Exploring Gender Roles and Societal Criticism in Aphra Behn’s “The Rover”

by Herman Bailey | May 21, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Aphra Behn, a controversial and female author is one of the notable literary critics throughout the centuries (Canfield et al, 221). the literary plays she documented during the period of restoration were very popular on the stage. Similarly, her poetry and fiction were successful. Gallagher (97) asserted that “the feminine interest now giving importance to Behn as a pioneer in professionalism in women began to emerge.” Moreover, she used her literary work to address politics, social commentary, money, sex, power, relationships, ideals, and virtue. However, her major writing focus was on gender roles.

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The essay will examine gender roles through the work of Behn of “the rover”. According to Hutner (198), the play “the rover” criticized the arranged marriages through the inclusion of societal criticism. To understand better the play of “the rover,” it is of great importance to understand the relationship of her life to her writing, the society she lived in, and the perception of the women’s roles. The rover provides an oral criticism of the expectations of the society, denounces ideas of forced marriages, and lastly the accompanying authority of the parents.

The rover is about sisters’ Florinda and Hellena who are attempting to escape the fates of their male members of their family have decided for them, in addition to a band of English cavaliers in Naples who are burnished at the carnival time. Link (109) observed that the men are promiscuous and gay; there is the loyal Belville, Wilmore, the rover, blunt, and the negative Fredrick, the low comedian squire of the country. Belvile met and rescued previously Florinda from being attacked by Naples, and eventually fell in love with her. Forinda, on the other hand, is destined for a pre arranged marriage. However, Hellena is destined for a convent. The escape of the sisters to the carnival is where they meet the cavaliers. Furthermore, Florinda loves back Belivele and Hellena and Wilmore fall in love. However, Angelina Bance, the gorgeous courtesan complicates things. She is also in love with Wilmore although she has Pedro, the brother to Hellena, and Florinda and Antonio, one of the potential future husbands of Florinda fighting to get her attention.

The plot of the play has a complicated series of masking, intrigues, and overall character confusion. There is love, rape, sex, anger, betrayal, jealousy, despair, and joy. The play finally ends with the marriages of Wilmore and Hellena and Belvile and Wilmore.

According to Markley (68), the main conflict in the play of the rover originates from the arranged marriage idea. This is attributed to their own experience of Behn and her marriage which was arranged and unhappy.

The sexual discussion and action are completely uninhibited, as was customary in Restoration plays.

As is common with so much of Behn’s work, particularly her plays, one of the central conflicts of The Rover stems from the idea of an arranged marriage, which we can likely attribute to Behn’s own experience; the little information that is known about her marriage has led scholars to believe that it was unhappy, more than likely because it was arranged (Todd). Behn, alone of her contemporaries, took a stand against this practice; her contempt for arranged marriages was a bit of a revolutionary idea, something that went against all accepted ideas of parental authority (Woodcock 51). However, despite her disdain towards this concept, Behn is obviously not encouraging a complete overthrow of society’s expectations of females; even while Florinda and Hellena are “rebelling” against their father’s wishes, they keep themselves firmly within their gender roles. Hellena only escapes a convent by becoming the wife of a philandering libertine who is after her fortune, and Florinda is in no way attempting to eschew the traditional role of a wife.

Just as society places value on women by their possession of certain characteristics, Florinda also uses these traits to judge her own self-worth; as she tells her sister “I understand better what’s due to my beauty, birth, and fortune, and more to my soul than to obey those unjust commands (I. i. 26-28). She continues to argue her point against her brother: “Let him consider my youth, beauty, and fortune, which ought not to be thrown away on his age and jointure” (I. i. 93-95). This passage is important in that it demonstrates why Florinda rebels; the very traits that she believes should allow her to choose her own husband are the same traits her male breast cancer. Ann has been a staunch Christian since childhood just like the rest of her family members exploit to essentially sell her to the wealthiest bidder. As Anita Pacheco explains it in her essay “Rape and the Female Subject in Aphra Behn’s The Rover,” “these exacted and reductive valuations open a space for rebellion and a bid for self-determination, for Florinda’s pride in her self-worth clearly chafes at the exploitation involved in forced marriage.”

Throughout this play, it becomes apparent that there are several major ways that men in society maintained their gender roles. One of these is through rape. In The Rover, rape is used for several different reasons. For Willmore, it seems to be a sort of seduction or just a diversion, but for Blunt, rape is a means of exacting revenge upon women in general for the actions of one woman in particular. For Robert Markley, in his essay “’ Be Impudent, be Saucy, Forward, Touzing, and Leud:’ The Politics of Masculine Sexuality and Feminine Desire in Behn’s Tory Comedies,” the reason Behn’s “heroes” “violate conventional standards of sexual morality… is to [legitimize] aristocratic notions of birth and worth.” This is sort of a blanket explanation for the sexual behavior of men in this play.

Blunt is a perfect example of someone who uses rape as a means of enforcing gender roles. Though a woman tricked him, allowing her male companion to rob him, his rage seems directed entirely towards women, with no consideration for the man. One can assume this is due to his feelings of emasculation. The way he sees it, the only way he can regain his manhood is to prove that he does in fact have power over women, and rape is the easiest way to do so. Frederick’s immediate acceptance and even assistance in regards to Blunt’s intentions towards Florinda is yet another example of the mentality of that society.

All of this together makes it seem as though both Behn and society perceived rapes to be trivial, just an extension of gender roles. However, Pacheco might not be correct in saying Behn makes Florinda the target of rapes due to her attempt at rebellion. Hellena also tries to “make her own sexual choices,” yet she experiences no negative setbacks as a result (except, one might argue, her eventual marriage to Willmore). Instead, it seems to me that Florinda is the repeated target in attempted rapes because the love she feels towards Belvile makes her a vulnerable object. Theirs is the only love in the play not based entirely upon lust or money, and as a result, they are scorned, in a sense, because that type of love appears to be rare in a society where money, not love, is the focus. However, it must also be noted that these rape scenes were included at least partially for the comedy that they provided. The first scene with Willmore and Florinda is extremely comedic, and may not have been viewed by audiences as a means of enforcing gender roles.

