by Herman Bailey | May 23, 2023 | Essays |
Task 1
Demonstrate use of scientific techniques to separate substances
- Purifying an impure solid (alum) filtration and evaporation
- Use about 3-4 of alum which is an impure solid
- Add 25cm3 of water which is one-quarter full of the beaker
- Place the beaker on a gauze and tripod, over a Bunsen burner. Stir the mixture with a glass rod while heating
- Stop heating when the mixture boiled and allow it to cool a little
- Filter the solution which is hot into the evaporating dish
- Leave it to cool, and if necessary cover the evaporating dish with a watch glass or filter paper overnight
- Remove the crystals by using a pair of forceps or by decanting
- Dry the crystals by dabbing them on filter papers (RSC 2015)
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Thin layer chromatography of halides
- Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a method for mixture analysis by separating compounds found in a mixture. TLC of halides has three steps, which are spotting, development and visualization
- The sample is applied to the adsorbent layer (a solid phase), as a small solution spot, near one edge.
- After the solvent has evaporated, the sheet that is adsorbent coated is propped more or less vertically in a container that is closed, with the edge on which the spot was applied downwards. The spot on the plate must be placed above the solvent level in the container as shown in the figure below. If it is positioned below the solvent level, the spot will be washed often thin layer plate into the developing solvent (Wisconsin University 2015).
- The solvent at the bottom of the container, start creeping up the adsorbent layer, passes over the spot as it rises up, in the process effecting materials separation in the spot (chromatogram development)
- The thin layer plate is taken out of the container when the solvent front has reached near the top of the adsorbent as shown in the figure below (Wisconsin University 2015).
Paper chromatography
This is a technique used for separating chemical substances that has dissolved by using their different migration rates across sheets of paper. This technique involves application of sample or test solution as a spot near one corner of the filter paper sheet. Initially the paper is impregnated with some solvent to forma stationery liquid phase. The paper’s edge close to the spot is then immersed in a separate solvent where the mixture components are soluble in varying degrees as shown in the diagram below. The paper is penetrated by the solvent through capillary action and by passing over the spot of the sample, carries along with it different sample components (Block, Strange & Zweig 2013).
The components of the sample move with the solvent flowing at velocities dependent on their solubility’s in the flowing and stationery solvents. The components separation is brought about if there exist differences in their solubility’s in the two solvents. Both solvents are evaporated before the flowing solvents reaches the papers further edge, and the locations of the components separated is identified, usually by using reagents which form coloured compounds with the substances separated. The components separated appear as individual spots on the solvent path as shown in the diagram below (Block, Strange & Zweig 2013).
Electrophoresis of amino acids
- Obtain cellulose chromatogram strip of sheet that is 15 cm long and 5 cm wide, while wearing gloves for safety
- Mark a plus on one end of plate using a pencil and the other end with a sign of minus like the one shown in the diagram below
- Draw a line through the middle of the plate to divide the two ends. The ruler should be wiped with Kimwipe before touching the plate’s surface.
- For each sample, place a tic mark on the line. The samples should be at least 1 cm from the edge and 1 cm apart
- On one end of the plate, label what samples are on each mark of the tic
- Each electrode compartment should be filled with ~35 mL of buffer
- Obtain an unknown solution and two standard amino acid solutions
- Apply small volumes of the samples by using capillary tubes to the plate. By inserting the pointed end of the capillary tube, draw sample into the tube. Samples should not be contaminated by using a capillary tube from another sample. By touching the capillary tube end to the proper mark on the line, apply the sample to the plate. Touch the plate quickly and lightly, the spots should be small on the plate. Reapply twice more the same sample to the same spot, to allow the plate to dry up between the applications
- Using a Pasteur pipette, apply buffer to the plate once the samples have dried. Start by dropping the buffer to the plate’s one end ten to the next end, and to allow it to move in the center toward the sample spots. Continue in a manner that the buffer exactly meets at the middle line to reduce sample spots migration
- Place the plate carefully in the apparatus in a way that the plus mark corresponds to the red jack (positive electrode) and the minus side to the black jack (negative electrode). To avoid migration of the sample, care should be taken to avoid tilting the plate in any direction.
- Turn on the apparatus and start recording the time
- For 45 minutes, allow the sample to run or even as along as possible because of the time constraints
- A few minutes before removing the plate, turn on low the hot plate
- After expiry of the time, turn off the apparatus and remove the plate carefully
- Spray the under the hood with ninhydrin
- Place the plate on a plate that is hot until sports appear after drying up
- Identify the unknown solution contends by comparing to the samples of standard amino acids (Science in Motion 2015).
