their dignity. The strength of Saint Leo University community is on diversity and unity of its people, on learning, free exchange of ideas, working harmoniously and living. Based on this core value of respect, the university nurtures respect and dignity that is important in criminal justice system. The students who passes through the university understand the rights of treating others with fairness and dignity, respect to the criminal justice system especially in collection and analysis of the forensic science evidences (SLU, 2018).
4. Personal Development
The university also emphasizes on the development of the mind, body and spirit of every person for a balanced life. All members of the university community show their commitment to personal development in helping in strengthening the character of the university community. Sometimes the students may be affected by lack of confidence or stress, or perhaps they need help in learning how to stay focusses or relaxed. this core value in the university helps in addressing these issues. Personal development is also important for professional growth of the students both outside and inside the criminal justice arena (SLU, 2018).
5. Responsible stewardship
The creator has blessed Saint Leo University with abundance of resources. The university fosters the spirit of service in employing their resources for community and university development. The university apply and optimize all the resources of their community in fulfilling the goals and missions of Saint Leo University. By the university using all their available resources in helping the community, they make the future better for many people and further their core value of responsible stewardship. By making the future of their students better, they aid them in sharping their intellectual skills which can be applied in forensic science evidence analysis, criminal justice discipline as well as other related disciplines being offered in the university (SLU, 2018).
5. Integrity
The commitment of the university to excellence demands that the university members deliver on its promise and live its mission. The staff, faculty and students pledge to be just, honest and consistent in deed and word. Integrity is also important in evidence analysis sine majority of investigations on computer forensic involves hard drives analysis and need highest level of integrity. Also, in DNA analysis, throughout the forensic process, physical integrity of the biological evidence is significant. Lastly, ethically compromised justice sector implies that the institutional and legal mechanisms designed for curbing corruption, however well efficient, honest and well targeted they are will not operate properly (SLU, 2018).
Fisher, B. A. J. (December 06, 2016). Moving Toward New Requirements for the Admissibility of Evidence. Forensic Science Policy & Management: an International Journal, 7, 51-53.
Harvard. (2018). Frye v. United States 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923). Law.harvard.edu.
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High-quality research within a social context is significant for several reasons. Research within a social context is performed in evaluating the efficiency of the practice in which individuals engage in different programs using knowledge, experience, and skills in gaining research efforts. The research is performed among a group of individuals assessing the needs and resources. It helps in performing research using relative costs and resources building competencies among individuals. It is important to adapt to different knowledge, values, norms, and skills. Research work helps students to gain research curiosity and evaluate how empirical work becomes crucial in performing research-based social work. The study inculcates research methods in developing problem statements performing data analysis, dissemination, and research-based practice providing deep insight into reasons for the increased rate of youth offenders in Australia.
The research aims at identifying the reasons for an increasing number of youth offenders in and around Australia. The study uses various approaches in conducting the research focusing on the interpretive approach and critical approach. The critical approach allows the researcher to undergo critical thought in revealing negative or faulty sociological claims. The critical approach focuses on a set of theories and models in identifying notions and thought processes of society and culture. Research tends to analyze and question claims that have been made previously and ensure new mode interpretation gaining possibilities of the outcome. While the interpretive approach provides the researcher with different points of view. It helps in performing research analyzing aspects of youth offenders and what led to their growth with deeper insight. This is done by accessing different aspects of reality and how earlier it has been neglected.
Research Objectives
Evaluate various nature of social work research
Incorporate research methodologies in surveying proposed social questions
Use appropriate research methodology in analyzing different situations
Initiate the development of personal and professional skills to tender opportunities for research
Ensure that the research work performed to enlarge the scope of work and study
Ensure that the research work is aligned with research objectives
Provide relevant and authentic data
Provide necessary loopholes earlier to ignore and recommend possible solutions for growth
Research Questions
The research questions the reasons why there are there a growing number of youth offenders in Australia and what the factors are that lead to their disappointments.
What are the reasons for the growth in youth offenders?
Have you been suffering from mental illness?
What do you think of society and parental responsibility towards children suffering from mental ill-health?
Does society contribute to mental pressure?
What leads one to major disappointments?
What are the side effects of mental health?
Do you recommend clinical battle or self-improvement approaches?
How well do you think can one make areas of mental health problems and preventive measures?
1.3 Rationale for the Proposed Research
The research implies greater significance as it contributes to understanding in gravest debates of Australians. It is found that adults and teenagers are suffering from They also play a major role in ensuring the good standards of the health of society members. There has been an emphasis on concerns about mental health for the last 10 years with a considerable increase. The reasons for youth offenders are homicide, an overdose of income taxes and personal revenues. However, as much as the healthcare system in Canada is social and universal, the plan does not cater for drugs, abusive behavior, and other natural causes. Adolescence is a period of transition; where one reaches a state of heightened position. The research here delves into the reasons, bringing in development opportunities. It ensures activities like awareness programs, self-development schemes and awareness of, range of physical and academic challenges that will help in fighting back severe mental health issues. The study focuses on how adults can establish their identities through competency. Most importantly, it acts as guidelines for youth who are seeking greater independence and facing pressures from home and social environments. It questions several respondents (irrespective of color, gender, and sex) to study depressive orders and how they have been battling over time.
Scope of research
The research enlarges the scope of studying mental ill health issues in a wider context. It broadens the area of research enlarging core mechanisms, security, and robustness of research, manageability, and usability, economic viability, theoretical foundations in understanding various reasons that force youth to undertake ill actions. The scope of research aims at deriving social needs and requirements through high-level conceptualization, privacy, large-scale management, and economic viability and needs of social change. The study is conducted within college premises, gatherings of youth people, study center but can be developed on a sampling of a household survey.
Chapter 2Literature review
2.1 Previous literary review
According to Kinner et al. 2015, young offenders in Australia are highly at a risk for preventable death after the release of custody. The study of this chapter has aimed to define the process and causes of the risk factors that are associated with the death of the young offenders that is basically from the orders of the community-based. The mortality rate has been highly increased in the age group between 10 to 17 years of age.