The Rover is an excellent example of the argument that Behn was not necessarily a revolutionary, attempting to overthrow prevailing gender roles. Particularly disdainful of the concept of arranged marriages, she seems to oppose the practice not just as it applies to women, but men as well. Throughout the play, one can certainly detect a sneaking sympathy for the cavaliers, particularly Willmore,  the epitome of the “careless and callous” gallant that characterized Restoration comedy, concerned only with his own pleasure, “not caring greatly at whose expense he [got it]” (Woodcock 124-126). However, Behn’s criticism seems to be less about the cavaliers’ lifestyle (with the possible exception of Blunt) and more about society’s expectations. This play seems to acknowledge that these expectations of arranged marriages were not only harmful to the females being forced into them, but also to the males who didn’t have a say either.

Willmore’s view of marriage throughout the play seems consistent with Behn’s own; when Hellena first suggests marriage, he responds “Hold, hold…no, no, we’ll have now vowed but love, child, nor witness but the lover…love and beauty have their own ceremonies. Marriage is as certain a bane to love, as lending money is to friendship” (Woodcock 124). And though he appears to be a shameless libertine, Behn does not portray him unfavorably, making him witty and shrewd, charming, and attractive, much more so than the well-mannered Belville. His character made libertinage so attractive that “according to Dibdin, the prudish Queen Mary once remarked of Mountford’s acting of the part that “it was dangerous to see him act, he made vice so alluring” (Woodcock 125).  The popularity of the play can certainly be attributed, in part, to his character, and this popularity ensured that The Rover was the highlight of Behn’s career (Woodcock).

During the period of productivity in which Behn produced over fifteen plays, including The Rover, many of these works were political in nature (Woodcock). Though Behn was never a stranger to criticism, nearly all of these plays enjoyed immense success on the stage. However, she eventually overstepped in her expression of her political views when she criticized the Duke of Monmouth, Charles’ illegitimate son in an epilogue. Charles took offense to Behn’s criticism of Monmouth and ordered proceedings begun against her, and she was arrested (Woodcock 161-163). Though she was quickly released, this misstep ended her career as a political dramatist, and many consider it the dividing line between her period of success and prosperity and the “era of ill-fortune which was to endow her last six or seven years with toil, poverty, illness, and continued disappointments” (Woodcock 163).

Behn moved away from playwriting altogether for several years and turned her pen to other endeavors. She devoted much of her last few years of life to writing fiction, which allowed her to explore a woman’s experience of love and desire without being confined to the risqué, comedic plot of Restoration comedy. These later works focus less on the subject of male desire, and more on the concept of romantic love, as portrayed through the lens of female desire. Her stories of lost love and love thwarted “give us a glimpse of a woman writer who was deeply dissatisfied with the plot of the conventional love story—as she both wrote and lived this narrative” (Salvaggio 254). Her fiction depicts this process as her heroines become “subjects directing their desires in anything but conventional ways” (Salvaggio 254). Her personal letters from this period also reflect this attempt to make women into desiring subjects, rather than just desirable; she strove to allow these women “to direct their own desire rather than to serve as objects of male desire (Salvaggio 255).

This foray into other literary endeavors is a major part of Behn’s legacy; these novels were not only innovative in the new, realistic style in which they were being written, but in their portrayal of gender roles and the inequalities that women faced during this time. However, there is a lot of conflict between literary critics regarding Behn’s actual contributions to the genre of fiction. Some see her work as undeniably feminist, which others argue that her work often displays a masculine set of values (Pearson 40). It seems that this last argument comes from how she tells her stories. Behn uses demure female narrators in her fiction, and these narrators often seem to be appealing to male readers, though if one looks deeper, their reason for doing so becomes clear.

In her fourteen works of fiction, none of Behn’s narrators are obviously male: six give no clue as to their gender, though they sometimes seem to be female by implication, and the other eight are definitely female (Pearson 41). The focus of nearly all of these novels is the lives and nature of women, so the fact that the narrators are (likely) female seems to offer credibility to their stories, as they would possess a better understanding than a male narrator would. Additionally, in some of her more complex novels the female narrator, like the characters, is depicted as “embedded within patriarchy and limited by it” (Pearson 41). Perhaps more important to notice in terms of Behn’s narrators are their imperfections; what they present as simple narratives, entertaining stories or moral tales, turn out to contain quite different meanings, “more sinister, revealing, and subversive, over which the narrators have less perfect control. [They] are given to Freudian slips, unnoticed and unacknowledged self-contradiction…it is these complex, uncomfortable, flawed, or even duplicitous narrators who are Behn’s most effective tool in her analysis of patriarchy,” something unique to her writing at this time (Pearson 42).

While telling their stories, these narrators resort to frequent self-deprecation, even humility, to comment on their roles in society: “Writing in a world where female authorship was the subject of a vigorous and largely hostile scrutiny by the representatives of the dominant culture, Behn has her female narrators humbly accede” to society’s expected constraints upon women (Pearson 43). Perhaps more telling of women’s role in society is the gendered language Behn frequently employs within her fiction. Some words are shown to have different meanings, depending on when they are applied to men or women; “Sylvia would be ‘undone’ by losing her virginity, while Philander is ‘undone’ by failing to have sex and proving impotent at his first encounter with her” (Pearson 44). Additionally, Behn, unlike other authors of the time, addresses female attitudes towards sex and desire both with explicit statements about the equality of men and women (“they respond to sexual passion with ‘equal fire,’ with ‘equal languishment,’ with ‘equal ravishment”) and by allowing women to appropriate a “sexual vocabulary in which they have previously been the objects of male language” (Pearson 44). Before her writing, love was expressed in terms of male desire, “sharply focused on a man’s longing for a woman—a subject’s desire for an object” (Salvaggio 253). In Behn’s work, the “object” acquired a voice, which essentially reshaped the dynamics of romance and desire, thereby transforming the love story, as well as furthering her critics’ praise for Behn as a feminist. As Jacqueline Pearson says, “almost all women writers between the 1670s and the middle of the eighteenth century are aware of Behn’s example and had probably read some of her works” (45).