Centrifugation of milk
Separation of milk and cream can be done by centrifugal separation. The centrifugal method separates according to density and size I which the lighter particles of a mixture move towards the axis of rotation while the denser mixture components are moved away from the axis of rotation of the centrifuge. The centrifuge is the device which rotates the substance around a fixed axis.
- The mixture (milk with cream) is put in two test tubes that are specially designed referred to as the centrifuge tubes
- The tubes are then placed in two different holders
- With the help of a handle, the holders are rotated rapidly and then stopped after sometime. The centrifuge tubes are then taken out
- In separating cream from milk, the cram will come to the surface since it is lighter than milk and then it is skimmed off through separate outlets (Mandakini Study Institute – Patna, 2015).
Task 2
Explain How to know a sample is pure using melting point analysis? What is the result if the sample is impure?
Using melting point analysis to know whether a sample is pure, it should melt over a range of 20C or less. Experiment melting points need to be reported as a range. A sample will be presumed pure if the melting point is within the degree value found in the lab handbook (CSI 2015).
A sample is impure if the results of its melting point range is lower or is wider than what is stated in the literature value because impurities affect the melting points (CSI 2015). The melting, boiling points, and chromatography techniques can be used to tell whether a substance is pure or not. Pure substances have a distinct melting point while impure substances have a range of melting points.
A substance is presumed to be pure if the melting point range is two degrees or less within the value of the book. A sample is impure if the melting point is lower or wider that the book value. This is usually because of the more impurities in the substance.
Explain How to know a sample is pure using chromatographic technique? What is the result if the sample is impure?
Using chromatographic technique, a sample is purer if it gives only one spot. However, the sample is impure if it develops two or more spots. The paper chromatography technique is a modern method of separating mixtures. The technique uses paper as the stationary surface and the liquid as the mobile phase. The idea of the technique is that the paper and the liquid have both attractions to components in the, mixture. When place on the stationary any component of the mixture that is soluble will dissolve in the liquid. Every material in the soluble will then moves along with the solvent and display its own characteristics on the paper.
A substance is aid to be pure if it leaves only one spot on the paper and it is impure if it leaves more than one spot on the paper. For the impure substance, the spots must be different. In conclusion, therefore, if a substance is pure it produces one spot/substance at the end of the process. If it impure it will produce several spots/substances at the end of the process.
- Sample A was purer. This is because its melting point range was within the melting point value found in the literature.
- Sample A is pure because it gave one spot, some P is impure because it is a mixture and gave two spots, and finally sample B is a no soluble substance in solvent
References
Block, R. J., Le Strange, R., & Zweig, G. (2013). Paper Chromatography A Laboratory Manual. Burlington, Elsevier Science. http://public.eblib.com/choice/PublicFullRecord.aspx?p=1837501.
CSI, (2015). Melting Point Tips and Guidelines. [online] Csi.edu. Available at: http://www.csi.edu/ip/physci/faculty/rex/mptips.htm [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015].
Mandakini Study Institute – Patna, (2015). Mandakini Study Institute – Patna: CHAPTER 4 – CHEMISTRY. [online] Kuntal.org. Available at: http://kuntal.org/msipstudentslogin/pages/view/1053/chapter-4-chemistry [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015].
Royal Society of Chemistry, (2015). TeacherExpt:Purification of an impure solid – Learn Chemistry Wiki. [online] Rsc.org. Available at: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/wiki/index.php?title=TeacherExpt:Purification_of_an_impure_solid&oldid=7385 [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015].
Science in Motion, (2015). Electrophoresis of amino acids. [online] Google.com. Available at: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEEQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science-in-motion.org%2Fchem%2Flabs%2Felectrophoresis%2Fprocedural%2520labs%2FElectrophoresis%2520of%2520Amino%2520Acids.doc&ei=QaltVZTlAojVoATBqIDgAg&usg=AFQjCNGpzsIVDoK8X3Rbw3CV18gT0WR9sg&sig2=anwir2eVfX9yKIklqAwAFg&bvm=bv.94911696,d.cGU [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015].
Wisconsin University. (2015). Thin Layer Chromatography. ChemViews. Available at: http://www.chem.wisc.edu/courses/342/Fall2004/TLC.pdf [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015].