According to Cunneen, 2017, the paper has analyzed the use of the community for the young individual in regards to the various jurisdictions in Australia that have created a great impact in the indigenous communities. It has also argued the fact that different programs have ignored the rights of Aboriginals in regards to self-determination and it has to provide simplified mechanisms for the indigenous communities.
2.2 Youth offenders- ABS
The chapter mainly aims to present the characteristics of young people who are known to be offenders. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the age of the offenders mainly ranges between 10 – 17 years (Pitt et al. 2016). They are mainly preceded in the juvenile court. The characteristic of the offenders mainly involves sex and age and that also includes the principle offenses conducted by the principal offenders was handed over by the police. Some of the offenses are thus mainly excluded from the recorded crime (Broidy et al. 2015). Accord to the ABS report, more than 55,000 of the youth offenders were recorded by the police and during 2016, there was a consequent number of the offenses recorded by the youth and their age mainly ranges between 10 to 17 years and for the fourth consecutive year the youth offenders accounted by 14 percent of the total population and they were mainly. The people aged between 10 to 17 years mainly belong to the Australian residency. The rate of offenders among the youth has been tremendously increased in 2017. Among 2,330 offenders, it has been noticed that 10,000 offenders ranged from 10 to 17 years of age. In 2017, it has been also reported that more than 100,000 youth were the youths and that for the generated population. The crime rate among the youths is more in South Australia, Tasmania and the people belong from the other territory. In the 2016 year, as measured per 100,000 person’s age between 10 to 17 years of age, and it is the highest in the Northern Territory the crime range is around 2,962 and in the Australian territory of the capital, the crime report recorded was around 884. It is worth mentioning the fact that the proportion of youth offenders is highest in Western Australia that ages range from 10 to 17 years of age. It is to be noted that 16 percent of the total offenders are mainly from Australia (Williams et al.2015).
Since the period of 2008 and 2009, the total number of youth offenders has mainly declined in the offense categories (Anyon et al. 2016). The highest percentage decreases in the offense category. It is said that homicide and related offenses that were fallen by 67 percent. There was an offense against the justice that is fallen by 60 percent. The figure rounded was rounded from 1500 to 608. The property damage issues were fallen by 53 percent by youths in Australia (Cunneen, 2017).
From the expected trends it has been seen that illicit health to ensure the safety of prescribed drugs. This paper discuss the recall of tetrazepam drug has been increased by 47 percent since 2008 and in 2009 and it has been tremendously increased by 35 percent. Sexual assault and related offenses have been increased at a higher rate by 35 percent since 2009, the increased rate of the drug offenses has increased from 3920 to 5760 and the related offenses related to sexual assault has increased by 35 percent among the youth offenders. The number of figures has been increased from 1103 to 1490. The youth offenders’ rate in Australia is generally higher in males as compared to females in Australia. The 70 percent of the youth offenders was recorded to be around 70 percentages as compared to females it was around 30 percentages (Tonry, 2018).
2.3 Understanding and preventing indigenous offending
In this regard, most of the offenders found to be a nonindigenous prisoner, Survey for national data has been collected to provide information concerning the principal offense that has charged by police for the people aged 10, and as per the recorded report, over the period of 2008-09 and adults that has been incarcerated on 30 June 2009. Information on police charges that has been only related to New South Wales, Queensland, because of concerns about the information quality in regards to other jurisdictions (Williams et al.2015). Offenses, which have been charged by notices made due to penalty/infringement, which were thus excluded, from the given scenario it may be said that related toward public order as well as traffic offenses. The focus is mainly on the principal offense that has been resulted in less serious offenses that are being underrepresented for every individual that has been charged with more than having the multiple offenses that have been related to the different type of the occasion. The risk factors that are associated with the Identifying issues are merely different from the identification of the causes that are merely like to be offending the figure that is associated with the reports attempted going beyond statistical correlation for the identified reasons for the Indigenous people. It is thus more offenses, predominantly related with the violent offenses that have been reported on violence suggested for the underlying factors for the violent deficiency, elimination, the disempowerment of the respective elders that leads to hopelessness, defenselessness, desolation, and rage (Tonry, 2018). In addition to that, there are situational factors such as alcohol use, intertribal conflict, and feuds associated with family, rate of unemployment and tediousness, broadminded attitudes of the individual of young Australia towards violence, all this has contributed due to the high use of violence. The report has noted that violent behavior of the individuals has been raised high, such as fighting and payback, which has been practiced as traditional culture, but it, is transferred vastly with the enormous and different status and devoid of traditional controls, and altogether it becomes dysfunctional. There is mere partial information related to the offending behaviors of youth and adults in regards to thecommunity-based information or for the youth detention (Pitt et al. 2016). This has also made the availability for gaining the information that is highly essential for providing a national and profile for the fine-grained in regards to the generated contacts that Indigenous people have with the justice system. Data should facilitate exploration of the demographic and spatial distribution of offending to assist targeting of crime prevention initiatives (Shepherd et al. 2018).
2.4 Factors Related to Recidivism for Youthful Offenders
According to Malvaso, and Delfabbro (2015), Mental health is a major problem and the disorder has been linked to many youth aberrant behaviors and felony adjudication; even though it is not understandable if this type of link is being directed, and the difficulties had lead to added risk factors, ineffective decision-making, and the interaction that is associated with the other risks (Farrington and Koegl, 2015). At rest, reviews it has been found consistently that the numerous children and the numerous youth have been involved with services that are related to mental health. It has significantly caused a higher risk for involvement in juvenile court (Bor et al. 2014). There are several numbers of pathways that have been established that are linked with specific issues related to the difficulties related to childhood mental health and also to the involvement in the juvenile court. The studies of developmental science have found associated behavioral problems and emotional problems such as substance abuse. Correspondingly, it can be said that the aggressive behaviors of the children are found as predictive of afterward aberrant behavior and activity of the child (Tubex et al. 2015). The problem related to hyperactivity and hyperactivity are highly linked because of the high-risk taking, and it is more violent and calculated to be found as the offending behavior of the individuals (Ravulo, 2015). Disruptive behaviors in addition to emotional problems mainly in early childhood are signs for later offending activities in the mind of the individual. Adding together, depression in childhood, as well as hyperactivity disorder for attention-deficit (ADHD), is profoundly linked to later criminal behavior, which has been evidenced from side to side physical aggression of the young individuals and their pilfering behavior (Hall and Lynskey, 2016).