Though far from the female libertine her critics have proclaimed her to be, Behn lived a sexually unconventional life. Widowed at a young age, she never remarried, though every account of her personal appearance unanimously agrees that she was an extremely attractive woman, and always had a wide circle of admirers from whom she could choose. While some of these admirers did in fact become her lovers, she refused to be a “kept” mistress, though this could have kept her from enduring several periods of poverty that marked her eventful life. An obviously independent woman, her work seems to emphasize her repugnance towards sexual relationships based on anything other than genuine feelings (Woodcock 46). For her, love was not a matter of trifling, as so often depicted by Restoration writers as a reflection of the Restoration period in general; “certainly in her plays, there is a more sincere attitude towards the intercourse of the sexes than in those of most of her contemporaries” (Woodcock 47). While she indulged in one long term affair, she lived her later life completely abstaining from sex (Todd).

Her one lengthy affair, with John Hoyle, a lawyer in London, was fraught with problems and disappointment. Though Behn knew it was conquest, not love Hoyle was seeking, she eventually gave in to his advances (Todd 175). She fell deeply in love with him, though he did not return her esteem in full measure—essentially, she became the gender stereotype she so scorned in her writing: she was the loving, fawning female, while he remained the dominant, unattached, self-reliant male. In addition to being the subject of Behn’s poetry, her “novel” Love Letters to a Gentleman is in fact a collection of letters she wrote to Hoyle, which were combined and published as a novel after her death.

For Ruth Salvaggio, Behn’s earlier relationship with John Hoyle had a huge influence on her fiction, particularly her novella The Fair Jilt. She points out that in Behn’s fiction, we continue to see two types of women, the first of which represents the role Behn played in her relationship with Hoyle. This woman has no role in expressing her desire, while the second woman represents Hoyle’s dominant role in the relationship, and can become a “desiring subject by adopting positions of coldness, distance, and power” (Salvaggio 260). We see the latter in Behn’s novel The Fair Jilt in the character of Miranda.

This novella tells Miranda’s story—she is an extremely wealthy and beautiful young orphan who voluntarily lives in a convent with other girls of fortune. It is through Miranda’s character that Behn’s readers get a description of what appears to be Restoration society’s, ideal woman:

“She was tall and admirably shaped; she had bright hair, and hazel eyes, all full of love and sweetness. No art could make a face so fair as hers by Nature, which every feature adorned with a grace that imagination cannot reach: every look, every motion charmed…she had an air, though gay as so much youth could inspire, yet so modest, so nobly reserved, without formality, or stiffness…she had a great deal of wit, read much…she sang delicately, and danced well, and played on the lute to a miracle, she spoke several languages naturally; for, being co-heiress to so great a fortune, she was bred with the nicest care, in all the finest manners of education” (“The Fair Jilt” 32).

Though Miranda is courted by many because of her beauty and is used to constant praise and lavish gifts, she does not return the favor of any of the young men who crave her attention. She first falls in love with a young friar, a prince from Germany escaping a vindictive older brother; when he does not return her ardor, she falsely accuses him of rape, resulting in his arrest and imprisonment. Soon after, she meets another “prince,” who claims to be descended from the last emperor of Rome. She and Prince Tarquin are quickly married, despite the warnings, he receives from the priests who do not believe Miranda’s accusation toward Prince Hendrick. They live an extraordinarily lavish lifestyle, which is funded by her sister’s portion of their inheritance, which she controls until her sister is married. Desperate to maintain her life of extravagance, Miranda orders first a devoted, love-struck page to murder her sister, and when his attempt fails, he is executed. Undaunted, Miranda begs Tarquin to carry out the deed, but when he also fails he is caught and sent to prison. Perhaps surprisingly, the public is sympathetic towards both the page and Tarquin, laying all their blame on Miranda. Despite public support, Tarquin is sentenced to die while Miranda is only banished. However, he survives the executioner’s botched attempt at beheading, and he and Miranda escape to his native Netherlands, where they live a long and happy life.

Miranda is an abhorrent, yet fascinating character. Selfish, vain, manipulative, wicked, and outright evil, she combines the worst possible qualities of a human being with those that are so admired. There is no more favorable description of a female character in any of Behn’s work than she gives to Miranda, yet even the most conniving of other characters do not even begin to compare to her level of destructive vanity. Even as she is falsely accusing Hendrick of rape, she is referring to her looks and position, blaming her “fatal beauty” on the fabricated attack, and claiming that she begged the friar to desist in respect to her “quality,” all while proclaiming her virtue and innocence: “you find me here a wretched, undone, and ravished maid” (“The Fair Jilt” 48).

Through her celebrated beauty, Miranda wields great power: “thousands of people were dying by her eyes, while she was vain enough to glory in her conquests, and make it her business to wound” (“The Fair Jilt” 33). She uses this power to enchant the unsuspecting, charm people into believing her, and even to tempt a weak young man into committing murder. Following Hendrick’s imprisonment, Miranda, “cured of her love, was triumphing in her revenge, expecting and daily giving new conquests” (39).

Despite the disgust a reader inevitably feels towards Miranda, Tarquin remains loyal, unperturbed by all her despicable actions. Through his unwavering love, she is able, to an extent, to overcome her vain, murderous, manipulative tendencies; faced with his imminent execution that is entirely her fault, her “griefs daily increased, with a languishment that brought her very near her grave, [and she] at last confessed all her life” (“The Fair Jilt” 66). Even when he is about to die, Tarquin “could [not] be brought to wish that he had never seen [Miranda]. But on the contrary, as a man yet vainly proud…he said all the satisfaction this short moment of life could afford him was, that he died in endeavoring to serve Miranda, his adorable princess” (“The Fair Jilt” 67). When they said their goodbyes, “a thousand times she asked his pardon for being the occasion of that fatal separation; a thousand times assuring him, she would follow him, for she could not live without him” (68).

Miranda seems a unique Restoration character in that she, not the male is the conqueror. When it was typical for a female’s story to end with her marriage, Behn allowed Miranda’s narrative to continue past that traditional and conventional conclusion. Though it seems odd, considering the twists and turns the novel takes, all of the characters (except the executed page) eventually get their “happy ending.” Miranda gives her sister enough of her inheritance that she can marry, and Hendrick is released from human behavior. In her quote, “…the mind shapes itself to the body, and, roaming round its gilt cage, only seeks to adorn its prison. Tarquin survives his “execution” and gains the pardon of both the state and Miranda’s sister, and Miranda, also having received pardons, can leave Antwerp with her still-devoted husband to retire to a quiet life in the country with his wealthy and accepting family. The conclusion of the novella tells us that Tarquin “lived as a private gentleman, in all the tranquility of a man of good fortune,” and that Miranda was “very penitent for her life past,” and now lives in a “perfect state of happiness” (“The Fair Jilt” 72).