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 23, 2023 | Essays |
The history of the UK penal system is extensive and its development from the beginnings up to the present day shows the direct impact of theoretical viewpoints. Historically, more traceable forms of justice in the medieval period are drowning. The UK penal system has evolved over the periods from the 10th century where there was a specific use off hanging. Everybody, the old, pregnant mothers, small children, and even the mentally impaired were hanged for their crimes. Later around 1300 prisons evolved and quickly became populated and dangerous. The overcrowding and other challenges, including acts of inhumanity led to the development of the humanitarian approach to revolutionizing prisons.
Mainly, prisons in the UK aimed at coercion and custody of criminals where people accused of crimes were detained without trials, and coercion ensured that criminals paid fees and fines before redeeming their freedom. Men and women were locked together in same prisons in the 1800 with dreadful conditions with the lack of sanitation, no beddings, light, and other human support facilities. Later in the 20th century, prisons in the UK began to focus on rehabilitation programs to offenders through political influence. Despite the dreadful history, UK is currently providing punishment, redistribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, public safety against criminals. However, theoretical developments, criminology theory, in particular, have led to numerous influences to the penal system worldwide.
The study of criminology focuses on the reasons cited by criminals in justification of their criminal acts. Different criminology theories attribute crime to various attributes, including individual, community, and environment. As such, their approaches have promoted significant changes in the penal system. First, the classists theorists argues that criminals have intelligent to make rational decisions to commit or disengage in crime. It also provides that discouraging individuals from crime requires equitable, prompt, and minimal punishment. Classicism adopts a legal crime definition that concentrates on the criminal act. Classicism asserts that offenders should be punished and that punishment should be dispensed according to principles of proportionality and parsimony. As such, classism theory has promoted restorative justice in prison systems through deterrence.
The sharpness of offence restorative justice and classism makes an easy bedflows. Restorative justice (RJ) demands for a complicated and subjective process in the prison system. Also, RJ and classism have a shared concern for the future of the offender as they advocate for a return to law-abiding citizen where the classicist aim to achieve it through simple deterrence and RJ adopting a complex route. Classists and RJ have changed the prison system because they provide for punishment of the offender, thus deterring him or her from committing crime in the future. Likewise, classism has promoted deterrence because punishment has been used to discourage or caution individuals intending to commit crime. Therefore, classist crime theory has provided a mechanism of treating criminals to evolve from hanging to minimal punishment based on the presumption of innocence.
Meanwhile, the positivist theory rejects the notion that individuals are rational thinkers and makes a conscious choice to commit a crime. Rather, it argues that some individuals are of low social acceptance and less intelligent that perhaps makes them commit a crime. While positivism and RJ is based on personal responsibility, both promotes mediation that encourages offenders to take a responsibility for crime, reassess their future behaviour and offer appropriate reparation. Positivism encourages rehabilitation of offenders because mediation is based on RJ that aims to offers solutions for both the victims and offenders alongside the involved community rather than satisfying legal principles of punishing the lawbreaker. Therefore, the positivists advocate for scientific investigation on the cause of crime to enable development of counter policies. The introduction of policies to criminals would in turn deter individuals from committing a crime. Criminal justice policies are often based on the foundations of deterrence effect of punishment hypothesis that remains an intelligent foundation of prison system. Overall, positivists through their idea of scientific investigations have promoted research on crime studies leading to more changes in the penal system to include services such as rehabilitation.
Criminology theories have a different basis to explain why individuals engage in criminal activities, yet some overlap. Theories such as social theory give the society a greater responsibility to maintain stability in lives of individuals. Critical theory observes the society in terms of classism where the elite decide the law and define crime. Therefore, it sees crime as a result of oppression of laborers and less affluent groups in the society. Irrespective of the assertions of a particular criminology theory, the common end goal is that they have contributed to various approaches of lessening crimes in the society. Criminology theory helps individuals understand reasons given for committing a crime. Likewise, it enables the readers attempt and comprehends dissimilar courses of action to reduce or eliminate crime in overall.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 23, 2023 | Essays |
Existing Knowledge Assets
The need to grow the bank’s business as well as expand the services offered to the customers is the basic foundation upon which the knowledge management system structure is to be based. (Tiwana 2000) informs that business needs often lead and inform the knowledge management. Through interviews and surveys, it is possible to determine which organizational drivers are key towards the success of the knowledge management within the bank. Many times professionals confuse IT for example with being Knowledge Management. However IT is in fact a stakeholder in knowledge management, but is not the only constituent in knowledge management. The Grecian bank has four specific categories of solutions which they seek to cover:
Excellence in operation: in this context, the aim is to improve the excellence of the internal bank processes. The first step in ensuring security and management excellence is with regard to using the existing knowledge so that the processes of service provision are made more efficient. The strategy here will include standardization of the procedures involved in ensuring services reach the bank customers, creativity and innovation of processes and continual improvement of practices. The cornerstone of the knowledge management system is directed at making Grecian more effective in the market place.