2.4 Literary gap
In the above literature review, the point, which has been missed out as it has not figured out the crime rate of the young females in Australia? The impact has resulted in the increased crime rate of the adult’s impact has been not evaluated in the literature review in asystematicallye certain step that has been taken in children when they are at school. The cases in the Juvenile court has not been described significantly. It is necessary to take note of the fact that the necessary steps that have been taken by the children when they are at school. For the cases in the juvenile court need to explain that would be effective to carrresearchan effective manner. The report has not analyzed the issues related to the mortality rate in Australia (Anyon et al. 2016).
2.5 Summary
By the means of the study, it can be concluded that the crime rate in Australia has been increased tremendously. The crime rate has been increased in young individuals especially for the age ranges between 10 to 17 years. The juvenile court is trying to make changes so that the laws should be more punitive and also with the order policies. ABS has shown an impressive range for providing data which need to be used for assessing the Māori contact using the justice system, however, information related to the police contact can be calculated as trepidation slightly different than individuals and there is totally nonappearance of data in regards to detention and alteration populations (Broidy et al. 2015). It is to be recognized on the fact that there are many quality issues in regards to the Indigenous identification and the necessitating for data linkages to create the data for the individual level increase.
Chapter 3 Research Design
3.1 Epistemology and theoretical perspective
Epistemology helps the researcher to understand how we know and what we know about the gathered data and information. It helps in providing philosophical ground regarding decisions and authentication of knowledge ensuring legitimacy. It helps to identify the gap between ‘study of being’ and the scenario of reality’. The research has been conducted based on the ontological notion of realism. It helps the researcher to examine the interpretive mind and actions beyond the general mindset of an individual. The assertions made by the respondent are checked to be aligned with real-life actions and problems. The answers gathered from respondents are independent of consciousness. Objectivism in the epistemological study of research helps researchers to ensure fulfillment of research targets and objectives (Pitt et al. 2015). The researcher further delves into the assumptions of respondents identifying if they are parallel to knowable reality. The transactional approach means the interaction between the interview and interviewer in examining rhetorical situation ‘constructed realities’. On the other hand, subjectivist research deals with constructing the impression of individuals regarding reality and the psychological world. Human is the owner and also the inseparable of the natural setting. Interpretive approach and critical analysis help in gaining possible outcomes regarding youth mental illness and how to overcome the similar.
Reflexivity is important to factor that resolute interpretive needs in research. The interpretive approach help in positioning knowledge with deeper insight and take account of how assumptions are being made. According to the theoretical perspective, research needs to conduct a personal interview with a concentrated population and probe into their answer with deep interpretation, gaining scope and directions for higher research. Reflexivity herein becomes an important factor that allows dynamic outlook, make it flexible for collective assumptions, deriving possible resolutions. Reflexivity uses hermeneutics of research practice with value-free propositions (Birckhead, 2015). It eliminates obscene and dishonest assumptions and centers on productive and objective information. There are different aspects such as interaction using empirical material (accounts in interviews, observations of respondents and their situations); interpretation (underlying meanings); critical interpretation (ideology, power, and social reproduction) and reflection (selectivity of voices and claim to rightful data).
Another important theory applied in the research is a constructivist grounded theory that was introduced by Charmaz based on the notions of Strauss and Glaser. The iterative procedure was established in 2006 regarding the data-gathering technique in producing social, contextual, and interpretative data (Mugford and Braithwaite, 2017). Theoretical mapping help in selecting data based on alignment with reality, emerging values, and objectives. The research information is collected, interpreted, and constructed through the academic study of literature review, journal, and articles. Ideas are gathered and constructed from emerging data, concepts, processes, responses, and theoretical saturation. Experimental research is conducted in analyzing the reasons for youth offenders and mental illness. It helps to determine the information based on the responses collected and the investigation of the independent and dependent variables. It is used to explore notions of participants regarding mental illness developing a hypothesis. According to Emil Durkheim, society help in developing self-built norms and beliefs beneficial for citizens regarded as social facts (Sutherland et al. 2015). The interview helps in developing such facts in deriving required knowledge and information.
3.2 Research methods
Qualitative research is comparatively supportive in nature over Quantitative research. The qualitative research method is used in research that helps to examine and to reflect on various aspects of the research subject. It focuses on values, behavior patterns, attitudes, and perceptions. Qualitative research depends on studying academic literature reviews, journals, and articles. It is important because the information collected can be challenged more easily. On the other hand, deductive research needs to help to conduct research based on particular & situations. It intends to study concepts and theories in deriving conclusive statements. Qualitative methodology help in deriving a theoretical position that helps in collecting information. The information is collected in a qualitative method that uses ‘professional’ under the supervision of professional associations (Cale et al. 2015). This is performed by preparing questionnaires questionnaire that is structured and aligned with the objectives conducting interviews or group discussion.
3.3 Population and sampling methods
The population comprises of 100 respondents centered on college students, adults, and teenagers of school. The population has been dived into the age group of 10-18, 19-24, and 25 and above. The research is conducted over different centers and spans for a month. Each day is recorded based on age groups. This is referred to as the systematic sampling method. It refers to the steam of representative people over concentrated geography whose records and responses are collected and stored for future evaluation. The population concentrated is within the locale of Brisbane and New South Wales.
3.4 Ethics
The local youth center has been researching the targeted population, ensuring authentic data regarding youth offenders in Australia. It has been identified that on an average 40% of youth residing in the country are abusive and addicted to drugs. The age group of 16-25 is currently suffering from ill mental health due to overuse of drugs (Shepherd et al. 2015). The research aims at performing research on 100 individuals. The questionnaire is made after prolonged research on drug overdose, mental health, young offensive behavior, and mortality rate with young people. Among the 100 respondents, only 20 have been affected by issues relating to mental health and depression. The questionnaires have been distributed to the youth center in gaining respondents within the age range of 20-25. Besides, questionnaires have been distributed among respondents in a local shopping center, local colleges, and night clubs. The distribution of questionnaires provided insight regarding youth’s understanding of overuse of drugs and in gaining an insight into their thought process (Shepherd et al. 2015). The questions prepared were kept devoid of hurting anyone’s sentiments. The questions have been prepared for keeping ethical standards.