Essentially, The Fair Jilt shows us a completely different woman than Behn portrays in her plays. For the first time, we see a female character with almost complete control over her life; all of the setbacks she encountered were overcome in one way or another. Miranda, often like the men of Behn’s plays, gets her way and her “happy ending.” Given the way that Behn usually portrays her female characters, Miranda certainly is best explained if Salvaggio’s theory is true, and that Miranda is a manifestation of the way Behn wishes she had acted towards John Hoyle. She certainly manages to carry out her evil plots yet end up with a happy ending by becoming a “desiring subject [who adopted] positions of coldness, distance, and power” (Salvaggio 260).

From unconventional characters like Miranda to the more quietly rebellious Hellena and Florinda to her own unique lifestyle, Aphra Behn paved the way for both future female authors and the genres in which they would write. In both her fiction and drama Behn achieved important advances in technology since her novels show the “beginning of the realist technique which was afterward to be developed more fully by Defoe and his successors,” and in her plays, we can see the “first signs of the transition from the Restoration comedy of manners to the drama of sensibility which flourished in 18th-century theater” (Woodcock 9).

Though her last few years of life were not marked by the same success she enjoyed early in her career, enough is known about the wide variety of her circle of acquaintance to realize that she was an extremely popular woman, “whose generosity awoke the affection and whose spirit and talent demanded the admiration of men and women from many walks of life, among them some of the most talented people of her time. With her rich and ample character, she had persuaded her age to accept her, not merely as the first pioneer of the great succession of professional women writers, but also as one of its most vital personalities” (Woodcock 101). Upon her death in 1689, Behn was buried in Westminster Abbey, a mark of respect for all that she contributed to England’s literary traditions. Her tombstone reads “Here lies a Proof that Wit can never be/ Defence enough against Mortality” (Link).

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Enhancing Patient Care: Evidence-Based Practice for Abdominal Pain Diagnosis

by Herman Bailey | May 21, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

Abdominal pain is felt in the abdomen. The term is generally used to give a description to pain emanating from the organs in the abdominal cavity. It arises from the abdominal wall tissues (Ruesch, 1961). For the past two decades, the diagnostic problem of abdominal pain has been analyzed by many studies. The general study point of these studies has been the problem of solving the diagnosis of the abdominal pain according to the cycle of Hypothetico- Deductive in scientific research (Sherwood et al, 2012).

The quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) was a project designed to counter the challenges of educating the future nurses who will possess the skills, knowledge and attitude necessary for continuous improvement of the safety and quality of the healthcare systems where they work. The faculty of QSEN in collaboration with other bodies defined safety and quality competencies for the nurses to offer direction for development of curricular in the formal academic programs, practice and the continuum programs (Sherwood et al, 2012).

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The competency of Evidence Based Practice has been adopted. It simply means that the best current evidence is integrated with clinical experts and the preferences of the patient or the family and values for optimal health care delivery (Steelman, 2006).

According to Steelman (2006) knowledge of basic methods and processes of science are demonstrated. Furthermore, evidence based practice is described to include research evidence components, patient or family values and the clinical expertise. On the other hand, Ruesch (1961) explains that on the skills, the nurse should participate effectively in other research activities and data collection. Moreover, care plan should be individualized based on clinical expertise, patient values and evidence.

Lastly on the attitude, Sherwood (2012) observes that nurses should appreciate the weaknesses and the strengths of the scientific practice bases. Moreover, they should value the need for ethical research conduct and quality improvement. They should also value the evidence based concept as integral to the best clinical practice determination.

Assessment of the organizational environment

• Advanced practice nurses can play a significant role in Evidence –Based Practice facilitation
• The key aspect of the advanced practiced nurses role is knowledge brokering and it can be leveraged to promote Evidence Based Practice
• Knowledge brokering also needs specific skills and knowledge
• The effect on evidence based practice implementation by the other clinical nurses and the advanced practice nurses on the outcomes require further exploration.

Nursing diagnosis of abdominal pain according to NANDA

The main goal for the diagnosis is for the pain to be controlled or resolved. The criterion for diagnosis of the abdominal pain as elaborated by NANDA International (2002) is when a patient reveals a decrease in discomfort and also expressed some pain at levels tolerable.

The specific assessment for the small intestine and the colons are:

Small intestine

• Weight like the abdominal cramping pain and increased distention
• Nausea
• Vomiting and food is not digested at the beginning, vomit has the bile, is black and also the fecal.
• Dehydration

Colon

• Mild discomfort in the abdominals
• Severe distension
• Vomiting the latent fecal
• Rarely acidosis but presence of latent dehydration (NANDA International, 2002)

Change introduced

According to Yoder-Wise (2006), the change identified and introduced for the nurses based on evidenced based practice are:

• The patient to maintain bed rest and not support the knees in a comfortable position
• Assess the weight, location and the type of the pain
• Monitor any side effects, assess the effectiveness and morphine
• Planned rest periods should be provided
• Recommend doing and review passive or active range of motion at an interval of four hours
• Frequently change positions and give the patient skin care and back rubbing
• Notice of any increasing pain or kekauan, auscultation of the bowel sounds , give slowly enema when ordered
• Recommend and give alternative measures of pain relief.

Leadership and Management- Development

The change theory for the project is to enable application of the all evidence gathered whether electronic or manual to be used in changing the way of diagnosing of the health problems. The target population for the project ranges from not only within the organization of the health facility but to other spheres of medicine through exchanges.

The long term goal is to adopt method of problem solving that maximizes the possibility of getting a solution to complex health problems by exploiting optimally the benefits of both relevant knowledge mobilization of the practitioner and systematic approach.

The short term goal is to create a rational basis for therapeutic action and further diagnostic that is taken by the physician.

The man power will be sourced from the already available nurses and it will engage all the stakeholders of the healthcare facility. The change is also expected to invite minimal legal ramification as it will be proposed to the Health Advisory Board of the state by the management to adoption.