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Focus on the customer: Grecian bank is renowned for excellent personal and direct customer service. However, with many more competitors taking interest in loyal Grecian customers, it is not surprising that the bank has been on a losing streak when it comes to customer maintenance. It is important to think of the customer as the final beneficiary of the system. Whereas the knowledge management will increase efficiency in bank operations and make work easier for employees, all this will finally translate to increased sales volumes and high levels of customer service. The most important knowledge to the bank therefore is that of the market itself within the industry that it operates and knowledge of the expected and potential customers.
The sales team requires an excellent knowledge foundation for all services offered by the bank, this makes it easier to access and match services offered by the bank to customer needs. In essence an excellent knowledge management system will improve customer relationship management. Loyal customers will be given excellent and efficient services, a quality which is designed to attract new customers, (Tid 2000). By making an already excellent customer care and service even more efficient, Grecian bank will be in a position to compete with bigger competitors.
Focus on new and creative processes: knowledge management is based on the creation and dissemination of new knowledge within the organization with the purpose of ensuring growth and development of the business as well as meeting the organization goals. Much of the knowledge from external sources will be taken through this process. Whereby knowledge on the industry, competition and advances in competition and market resources will be processed and made available to various teams that may have need for the same. The main aim is to reduce the time in which services can reach the consumers in addition to improving the quality of service that reaches the customer. All this is in addition to reducing the cost of the service to the bank as well as the customer. In this essence, the bank will create a niche that it is strategically placed to fulfill.
Techniques For Intervention
The bank’s knowledge management system will make use of business process information techniques. basically, the is excellent research dedicated towards understanding the best practices within the industry and which have ensured that majority of the top banks remain at the top. The knowledge is vital towards ensuring that Grecian can at least reach the level of competition. This includes the following techniques:
Transfer of practices: often there are best practices not just without the organization but also within the organization. Without a proper knowledge management, such knowledge would take time to reach other branches and locations of the bank. However with a good system, knowledge management and transfer takes shorter time.
Designing corporate strategy: knowledge management needs to be designed so that it can support business strategies. Knowledge management is especially vital when the bank is facing two conflicting and tense strategies. For example the current banking industry is designed to encourage innovation based business however Grecian Bank has always been renowned for focus on best practice approaches.
Proposed Knowledge Management System
The proposed knowledge management system which will be based on ePath learning software operated in two sections. The first section will be based on feedback, that is, a database that is built on information from both employees and clients. There is only one way that the ban can discover its strengths to the clientele database, strengths which can be explored to defeat competition and this is through feedback. Customers will be given the opportunity to be honest with regard to the services of the bank and also fastest ways the bank can serve them better. Based on this information, the bank will build a database which will be forwarded to research and consultant experts who will find the best way to meet customer needs and improve efficiency.
It is also important to note that to improve innovation; employees need to have a platform through which they can contribute towards building efficiency. Since they are on the ground, the best way to manage challenges in completing tasks, improve efficiency and increase excellence is through processing of feedback from the same employees.
The second section of knowledge management will be based on shared project files. Majority of the time spent on projects by employees in one location on a project is often replicated in a different location. Too much time is spent in meetings with members of the same team playing catch and attempting to bring together their ideas. This section will allow teams to share not just results but also ideas and progress. Team members can keep in touch, commenting their progress on the project thereby reducing duplication of activities and reducing the time required to complete a project. In the same way, the bank expects that this will improve team efficiency and togetherness of the employees. (Gottschalk 2005) shows that this is especially important when the bank is developing new services and products in response to customer needs and the competition’s progress. Information of sales projections, assets and processes that are required for success and the market potential can be found, entered through the knowledge management system and objectively analyzed to make research within the organization much easier. This information can be used to meet the needs of the customer and fill potential gaps in the marketplace.
Functions and Processes of Knowledge Management
Creation of the knowledge: the bank generates a lot of data on a daily basis. It is important for the company to have a system of taking care of new knowledge. This new information can then be used to solve new problems and challenges that the bank may encounter when attempting to improve efficiency and increase quality of services.
Knowledge coding: once the data is collected, it needs to be analyzed through the system so that it can be turned into information that can be reused. Without proper coding, the information gathered is useless and indeed cannot be utilized in any way.