The basic principles followed in researching concentrated respondents are minimizing risks and identify root causes; obtain informed consent; ensure confidentiality; limit deceptive practice; avoid hurting sentiments of respondents and ensure the right to withdraw. Since, the survey involved human participants, their thought processes and cultural values need to be prioritized as it can raise political and social issues. Following basic principles and terms will help in gaining trust, fairness, and kindness from respondents, providing authentic and relatable answers. Consistency in following standards and principles will allow meaningful results. The major issues like anonymity, privacy, loss of data, and piracy need to be governed. In gaining information rightly, it is important to consent with research integrity. It involves being honest and accurate from the respondent’s side. Ethical approval hereby allows researching without causing any harm to the whole process and protects reviews of respondents (Bor et al. 2015).
3.5 Data analysis
As per evident, approximately, 5% of Australians among youths have been experiencing rapid mental health issues every 7 days. It is likely to increase by 5% by 2020. There is no accountability of male outnumbers women, but as per respondents, women are growing considerably higher over the past few years. The growth in abuse disorders tends to increase with time. Prevalence of mental illness has considerably decreased mortality rates as it increases the number of suicides in the country (Kinner et al. 2015). Mental illness is prevalent high among19-25-year-olds. It is estimated that 1/3rd of adults accounting for 9 million experience mental illness leaving them with trauma. As per the 2015 evaluation, 1 of 5 youth from the age group of 14-19 is suffering from an extreme mental disorder. There has been no decrease but a considerable increase. The point of worry is anxiety disorders that are succeeding common in the U.K and U.S. earlier it was not rampant in Australia but with a gradual increase of intake of drugs, results affecting 40 million adults. Notably, individuals suffering from anxiety and depression receive treatment but leaves one weak mentally for prolonging several years.
Among the 100 respondent, 20 respondent aging from 19-4 is suffering from either bipolar depression or anxiety (far of mixing with people). Their responses seem valid more because of abrupt and unsupportive social actions (Pitt et al. 2016). As per evaluation, their individual is unable to stay and live freely as per their wishes, resulting in the intake of abusive drugs. Parent seems not cooperative and causing a generation gap among parent and children. Until proper discussion and freedom to speak and act, there can be no justice made to this age group. They have been living with anxiety mostly for 2 years and above. Parents need to guide children and support them at every level. Proper communication and coordination will help in finding reliance on drugs. Subsequently, preventive measures and education will spread awareness. As per the 2015 estimation, the male population tends to meet the criteria for suffering from serious mental illness (Farrington and Koegl, 2015). Community-based, family-based, education-based recovery orientated supports will be beneficial over clinical approaches in providing awareness and care services. Youths need to be engaged with rehabilitation programs, awareness programs, and youth-friendly mental health services. This will help to advocate on issues regarding various mental health (Hall and Lynskey, 2016). Young people need to be experts in making the right actions and decisions limiting the adverse effects of mental illness.
3.6 Dissemination
This paper deals with a very important sociological aspect which is mental health. Mental health in turn affects human beings, especially the younger generation. It is significant to understand the value of sound mental health which helps to build a sane individual. However, it is not the case always. Certain internal and external factors of society force individuals to go grow a crooked mind and they turn towards crime as an outburst. The current and sudden increase in the number of young people committing a crime and getting arrested for it has reached a level where it has become a disturbing national aspect in Australia. Therefore, through thorough research and in-depth study individuals need to identify on time the reasons leading to this issue. The youth of the nation and their parents and guardians have to be approached while conducting this disturbing survey and have to acquaint them with the emerging dangers of the society and its people. This paper uses appropriate models and theories to identify and understand the study required to know about the mentally derogatory ideas which make young people commit crimes like theft and violence and drug abuse. The issue is dealt with keeping in mind the social and political weather of Australia and dispersed strategically by influencing people.
Chapter 4 Conclusion and recommendations
4.1 Conclusions
The paper had the objective of providing valuable information on the sociological problems which has resulted in an increased number of young offenders. Australia and its surroundings are heavily disturbed by the outcomes of different issues like peer pressure, problematic behavior, insufficient income, drug abuse, criminal parents, isolation from society, lack of education or community, etc. These issues were identified by proper interpretive and critical approaches of study and proved valuable for the researchers and the society as well. This research work when put to practical use will provide for the strategies required to eradicate the factors disturbing the youth who are the future of the nation. It enquires about important aspects like why is the youth turning bad, what are the social reasons behind mental illness, what are the disappointing notions causing the degradation of mental health, etc. The paper also provides certain solutions that can be effective when implemented strategically. It questions the notions of realism and legitimacy of certain laws. However, it provides a qualitative analysis of how acquiring knowledge is the ultimate way of evolution and development.
4.2 Recommendations
When one views and reviews the tragic condition of the Australian young generation, one cannot but feel sad for them. It has been identified and researched how various factors are responsible for the degradation of the youth. These factors might be the internal trauma a child faces when he is young in his family circle. It can be the society or social obligations and norms which affect him adversely. It can be a lack of education or the unavailability of basic resources like food and clothing. Therefore, it is necessary to locate those issues and then trying to eradicate them. It can be done through proper education, valuable counseling, appropriate corrective measures taken by the parents, educators, social workers, etc. One has to understand that these offenders can be male or female and can be of any age but it is more prominent in the age group of 10-17. Therefore, any necessary actions taken have to consider the age and sex of the offender and employ valuable corrective measures. The youth in South Australia and Tasmania, as well as the Northern Territory, are degrading fast and low. Reflection on the offending is required before taking drastic measures and destroying the future of a child.
Reference list
Anyon, Y., Gregory, A., Stone, S., Farrar, J., Jenson, J.M., McQueen, J., Downing, B., Greer, E., and Simmons, J., 2016. Restorative interventions and school disciplinary sanctions in a large urban school district. American Educational Research Journal, 53(6), pp.1663-1697.