Ethically, the change is concurrent with the code of ethics as experience and evidence are the basis for treatment. It does not introduce any new treatment methods that are unethical. All practices are proven. Furthermore, the policy is expected to be accepted and adopted because it is workable. However, the health board will have to draw some regulatory guidelines in its application.

The anticipated resistance is minimal but it is expected from the new nurses who have minimal experience. Furthermore, the patients and their families may need technological treatment based on the current research and technological advancement. Therefore, application of the old treatment methods might elicit resistance.

Leadership and management-Implementation

According to Yoder-Wise et al (2006), Evidence- Based Practice needs a commitment to adaption of innovation for clinical problems change. In abdominal pain care, the commitment requires making use of the best current evidence in decision making on the care of the patient for the benefit of the patients and their families. The implementation of the change proposal varies with a timeline of one to six months and caters all the communities served within the location of the healthcare center.

Embracing Evidence Base Practice results to professional and patient outcomes that will create a synergy that will be accepted and welcomed at all levels. Yoder-Wise et al (2006) points out that moving towards Evidence Based Practice in this arena is quite a challenging objective for the nurses who may sometimes encounter barriers. From the discussion of the essay, all the key stakeholders and the organizations infrastructure all combined can make the implementation of the change be done.

Evaluation

Evaluation can be done on a long term basis but only on the findings from the outcome from the patients, families and the professionals. Critical areas are the nursing satisfaction, improved healthcare and the outcomes (Yoder-Wise, 2006).

Analysis of the effectiveness of communication

The informatics competency applies information and technology to manage knowledge, communicate, support decision making to mitigate error. The skills, knowledge and attitude explain why skills in information and technology are significant for the patient care, uses management tools for information and technology in supporting the safe care process, seeks education on how management of information takes place in care settings before care is provided, appreciate the importance of all health care professionals seek continue, lifelong learning of the technology an information and their impact on quality and safety. Lastly, to navigates the electronic records of health, plan and document patient care in health records electronically (Ruesch, 1961).

According to Sherwood et al (2012), informatics also applies communication technologies in coordination of the patient care. Moreover, value technologies support the clinical decision making, coordination of care and error prevention. Yoder-Wise (2006) points out that it also protects the confidentiality of the electronic record and health information. 

References

Ruesch, J. (1961). Therapeutic communication. New York: Norton.

Sherwood, G., & Barnsteiner, J. H. (2012). Quality and safety in nursing: A competency   approach to improving outcomes. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Steelman, V. M. (2006). Evidence based practice. Philadelphia: Saunders.

NANDA International. (2002). International journal of nursing terminologies and            classifications: The official journal of NANDA International. Philadelphia, PA: Nursecom.

Yoder-Wise, P. S., & Kowalski, K. (2006). Beyond leading and managing: Nursing          administration for the future. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Exploring the Views on Supernatural and Natural Distinction in All Cultures

by Herman Bailey | May 20, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

The common debate amongst many anthropologists is whether there exists a distinction between the supernatural and the natural in all cultures. The essay will analyze the views of two anthropologiwho include roger Ivar Lohmann who concurred that there exists a distinction between the supernatural and the natural and said “yes” in his article “The Supernatural Is Everywhere: Defining Qualities of Religion in Melanesia and Beyond” (Lohmann, 2003). Similarly, the essay will also analyze the opposing view of Fredrich P.Lampe who said “No” in his article “Creating a Second-Storey Woman: Introduced Delineation between Natural and Supernatural in Melanesia” (Lampe, 2003). Despite the fact that both Lohman and Lampe had valid points in their arguments, Lohmann’s argument had a lot of evidence and was more persuasive when compared to Lampe’s arguments.

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The summary and view of roger Ivar Lohmann

Lohmann who is a cultural anthropologist argues that cosmology or super-naturalistic worldview is central virtually to all religions. To him, supernatural is an idea that is ubiquitous, although in each and every society, it is expressed differently. The supernatural’s core is giving conscious will or preference to things that do not have it. Therefore, Lohmann (2003) indicated that things such as luck, kharma and fate are also in the supernatural’s realm. According to Lohmann, supernatural forms part of the daily experiences of people in West in a similar way to the experience of people in Papua New Guinea or southwest pacific where and whom he worked.

According to Lohmann (2003), the supernatural’s etic category is a mental model that is omnipresent, and depicts one or more volitional, sentient agencies that are understood to be eventual cause of physical reality elements cause, and are biologically substrate independent. Lohmann further elaborates that some people tend to criticize the supernatural as misleading or ethnocentric. He further continues to say that these people have a belief that spiritual powers do not form part of the “natural” world (Lohmann, 2003). Moreover, these critical individuals further make claims that the supernatural world is not real while the natural world is real. These, according to Lohmann (2003) does not represent whatsoever the views of the people who have a belief in the world of spirits. In their eyes, both worlds are real but separate (Lohmann, 2003).

Lohmann (2003) pointed out that when the natural and the supernatural world are distinguished, the concept of supernatural makes a clarification on both the scientific position on religious behaviors major source, and also improves people’s ability to understand worldviews of religion. When talking about the Melanesians, Lohmann (2003) highlights that sometimes they are characterized as lacking the concept of supernatural. The Melanesians have a belief that the spirits instead of inhabiting an object, they can take the objects physical form. He further argues that the Melanesians have an understanding that some spirits at least are visible and tangible, therefore the supernatural beings tend to appear in the cosmologies (Lohmann, 2003). According to Lohmann (2003), this implies that all cultures in the world have the supernatural idea and how it is interpreted is what is brought into question.

In his conclusion, Lohmann (2003) says that supernatural and natural distinction is necessary and is significant in understanding religions for both emic and etic points of view.

Summary and view of Fredrich P. Lampe

Lampe (2003), on the other hand, discusses about how the distinction between the supernatural and the natural in all cultures does not exists. To begin, his arguments is questionable since his article does not provide clear definition of what is “supernatural ” and this takes a huge toll on his persuasion. He argues that “supernatural” is inappropriate and problematic term just like the term “primitive.” Therefore, if the society accepts the term supernatural, it will be very easy for people to be ethnocentric and make assumptions that anything that is supernatural is unreal and hence false.