Applying the knowledge: it is often difficult for the bank to make use of the information they have. In this step, the knowledge itself is turned into an asset which is documented and shared to be utilized by management. This is the process where available information is given value.
Transfer of knowledge: where information is not immediately useful, it is wise to consider sending the same to third parties such as consultants and market researchers. These third parties are useful towards ensuring that such information is turned into valuable knowledge. The knowledge is made for easy adaptation, learning and utilization within the industry (Ishikawa and Naka 2007).
Management Of The Knowledge Management System
At the top of the system is the chief knowledge officer, who is responsible for the entire strategy of the knowledge system. He ensures that a balance is created between the overall business strategy and the knowledge management strategy.
Directly below him, is the knowledge manager who is responsible for planning the day to day of knowledge management. He takes the strategy, implements it through simpler plans and breaks it down into day to day roles that ensure the system is working efficiently. Both of these managers are in charge of a team whose efforts are directed at ensuring the bank is a learning organization, ready for change and equipped with all the necessary information.
Tools And Techniques
A knowledge management system cannot exist without the support of IT. IT forms the cornerstone of all skills, techniques and tools that are applied to ensure the success of knowledge management. The following are the most vital tools for knowledge management:
- After action review: which is a tool designed to improve lessons learnt from each action.
- Gone well tool: is a quick tool through which managers can quickly evaluate the success of a decision or the failure of it.
- Knowledge café: which will be used to evaluate and bring to light topics that require discussion and consensus thereby building stronger teams.
REFERENCES
Gottschalk, P. (2005). Strategic Knowledge Management Technology. Idea Group. Hershey Pa, Idea Group Pub.
Ishikawa, A., & Naka, I. (2007). Knowledge Management And Risk Strategies. Hackensack, Nj, World Scientific
Tidd, J. (2000). From Knowledge Management To Strategic Competence Measuring Technological, Market And Organisational Innovation. London, Imperial College Press.
Tiwana, A. (2000). The Knowledge Management Toolkit: Practical Techniques For Building A Knowledge Management System. Upper Saddle River, Nj, Prentice Hall Ptr.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 22, 2023 | Essays |
Thesis Statement
In this thesis, I will discuss the two types of euthanasia; active and passive euthanasia. I would discuss the differences between passive and active euthanasia and the reasons why people think it is a very important aspect when dealing with medical ethics. I will look into why most doctors seem to be comfortable and okay with this kind of doctrine. I will defend why in his defense, Rachels explains that by killing someone there is not much of a difference from allowing an individual to die on his own. In this essay I support euthanasia. This is because people sometimes people suffer a lot and go through much pain before the normal way of death comes along for them. One being injected to take away his pain is so much better and easier as the patient dies in a simpler and faster way rather than suffer continuously when it is so clear there is nothing much the doctors can do to help that particular patient. As much as most people think it is wrong and the doctors have no right to end some else’s life, sometimes it is the best pain reliever for the affected people. It is the patients themselves that in most cases ask the doctor to end their pain instead of continuing to suffer endlessly. Therefore in this essay, I will defend why I think active euthanasia is sometimes if not all times the solution to some technical medical conditions that are not promising or improving to the patient and his family.
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There are two major types of euthanasia; active and passive. Active euthanasia is defined as the situation where a doctor takes a particular action and ends a patient’s life. A perfect example of such a situation is when a doctor decides to give his cancer patient an injection and he dies. However, in cases where the patient stops taking his medication and sadly dies, then his death is in his own hands and not the doctors. On the other hand, passive euthanasia is described as a case where the doctor does not interfere with a patient’s treatment neither does he give injections to end the patient’s life but he dies from whatever illness he was suffering from. Most people put so much effort into discussing and negatively viewing euthanasia on patients and they ignore the various conditions people are going through when they suffer from chronic diseases. These may include; independence loss, mental capability loss, loss of control, and many more negative effects that come with them. They forget to understand that people hate being vulnerable and pain that is unrelieved is not the only case where a person can be forced to prefer death to life.
When a person does not comply and refuses medical treatments, they assume it will offer them peaceful and a timely death; unfortunately it does not. If this was the case at all and it caused a patient a peaceful death, then people would never have debates about assisted suicide. When death comes very late to a patient who refuses to take his drugs, then sometimes it advisable to assist them to bring their misery to an end. A situation where an individual is sick and does not want to take medication is already an indication that this individual does not want to live any longer so why not give him a good rest. A patient’s obligation to the people they love must always be considered when making decisions concerning life and death matters. Due to these responsibilities and obligations, death duties arise. Unfortunately, it is sometimes best for people to die to save their loved ones from having sad days and having their lives come to a standstill. In such cases, one can always remove themselves from the lives of the people they love for them to move on and continue with their lives. People should not assume the worst of these scenarios as sometimes they are a sign of love. Sometimes these patients take these actions out of love and people should understand this.