Birckhead, T.R., 2015. Children in isolation: The solitary confinement of youth. Wake Forest L. Rev., 50, p.1. Bor, W., Dean, A.J., Najman, J., and Hayatbakhsh, R., 2014. Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(7), pp.606-616.
Broidy, L.M., Stewart, A.L., Thompson, C.M., Chrzanowski, A., Allard, T. and Dennison, S.M., 2015. Life-course offending pathways across gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 1(2), pp.118-149.
Brown, D., Cunneen, C., Schwartz, M., Stubbs, J., and Young, C., 2016. Justice reinvestment: Winding back imprisonment. Springer.
Cale, J., Lussier, P., McCuish, E., and Corrado, R., 2015. The prevalence of psychopathic personality disturbances among incarcerated youth: Comparing serious, chronic, violent, and sex offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4), pp.337-344.
Cunneen, C., 2017. Community conferencing and the fiction of indigenous control. In Restorative Justice (pp. 335-354). Routledge.
Farrington, D.P., and Koegl, C.J., 2015. Monetary benefits and costs of the Stop Now and Plan Program for boys aged 6–11, based on the prevention of later offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(2), pp.263-287.
Hall, W., and Lynskey, M., 2016. Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States. Addiction, 111(10), pp.1764-1773.
Kinner, S.A., Degenhardt, L., Coffey, C., Hearps, S., Spittal, M., Sawyer, S.M., and Patton, G.C., 2015. Substance use and risk of death in young offenders: a prospective data linkage study. Drug and alcohol review, 34(1), pp.46-50.
Malvaso, C.G., and Delfabbro, P., 2015. Offending behavior among young people with complex needs in the Australian out-of-home care system. Journal of Child and breast cancer. Ann has been a staunch Christian since childhood just like the rest of her Family Studies, 24(12), pp.3561-3569.
Mugford, S., and Braithwaite, J., 2017. Conditions of Successful Reintegration Ceremonies: Dealing with Juvenile Offenders. In Restorative Justice (pp. 3-35). Routledge.
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Shepherd, S.M., Luebbers, S., Ferguson, M., Ogloff, J.R., and Dolan, M., 2014. The utility of the SAVRY across ethnicity in Australian young offenders. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(1), p.31.
Sutherland, R., Sindicich, N., Barrett, E., Whittaker, E., Peacock, A., Hickey, S., and Burns, L., 2015. Motivations, substance use and other correlates amongst property and violent offenders who regularly inject drugs. Addictive behaviors, 45, pp.207-213.
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Appendix
Participant information sheet
Purpose of research
The research aims at identifying the reasons for an increasing number of youth offenders in and around Australia. The study uses various approaches in conducting the research focusing on interpretive approach and critical approach. . It helps in performing research analyzing aspects of youth offenders and what led to its growth with deeper insight. This is done by accessing different aspects of reality and how earlier it has been neglected. Individuals associated with research
Richard Garret- Ph.D. student
K Weaver – research supervisor
Edward Simpson Supervisors
Participant involvement
The study will intend to conduct voluntary interviews among 1000 respondents. The interview session will span from 15-30 minutes duration. Questions are open-ended in gaining possible resources and thought processes of youth. The study may follow up interview with additional clarifying questions. Respondents need to provide authentic answers relatable to reality. Research material and confidentiality
The interviews and transcripts will e recorded both audio and virtually. It will later be formed as reports and presentations for further examination. No legal names will be sued. The information collected will be recorded, stored, and checked and provides confidentiality. The information will be transcribed and loaded into Nvivo software for analysis. The information collected from respondents will be accessible by request. Respondent opt-out
As a respondent, one may opt-out of the stud before 11 December 2018 Contact information [email protected]
All information and data will be disclosed at the beginning of the interview
Informed consent form
The reasons for the increased rate of youth offenders in Australia Consent to take part in research By signing and returning this consent form you are indicating your agreement with the following statements:
I voluntarily agree to participate in this research study.
I understand that even if I agree to participate now, I can withdraw at any time or refuse to answer any question without any consequences of any kind.
I have had the purpose and nature of the study explained to me in writing and I have had the opportunity to ask questions about the study.
I understand that I will not benefit directly from participating in this research.
I have received enough information about this study.
I have received satisfactory answers to all my questions, where I have had a query.
I understand that all information I provide for this study will be treated confidentially.
I understand that if I inform the researcher that I or someone else is at risk of harm they may have to report this to the relevant authorities – they will discuss this with me first but may be required to report with or without my permission.
I understand that I am free to contact any of the people involved in the research to seek further clarification and information on request.
I give my permission for information collected about me to be stored or electronically processed for research and to be used in related studies or other studies in the future but only if the research is approved by a Research Ethics Committee.
I agree to take part in this study.
Participant’s Signature: xx xx xx xx xx
Date: XX/DD/YYYY
Participant’s Name (Block Capitals):
Contact Email:
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Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a restaurant based in America, under the Yum! Brand. It is one of the leading franchises in the fast-food sector globally. Its headquarters are located in Louisville, Kentucky; Texas, in Dallas, United States. It was founded by Colonel Harland David Sanders, in 1930. It is globally famous for its specialization, that is, fried chicken. In fact, it is the largest chain of fried chicken in the world. It also sells kebabs, sandwiches, salads, and hamburgers. Various factors like objectives of KFC, customer requirements, target market group, beliefs, and value systems of the top management determine the organizational structure of KFC. Well, a structured organization promotes work efficiency, smooth functioning of the internal organization, and also a delegation of authority and responsibility. Operations and management is that sector of the management function which is concerned with scheming and managing the production process of goods or services of an organization. It is associated with controlling several business operations functioning in an organization. The whole production system of an organization, transformation of inputs into rational outputs, is all related to this particular management function. This portion of the management function also decides and plans the product quality, design, production, inventory control, and so on.
The theory depends on the theory of situation which clarifies that knowing the best leadership or management ‘situation’ plays the most vital role. It can be said undoubtedly the strategy of management or leadership will vary by industry according to this theory. The behavior, nature, or protocol cannot be the same for a doctor or labor (Murphy, and Knemeyer, 2018).