Lampe (2003) gives a descriptive analogy of how university of Technology’s dormitory was built. In the beginning years when the university was being founded, the students’ body was male exclusively, but eventually it was changed coed. Lamp (2003) further elaborates how there was need of protecting the female students from the male students, therefore, the female students were housed  on the dormitory’s second floor on top of the first year students but under the males of upper division. The first year students had a belief that the female sexual fluids had a power that probably would cause potential danger to students; therefore they refused sleeping in their rooms and would sleep on the floors of their counterparts of upper division. From the analogy, there is no clear tie and coherence in the author; hence, to the reader it is not persuasive for the position to take. The article of Lampe also gives an example of women in Melanesia who would reside in the “menstrual hut.” The women were not allowed to make contact with any other person or the rest of the group, be it in food handling or in socializing among others. This was because of the belief and fears amongst people that women while menstruating, if she handled stuffs would taint them.

From Lampe’s perspective, the westerners tend to view the world through labels and assumptions window. The westerners tend to assume the rest of the world is like them while the fact is opposite. As much as the western worlds may have clear distinction between supernatural (spiritual and religious beliefs) and natural (science and facts), however, that is not true for other cultures. A belief of another society, such as people of New Guinea in what is referred to as religion is their natural, “supernatural” is meaningless to them (Lampe, 2003).

Critical assessment

The essay critically assessed the two articles of the two anthropologists, Lohmann and Lampe, to find out whether distinction exists between the supernatural and the natural in all cultures. The question being raised is whether every society has a belief in the supernatural as a category of reality, separate and distinct from that of the natural world. Endicott & Welsch (2012) defined supernatural as relating to existence order beyond the observable visible universe; cannot be given explanation by the laws of nature or science. For example, reincarnation, polytheism, Holy Spirit,  and God or Allah. The essay supported Lohmann’s arguments that there is distinction between supernatural and natural in all cultures.

To begin, Lohmann’s arguments are clear and persuasive based on facts and examples. He begins by providing the definition of “supernatural” and emphasize that it is core to every religion and culture. According to him, all humans can sense the realms of supernatural yet scientifically is hard. Supernatural is viewed amongst humans as universal assumptions, or to a given culture as a unique spiritual reality. For instance, in this regard supernatural is like sex, which just like all common human experience realms, is modeled differently in various traditions to produce various systems of gender. The distinction between gender and sex is necessary in understanding the relationship between cultural models and objective physicality of the physically real (Lohmann, 2003).

Lohmann (2003) argues that there is distinction between supernatural and natural in all cultures and when these are distinguished, the concept of supernatural both makes a clarification on the scientific position on the religious behavior major source, and improves people’s ability in understanding religious worldviews. The supernatural is a real phenomenon with physical effects and causes, which people differently model from one culture to the other. He further suggests that everyone can distinguish naturalistic ideas from super-naturalistic ideas, though the distinction is not salient.

According to Endicott & Welsch (2012) religion and supernatural goes together in every culture. Klass (1995) argued that it becomes confusing when the term “supernatural” is used because its usage suggests that there is distinction between supernatural world that is seen as unauthentic and is unappreciated verses natural and real world. This is also similar to words such as “primitive” “race” which has conflicts. In his article, Lampe (2003) concurs with Klass (1995) by making a suggestion that such words in modern anthropology should be retired. This is because it is very easy to label “supernatural” as irrational and “natural” as conceivable. In his analogy, Lampe (2003) pointed out that Melanesian women hold some powers over men because of their menstrual cycles. This is because the female menstrual fluids are surrounded by a taboo in that any form of contact with a women menstruating or the menstrual blood is a taboo or harmful to men. Therefore, during their menstrual cycles, women seek refuge in menstrual huts to protect the entire community. Some of the regulated precautions include handling and preparations of food, specific sexual relations and physical contact between girls and men when they commence menstruating. However, the fact that in the article of Lampe did not provide any clear definition of “supernatural” lowered his arguments and persuasions greatly. This is because of his example of groups he discussed were portrayed as extremely superstitious towards females. In this case Lampe could have provided definition of “supernatural” as having to do with objects or non-living beings. However, the examples provided by Lampe were primary of men’s cautious attitudes towards the sexual fluids and menstruation of women in certain societies.

In general, the arguments of Lampe was not that much persuasive  and did not provide  many convincing and stimulating answers  to persuade the reader see his argument’s side.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the debate or the essay is of whether or not there exists distinction between the supernatural and natural in all cultures. The essay has discussed both arguments of Lohmann and Lampe from their articles. Both anthropologists and authors provided valid points, but Lohmann’s points generally were better in argument, persuasion, examples and facts. Therefore, the essay supports that there exists distinction between supernatural and natural in all cultures.

References

Endicott, K. M., & Welsch, R. L. (2012). Taking sides. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Klass, M. (1995). Ordered universes: Approaches to the anthropology of religion. Boulder: Westview Press.

Kottak, C. P. (2010). Anthropology: Appreciating human diversity. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Lampe, F. F. (January 01, 2003). Creating a second-storey woman: Introduced delineation between natural and supernatural in Melanesia. Anthropological Forum, 13, 2, 167-174.

Lohmann, R. I. (January 01, 2003). The supernatural is everywhere: Defining qualities of religion in Melanesia and beyond. Anthropological Forum, 13, 2, 175-185.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Exploring Social Theories of Aging and Achieving Optimal Aging

by Herman Bailey | May 20, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Aging is not just the passage of time, but a manifestation of the biological events that takes place over a period of time. Theories are sets of concepts and ideas inter related that have been tested scientifically and joined to magnify, clarify, enlarge and finally expand the understanding of people, their societies and behaviors (Davies, 2003p.23). Social theories of aging are concepts of psychological and social in older persons. The social theories of aging include activity expressed when adopting new roles and continuity, which includes social and physical activities retention from the middle years. The bottom line of social theories is that as people grow older, their social interactions, behavior changes and their activities they participate change. The four social theories of aging include:

Disengagement theory

It refers to the inevitable process where any of the relationships between an individual and other societal members are severed, and those remaining are changed in quality (Binstock et al, 1996p.46).

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Activity theory

The theory suggests that an individual’s self concept have a relationship to the roles held by that individual. For instance retiring my not be harmful if the individual maintains actively other roles, such as recreational, familial, community and volunteer roles (Ellis, 1998p.34).

Life course theories

The theory proposes that an approach to maturity is a process. Within every stage an individual faces a dilemma or a crisis that the person must make a resolution to move forward to the next stage, or to make a resolution which results in an incomplete development.

Continuity theory

The theory states that the older adults try to make preservation and maintain external and internal structures by applying strategies that maintain the continuity. This means that the older people may seek to apply strategies that are familiar in familiar life areas (Davies, 2003).

Optimal aging is can be defined as the highest potential living that has a possibility, given every life pattern, mental and physical reserves, social context, functional ability and environmental influences  of an older adult (Binstock, 1996). Therefore, optimal ageing to every older adult is possible, whether independently living with a good health, coping with disability or chronic illnesses, or even receiving considerable help with daily life activities in a nursing facility. According to Ellis (1998p.76), the three evidenced based methods to build the optimal ageing foundation are managing or preventing diseases, building or maintaining cognitive and physical function, and renewing or continuing engagement with life.

The functions of friendship in the late friendship according to Davies (2003p.66) include:

Companionship and intimacy: the friends of the elderly should take some walks, go shopping and visit the elderly. Furthermore, engaging in pleasurable conversations brings out worry and happiness to the aged.

Acceptance: the aged friends shield each other from negative judgment on their worth and capabilities as people. This stems them from frequent stereotypes of aging.

 A link to the community at large: for the elderly persons who cannot move out often, the friend’s interactions can keep them to be informed on the daily events in the world. Furthermore, the friends can create new experiences that the aged might not participate alone

Protection from the consequences of psychological loss: the older adults who has declining health but remain in close contact to friends through visits and phone calls show progress in psychological well-being.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding social theories of aging is crucial in comprehending the dynamics of aging and its impact on individuals. The theories of disengagement, activity, life course, and continuity shed light on the changes in social interactions, roles, and activities that occur as people grow older. Additionally, striving for optimal aging is attainable for every older adult, regardless of their living situation or health condition. By managing diseases, maintaining cognitive and physical function, and engaging with life, older adults can enhance their overall well-being and quality of life. Recognizing the importance of friendship and companionship in late adulthood further emphasizes the significance of social connections for promoting a fulfilling and enriching aging experience. By embracing these concepts, individuals and societies can foster an inclusive and supportive environment that promotes healthy aging for all.

References

Davies, I. (2003). Ageing. London: E. Arnold.

Binstock, R. H., & George, L. K. (1996). Handbook of aging and the social sciences. San Diego: Academic Press.

Ellis, A., & Velten, E. C. (1998). Optimal aging: Get over getting older. Chicago: Open Court.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Improving Hypertension Medication Adherence in West Palm Beach: Health Promotion Program Evaluation

by Herman Bailey | May 20, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

As explained by the community health assessment for West Palm Beach, hypertension was a major problem facing African American men. This problem was further exacerbated by the lack of adherence to medication due to a myriad of factors among them being cultural beliefs and barriers. As a result, a health promotion program specifically targeting this target group was undertaken in a bid to enhance adherence to hypertension medication. According to Uyehara et al. (2007), health promotion has evolved to become a vital tool for enhancing community health, but its effectiveness solely lies in its ability to meet its objectives. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explain and evaluate how the health promotion program was carried out.

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Summary of the Health Promotion Plan

After the completion of the community health assessment program through a windshield survey and subsequently identifying the major health problem and the aggregate, health promotion proceeded. The planning of the health promotion included the identification of resources available and the overall resources required to implement the health promotion. Subsequently, the probable barriers to the implementation of the program were highlighted, and solutions to these barriers were sought beforehand.

During this initial stage of planning, I was involved alongside community nurses and community leaders. The actual implementation of the health promotion included stakeholders such as the state authorities (public health), healthcare agencies, notably, non-profit organizations, the patients, media, and community leaders. Public health state authorities and the healthcare agencies are primarily involved in the promotion of the overall society health and as such, they had a role in the facilitation of the project through the provision of some resources, equipment, personnel, goodwill will. Additionally, non-profit organizations were equally involved in mobilizing resources and contributing to the project in terms of resources. Community leaders and the media were primarily involved in the dissemination of information and sensitizing the public to the importance and existence of the health promotion program. The participation of the patients, notably, from within the aggregate was essential to achieving the ultimate goal of the promotion.

Evaluation of the Initial Plan

Apparently, in a rating of 0-10, I would offer a value rating of seven points in the range of accomplishment of the goals and objectives of the study. This signals a significant and viable outcome for the project with several misses and omissions in the accomplishment that would indeed not be ignored and were expected. In this regard, it is agreeable that the omissions and misses that were identified will be used as the corner steins for reviewing the project and ultimately fulfilling the intended role to completion (Uyehara et al, 2007). The failures identified are attributable to the myriad of challenges that sprout during the implementation process from various components of the project. These are discussed below, and the possible solutions identified;

1) The lack of extrinsic incentives for adherence to the project plan by the target population

While the project was targeted to benefit the population identified as vulnerable and with the primary benefits heading in the direction of each individual and ultimately their society, there was a tendency for lack of adherence to the project especially in the last six months of the implementation (McCaffrey et al, 2010). This gradual decline in the number of participants for the project was attributed to the lack of extrinsic or material incentives to keep the participants involved. For a population that exhibits a knowledge gap and the seemingly long timeline for the completion of the project, it is apparent that participants lacked the initial enthusiasm for continued participation.

The need to incorporate extrinsic or material incentives for the project participants then arose as an unseen need. With limited resources, it was almost impossible to provide extrinsic incentives. Nevertheless, considering that this challenge occurred midway through the project, the project utilized the early learners in the project to act as peer educators for their colleagues who were losing the motivation to carry on with their specific roles (Harwood et al, 2010). This helped create a familial structure within the groups and ultimately see out the remaining timeline for the project. The peer educators played a key role in the last three months of the project and this was identified as an extra benefit for the project and more importantly the community since it was a perfect indication of a more informed society (McCaffrey et al, 2010).