Systems Theory
An organization run by many systems – failure of one system can be threatening to the whole system. The system includes money, material, technology, and people – all of these inputs can be the result of perfect output. System theory is basically a theory where managers get a wider perspective to run the organization. The theory helps the manager to get hold of the various part of an organization. Furthermore, they can decide by the theory: what is the prime motto to work upon, how to assimilate all the parts of the organization, even they can take care if leaders are doing their job properly (Grant. 2016).
Chaos Theory
Chaos is such a familiar word for everyone. Organizations often face the same in different situations. The complexity of many departments creates this chaos where managers take all the initiatives to overcome.
Basic Management Theory
Basic Management theory describes the basic rules to be followed to control an organization. The rules are the A B C D of a management book, which is often ignored.
Theory of X and Y
According to Gregor ideas of theory ‘x’ and ‘y’ are based on the research of human behavior. Theory ‘x’ deals with the negative sides of the human being which includes ‘immaturity, irresponsibility, incapability, unpunctuality, laziness, less interested, inattentive’ etc. Theory ‘y’ is just the opposite where a debate is there on the human nature that it always wants self-fulfillment, self-development, and self-respect at work
Analysis of the Theories
As stated all the theories are the staircase to reach the top for an organization. All the discussed theories have respective importance to run the organization. It depends on the managers and to some extent on the leaders to decide or judge where the theories they should use to achieve success like contingency theory is not a proper tool to get hold over system neither chaos theory can be. The theory of ‘x’ and ‘y’ needs to take into account special care which can solve many behavioral issues of workers. Workers are the pillar of an organization. Henceforth it is very much important to know all the workers completely for the managers or leaders (Jabbour, Muller-Camen., Redman, and Wilkinson.2016).
Comparison of the role of a leader and function of a manager
Comparison
Leader
Manager
Meaning
The person who has the skill of Leadership is known as a leader.
The practitioner of management’s discipline is known as a manager.
Role
Leader influence, encourage and motivate subordinates to do their job Willingly to achieve a goal.
The manager is a vital link between an organization and its stakeholders such as society, government, shareholders, suppliers, consumers, and staff.
Approach
The leader sets the direction.
The manager makes a plan in detail
Subordinate
Companion
Staffs
Decision
Leader facilitates decision
Manager makes decision
Style
The leader’s style is transformational
Manager’s style is transactional
Aim
Development and growth
The accomplishment of required outcomes (Grille, Schulte, and Kauffeld, 2015).
Strives
For success and productiveness
For the efficiency
Focus
Individual
Procedure and process
Change
Leaders encourage change
They react to the changes
Conflict
As an asset leader utilizes conflict
Managers stay away from conflict
People
Aligns individuals
Organizes individuals
Analysis of the Role of a Leader
From the above table, it is analyses that a leader encourages his followers to give effort and to achieve a goal. The leader has the skill of imagination and creativity and he encourages his team in such a way that it becomes their visualization. The leader assists his team in making a plan to achieve the target and maintain good foresight. He motivates his subordinates, creates teams, innovates, and develop trust among the shareholders. Leader motives the team to work together and help them in accomplishing their everyday jobs. Leader utilizes conflict as an advantage. A style utilized by the leader is transformational leadership (Kim and Barak, 2015). They regulate and focus on people to done work on time. His role is positive; he figures out the hidden skills of his followers and gives proper guidance to achieve their target. Quality of leader
Enthusiastic
A good skill to communicate
Confidence
capability to motivate
Vision
Positive Attitude
Open-minded
Analysis of the function of a Manager
On the other hand, from the given table it is considered that the manager manages the firm and he is also responsible to plan, organized direct control, and coordinate. They get their work done by the staff in various ways and have the power to hire the staff and also to fire them when needed. Different types of managers are there in a firm like general manager, functional managers, project manager, and top-level managers. Manager’s role depends on their nature of work such as various activities carried out in the industry are managed by the general manager. Functional managers are accountable for various areas of their job such as accounting, sales, and marketing. Project managers take the duty to complete and achieve a certain project (de Lima et al., 2018). The duties of top-level managers are to see the perception and aim of an organization. The manager always stays away from conflicts. Style use by managers to lead is transformational. They organize individuals and focuses on the procedure of the work. Sometimes the manager criticizes his staff to make them best in their field. Quality of Manager
Etiquette
Competence
Confidence
Discipline
Committed towards work
Effective in making a decision
Patience
LO2:
The theories can be clarified if we apply these theories to an organization. KFC is an international brand therefore popularity of it can be assumed without question. KFC does not get such popularity in one day. For this popularity management tried hard following all possible theories. Contingency Theory in KFC The situation varies from place to place, regarding society as well. Now the situation of a posh area cannot be the same as a comparatively lonely area. Therefore management should take care of the number and behavior of staff regarding the situation of the locality. If the crowded area does not have enough space or staff then it can lose its brand value. System Theory in KFC In KFC many systems are working altogether – like billing, serving, cleaning, etc. To run all these systems properly the theory need to follow properly otherwise the customer can be impatient. Chaos Theory IN KFC Failure of system theory can lead to Chaos Theory. It is very obvious if systems will not work properly then it leads to customer dissatisfaction which ultimately generates chaos. Now all three theories are co-related with each other where one theory can damage all the work of other theories. X and Y Theory in KFC Now for such an international brand, it is highly recommended to know the nature of all the staff. If staff is having x or qualities then management will decide what to do. On the other hand, if it is unknown to the manager or leader then the company has to compensate.
Application of the role of a leader and the function of a manager
To make KFC successful, effective leaders are there who have the capability to boost the motivation of the staff (Valisowa, 2018). Managers decide the strategies based on market review and management theories whereas leaders just apply those strategies practically. Managers also have the responsibility of food quality and quantity along with customer satisfaction whereas leaders only report to the managers. The cause of any mishaps is only the manager’s lookout – leaders only take the initiatives to control the situation. Managers of KFC are the last person who wants any sort of agitation in the company while leaders take full advantage of the situation. In KFC leaders and other workers, all have friendly bonding belong from the same status. All of them are just like colleagues but managers here do maintain a distance – the relationship is of boss and subordinate (Belongia, 2018). Any plan decided by the manager of KFC is executed by the leaders properly. The role and function of manager and leader are interlinked in KFC – one cannot perform their duty without the other (Mangkarto, 2016). Henceforth both the managers and leaders maintain a good bonding in them in KFC.
Strengths and Weaknesses of different situational contexts
Strength
Aboriginal recipe: KFC has a secret and authentic recipe made with 11 herbs and spices, from years, which customers love.
Global leader: KFC is the market leader in the specialization of chicken, as their primary product.
Financial Strength: It has a powerful financial performance, under the support of Yum! Which is a lead for the organization.
Loyal customer: KFC has the support of a strong and honest customer based in many countries.
Weakness
Unhealthy: The items which KFC sells are considered harmful for health by the health-conscious crowd and so many potential buyers draw back from purchasing its food.
Large employee turnover: KFC suffers losses due to increased employee turnover.
Lack of innovation: KFC has not been showing suitable, innovative marketing efforts to increase its market share by bringing new offers or items for their menu.
Opportunity
Expanding market: KFC has an opportunity to expand its market, by exploring new geographies and entering new sectors. It can also start home deliveries.
Bringing new items: One of the opportunities for KFC can be to increase items on its menu like dessert and vegetarian items and so on.
Attracting the health-conscious crowd: The new health trend has caused many people to draw back from fast and junk type food items. KFC should include healthy items in its menu and allure the health-conscious crowd (Richardson and Cassop Thompson, 2019).
Threat
Changing trends: Customer tastes and preferences keep on changing. KFC should keep a flexible organizational structure to cope with the changes.
Competitors: For any organization, competition is a big threat. KFC faces competition mainly from McDonald’s (Balas and Thomas, 2015).
Cost and price: Increasing operational costs like labor charges, inventory costs keep increasing, which stimulates price increase. This can lead to unaffordable prices and reduced customers.
Critical Analysis of theories and approaches
The overall analysis on the subject area of concern is creating an understanding f the difference between leaders and managers in a certain situation in this case as we have taken KFC as a point of discussion on the chosen topic the area of the committed sector in this diversifying source of the network (Biemann, Kearney, and Marggraf, 2015). The more focus is predominantly done to highlight the fact of leading the team and managing the team. In the process of doing so, the ability of the both of them requires management skill hence the skills requires the ideas and the focus to instigate the motivating factor (Hrenyk et al., 2016). The motivating factor plays an important role in leadership. This creates a huge difference of opinion between leaders and managers (Hrenyk et al., 2016). As we are discussing the organization KFC who has its name and fame worldwide with that respect the leaders and managers play an important role and always is an important factor of point of consideration (Biemann, Kearney, and Marggraf, 2015).
LO3:
Operations management in KFC
The decisions that coordinate the various stages of operations are called operational management. The key approaches to operation management in KFC:
Customer proximity is one of the aspects that can be considered as a tool for operational management. The most important factor in customer proximity is to maintain the standards between the customers and also available with the customer approaches (Pal, G.K. and Nanda, 2018.).
Management of finance is another vital tool for operational management and plays a major part in operational management procedure (Van Dooren, Bouckaert and Halligan, 2015.). The use of funds and proper utilization of resources both money and human resources are in this area. KFC can work in this sector to improvise financial stability.
Controlling the supply chain management is another important factor in operational management. Supply chain management denotes the effective management, controlling and managing the raw materials to the final product (Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani, 2015.). Another operational management approach that KFC can implement is to configure a better supply chain management.
Strategic implementation is another operational management tool. Strategy refers to the planning tactics and future planning of full utilization of resources. Another area that KFC can look out for proper and update the strategy implementation to meet the need for customer satisfaction (Yenipinar and Akgün, 2017).
The roles of manager and leaders in KFC
In today’s marketplace, the main focus is to deliver quality product Leaders in KFC play a greater role to maintain the efficiency and quality of the product (Noe et al .,2017). The leaders of KFC play a major role by motivating the workers to ensure a quality product. In KFC, operational leaders play a vital role to design the supply chain management model in such a way that can actually minimize the chances of risk(O’Neill, Sohal, and Teng, 2016). The leaders and managers also work hand in hand to ensure the effective collaboration process with a broader customer base. KFC especially use the DRP system to outline the order of the supplier, demand planning, and inventory management.
The role of managers in operational management
Proper lookout on financial factors and budgetary decisions:The managers of KFC evaluate all the previous year’s financial reports and took the budgetary decisions to eliminate the chances of risk in financial decision making (Mohamed, Kerosi, and Tirimba, 2016).
Workflow management and staffing: The managers in KFC manage and interpret the workflow analysis and also maintain a proper report on the division of work (Kuhlen and Speck, 2015). The managers of KFC differentiate the various work area to maintain the sustainability of the workforce.
Importance of Operational Management
The role of operations management in an organization is very vital. By producing and managing different kinds of products the role of operational management is huge. The type of organization whether it is a profitable organization or non-profit organization does not matter (Buelow, and Blaine,2015). The role of operational management is huge in terms of creating the products and services that can fulfill the market demands as well as the individual’s demand. The importance and value of operational management are:
Achieving the organizational goal: The organizational goals refer to the vision and mission system of the organization (Deephouse et al.,2017). In KFC the operational managers help the employees to achieve the long term goal of the organization. The main long term goal of KFC is to deliver quality food items to the customer that are budget-friendly.
Managing the quality product: Another importance of operational management is managing the quality product to the customers (Jeihoonian., Zanjani and Gendreau, 2017). The KFC operational managers play a major role to maintain the quality product amongst the customers by continuous improvement of the work process and also conduct a sophisticated program to deliver better services.
Proper utilization of resources: The operational managers play a major role in the proper utilization of human resources and other resources of the organization like raw material management (Vokorokos, Baláž, and Ádám, 2015). In KFC the operational managers and leaders take active participation in the utilization of resources. KFC adopts a drug-free production unit to maximize the utilization of resources.