2) The support decline from key stakeholders towards the last stages of the project

There was an apparent lack of enthusiasm and support from key stakeholders specifically the political wing and the community leaders and sponsors (McCaffrey et al, 2010). This was attributed to the general perception that there were no visible benefits for the intended community, which in all essence was a vague outlook or evaluation of the project. The lack informed this of a continued communication platform between the project owners and these key stakeholders which would have provided a gradual update and reminder of the project goals as had been agreed from the very beginning (Uyehara et al., 2007). To overcome this challenge, it was apparent to call out all the stakeholders once more and develop; a Risk Manager, Integrated Projected Team, the risk owners and other key stakeholders. Furthermore, there is an efficient communication platform, which would facilitate the continued common focus on the specific role and responsibility of each stakeholder until completion. Within the set agreement, all stakeholders were to provide emails that would be used as a funds to achieve their proposal ideas. The campaign has determined the communication platform with each stakeholder required to at least providing a brief review of the project on a biweekly basis. Up to ninety percent of the stakeholders were able to adhere to this agreement and at the very end; their feedback was regarded as critical to the achievement of the project goals.

Action Plan Implemented

Before launching the project and subsequently implementing it, the first step was to disseminate information to the public regarding the importance of the project, how it will be implemented, those who were involved, and the venue where the project was launched. The dissemination was done through the use of print media and electronic media. Print media such as posters and billboards played a significant role in passing this information. Electronic media such as television advertisements were used to communicate these aspects of the program. This communication plan was developed by a multidisciplinary team involving community nurses, community leaders, and representatives from the public health departments and the corporate organizations.

The project was started with a kick-off event that was held at the social public hall, attracting various members of the community including the community leaders, public health officials, healthcare agencies, community nurses, and the larger public.

The timeline for the health promotion was one year and as such, meetings were health monthly to showcase accomplishment, redefine milestones and subsequently make the necessary adjustments for the preceding phases of the implementation.

Evaluation of the Health Promotion Plan

Project’s Cost-Effectiveness

The project was economically viable, and the cost-benefit analysis shows that the project was entirely beneficial. The major areas of expenditure for the project were on transport, acquisition of stationery, miscellaneous costs, and the cost of extrinsic motivation for the participants. In the first phases of the project, we had managed to contain the costs but as demand for the project’s services towards the end, the overall costs of transport, miscellaneous, and extrinsic motivation increased. However, we were able to manage this issue by seeking alternatives and cutting on miscellaneous and transport costs. Optimization of resources was quite crucial as a way of reducing or slashing the unnecessary costs of the project. Overall, the project may be termed as cost-effective since its overall outcomes and benefits promise to reduce the overall cost of health care is a basic human right. She has previously led the fight for access to quality, affordable healthcare for this aggregate in the long-term.

Project’s Practical Use and Sustainability

The project was pretty practical and relevant to the target audience and the response from the public, and the stakeholders were incredible. The health promotion program helped in many ways including changing the mindset of the aggregate towards drug adherence and subsequently addressing the hypertension drugs adherence barriers that pre-existed. The overall awareness and knowledge about hypertension improved, and the participants’ ability to effectively manage the disease was improved. The project was sustainable since the information gained by the participant was of course going to impact the overall society. Believably, the participants were awarded a certificate of participation, and they would promisingly become ambassadors to the larger society on the need to adhere to hypertension drugs. Nonetheless, it is important to incorporate a follow-up plan and a post-promotion plan that would assess the long-term effectiveness of the project and subsequently act as a reminder to the aggregate on the need to adhere to drugs. This may be done through phone follow-up and face-to-face visits to enhance the exchange of information between nurses and residents in the post-project phase (McCaffrey et al, 2010).

Project’s Financial Implications

The project was designed to take up minimal costs of implementation and sustainability during the period it was set to take place. Except for the need to integrate an aspect of extrinsic rewards midway through the project, which was also resolved through alternate approaches, the project financial aspect from an overall, perspective feels within the set limits (Uyehara et al, 2007). There was no extra pressure towards the sponsors regarding demanding more funding. On the other hand, the owners took care of the learning materials, and with the entry of new sponsors who felt the need to support the project; there were no financial shortcomings whatsoever.

Over-All Summary and Expectations

While there were many challenges during the implementation process, the project ultimately met the most important goals and objectives. This specifically included the objective of increased adherence to medication from the target population and more importantly, filling the knowledge gap which was identified as the primary cause of the poor health status of this community (McCaffrey et al, 2010). The imminent challenges which have been identified helped create new platforms for approaching the project and ultimately these alternate solutions were regarded as the more viable ideas for the project for instance regarding the emergence of peer educators who eliminated the end for paid educators or part-time educators. These were among the extra benefits which the project achieved and which would prove more beneficial in the natural setting compared to the more theoretical frameworks, which seemingly missed this aspect (Harwood et al, 2010).

Conclusion

Nurses have a role to promote the overall health of the community through health promotion. The majority of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes believably continue to affect many people in Palm Beach County primarily due to lack of awareness and information regarding these diseases. This problem typically affects minority groups in the United States such as African Americans and it is the role of community health workers to work collaboratively in bridging knowledge gaps.

As demystified in the pre-project phase, failure to adhere to hypertension drugs among the members of the aggregate was due to cultural and social barriers, predominantly, belief and stereotypical barriers. As such, this health promotion was evidence-based and utilized evidence-based approaches to address the drug adherence problems among the aggregate. The beauty of this health promotion program is that the participants within the aggregate would definitely increase the overall knowledge of the community towards the importance of adherence to hypertension drugs through their ambassadorial role. This is a score for the project since it is self-sustaining through the ambassadorial role of the participants.

References

Harwood, L., Ridley, J., Wilson, B., & Laschinger, H. (2010). Workplace empowerment and burnout in Canadian nephrology nurses. CANNT Journal, 20(2), 12-17. Retrieved from CINAHL with Full-Text database.

McCaffrey, R., Hayes, R., Stuart, W., Cassell, A., Farrell, C., Miller-Reyes, C., et al. (2010). A program to improve communication and collaboration between nurses and medical residents. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 41(4), 172-178. doi:10.3928/00220124-20100326-04.

Uyehara, J., Magnussen, L., Itano, J., & Zhang, S. (2007). Facilitating program and NCLEX-RN success in a generic BSN program. Nursing Forum, 42(1), 31-38. Retrieved from CINAHL with Full-Text database. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cwe/citation_generator/gen.asp

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.