Reducing the cost: Production cost and other operational costs maintenance is another important area of operational management. The cost related to production and other operational cost are regulates by the operational managers (Gopalakrishnan et al.,2015). In KFC the operation managers use the most suitable strategy to reduce the cost. KFC’s centralized cost-cutting strategy is a hugely popular and successful tool to reduce the extra cost.
Marketing and finance activities: Regulating marketing and finance activities are two main aspects of operational management. Marketing activity is those activities that are totally based upon customer approach and finance activities are all the financial activities like the establishment of the new office (Anderson, Chandy and Zia, 2018.). The managers in KFC also regulate the market activities and also took active participation in financial decision making. The marketing activities especially in China the marketing strategy of KFC is fulfilled and earned more profit. KFC uses a push strategy to create awareness and also encouraged the young generation to earn more through their services.
Managing the workflow analysis: The workflow analysis is the systematic procedure of work amongst co-workers and workers (Geisler et al.,2016). Through proper planning and designing the workflow analysis the operational managers in KFC divide the work area as per business standards. In KFC wide range of veg and non-veg items are produced by different departments.
Importance of leaders and managers in operations management
The activities of managers and leaders in KFC are:
Proper planning: Proper planning refers to the tasks or areas of activities that are helped to achieve the organizational objectives. In KFC the various planning activities are designed to get the desired outcome (Ferme et al.,2016). Planning activities focus on organization objectives and the results that increased organizational efficiency.
Organizing the assigned task: In KFC the operational managers assigned the task within the groups and individuals. Operational managers in KFC assigned the jobs or performance area into subgroups, to maintain the workflow, and also this factor helps to achieve organizational effectiveness (Johnson and Petri,.2017).
Influencing the workforce: Another way to meet the organizational objectives the operational managers in KFC guiding the various activities and also give the workers the right direction to perform better (Van Velzen, Van Gogh and Meijer, 2016). This factor helped the organization to achieve operational efficiencies.
Controlling workforce management: Controlling workforce management is another important area that needs to be considered for meeting organizational objectives. In KFC the managers measure the performance area of each worker and also compare the present performance with the past performance and evaluate the result. Based on this evaluation the next step is taken in KFC (Deelman et al.,2015).
Managing the work standards: In KFC the operational managers evaluates and measures the individual performance of each worker. They also give a lot of importance to feedback procedures, where they collect the feedback procedures from the loyal customers that help them to identify the strength and weaknesses of the organization (Zhang et al.,2016). This identification also helps the organization to deliver a standardized product.
LO4:
Relationship between leaders and managers in operations management
The decision-making ability of the leaders and the managers has an overall effect on the company. Because of this factor and several other figurative factors, we should analysis on the fact that both have got the power to implement the thought process. The power just segregates among those and had a differentiation strategy in judging certain things in a certain way (Annarelli, and Nonino, 2016). The management plays a vital role in creating an environment and both go hand in hand with the methodology and the aspect (Dufosse et al., 2017). The point of discussion over here is totally based on the ideas and development of a certain area of concern for both leaders and a manager. In some scenarios, we have come across that Manager only act as leaders in many organizations (Wang et al., 2015). As our analysis paper is based on the fact of realization and based on these prospects a certain kind of assumption and the analogy has been drawn out of it. The operational management sometimes put an effort to create the analysis of building a relationship between the management and the leadership in an environment in the business and based on this a broader range of wide aspect of studies (Buelow, and Blaine,2015). It has been observed that the areas of concern and the matter of fact that the ideas related to the major area of decision-making capacity sometimes engraved the perennial management and the role of handling the team towards more potential and setting the diversified goal in creating the essential needs of managing employees in KFC. The other determining factor and the ability to manage the employee in creating the best out of ordinary from an employee, as a result of the matter of concern that the true basic ingredients related to the customary guidelines. Also, this act as an influencing factor of the employee is the major area that needs the leadership role and managerial role at the same time (Wang et al., 2015).
Application of operations management
The operational management sometimes put an effort to create the analysis of building a relationship between the management and the leadership in an environment in the business and based on this a broader range of wide aspect of studies (Buelow, and Blaine,2015). It has been observed that the areas of concern and the matter of fact that the ideas related to the major area of decision-making capacity sometimes engraved the perennial management and the role of handling the team towards more potential and setting the diversified goal in creating the essential needs of managing employees in KFC. The other determining factor and the ability to manage the employee in creating the best out of ordinary from an employee, as a result of the matter of concern that the true basic ingredients related to the customary guidelines. Also, this act as an influencing factor of the employee is the major area that needs the leadership role and managerial role at the same time. It has been observed that the areas of concern and the matter of fact that the ideas related to the major area of decision-making capacity sometimes engraved the perennial management and the role of handling the team towards more potential and setting the diversified goal in creating the essential needs of managing employees in KFC. The other determining factor and the ability to manage the employee in creating the best out of ordinary from an employee, as a result of the matter of concern that the true basic ingredients related to the customary guidelines. Also, this act as an influencing factor of the employee is the major area that needs the leadership role and managerial role at the same time (Wang et al., 2015).
Conclusion and recommendations
The demonstration of the overall understanding of the operation and we will be drawing a critical evaluation of the managing of an organization and the process of application and the implications of the business. As in this case, the subjective and objective areas of concern are literally have influenced the overall perplexing aspect of the guidelines and the level of roles the leaders play in the upcoming benefits of an organization(Twibell et al., 2018). The dignified and moral concept of the scenario holds on the true ability and summarizes the whole idea of creating the leaders in the right frame of mind, which will help KFC to establish a better framework of understanding the capability of the employees so that they can sustain for the longer period. The positive frame of mind is an important criterion that plays a huge role base on the study of a theory that is the role of operational managerial skill and developing the leadership quality to guide the team and ability to manage the operations properly As KFC is a leading business giant over worldwide in getting the business management in the applications of the analysis of overall development and that studies highlights about the fact in condemns and the analysis of making the overall development of making the contemporary business environment. Decision-making plays a very vital role in establishing a successful organization. Hence, the leader needs to optimistic about taking an effective decision. It is to be added to the fact that the KFC has a strong management system that has created a significant impact in the mind of the consumer. Thus, it has helped to gain revenue for the company.
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