When a patient has no improvements and the doctors cannot do anything anymore, prolonging their lives has a lot of impacts on their families and loved ones. For example, once you are in the hospital and there are no big improvements in your life condition, remember those hospital bills that need to be catered for by your breast cancer. Ann has been a staunch Christian since childhood just like the rest of her family and friends. It causes financial constraints. However, it is not all about the financial stresses but there is also the matter of emotional and psychological stresses that come with all these. Why wait for all those days without any health changes when it can come to an end sooner? No matter how long it takes, death is still coming so why not do it sooner to relieve the loved ones from these fatigues? One can ask for assisted suicide to save loved ones from constant sadness and give them the chance to move on. If a patient truly cares for their quality of life. Arthur should be educated during the discussion with the doctor and also his family members and can see the stress on their faces day in day out, then sometimes the duty to die is the right call to make. Sometimes the burden of existence is much bigger than that of a person’s absence.
I strongly disagree with Vellen’s argument that euthanasia may lead to one having to justify their existence and their living might need an excuse. I disagree with him because this is a person who has been living and enjoying life like everyone else until he suffered a chronic disease. Vellen needs to understand that chronic diseases are not curable and in a case where a patient’s condition is not getting better no matter the doctor’s attempts, euthanasia can be very handy. He needs to understand that sometimes the sadness on the faces of a loved one, when they pay visits in the hospital, is most definitely worth dying for. What of cases where the patient is ready to die in that he refuses to take his medication no matter how many times the family and doctors ask him to. Is that really a person who needs to justify his living? Already he is not taking his mediation meaning he is comfortable not living anymore so why not make the journey lesser, shorter, and less painful?
When Vellen states that there are times the patients think that their illnesses or the disabilities they acquire from the chronic diseases are not good enough reason for them to keep living, he forgets that some of these patients ask for their lives to be taken their misery to come to an end. He forgets that some of these patients just want their family members to move on with their lives and these patients appreciate so much the efforts they have received from their close ones since they began their treatments. Having to take away your life for the people you love and are dear to you does not necessarily mean u justifying your living. Patients sometimes want their lives taken sooner to save their family members from replacing the good family times they had with the sad hospital days. The patients themselves get tired of the misery they live in and the endless drugs that make little or no improvements at all in their lives. Therefore Vellen is not right at all when he claims that assisted suicide makes a person feel they are not good enough to keep living. Think of the people who have had the same conditions for a very long time and instead of getting better, the conditions keep coming back stronger. The body gets tired so does the soul. Their lives do not necessarily depend on their relatives but them.
How can Vellen state that medical ethics is not a good idea and public policies that regulate the relationship between patients and doctors should be vague and weak? The patient-physician relationship is one of the most important relationships on this planet. If his reason to weaken the policies is to help in euthanasia, then I disagree with him. When in the hospital, the physicians are the patient’s confidant and their friend. For a patient to get to the point where he can tell a physician to offer him assisted suicide, then they must have built a relationship. Therefore weakening this relationship will interfere with a lot of medical programs not only cases of euthanasia. Doctors have been authorized to offer these kinds of services to their patients and it is a legal procedure. In some cases in the medical field, it is allowed to allow a patient to die by withholding treatment. However, any direct attempt to take a patient’s life is not allowed at all costs. Most if not all doctors accept this doctrine; in a statement, it is declared by the American Medical Association’s House of Delegates.
Conclusion
In conclusion, most people put so much effort into discussing and negatively viewing euthanasia on patients and they ignore the various conditions people are going through when they suffer from chronic diseases. These may include; independence loss, mental capability loss, loss of control, and many more negative effects that come with them. They forget to understand that people hate being vulnerable and pain that is unrelieved is not the only case where a person can be forced to prefer death to life. A patient’s obligation to the people they love must always be considered when making decisions concerning life and death matters. Due to these responsibilities and obligations, death duties arise. If a patient truly cares for their quality of life. Arthur should be educated during the discussion with the doctor and also his family members and can see the stress on their faces day in day out, then sometimes the duty to die is the right call to make. Sometimes the burden of existence is much bigger than that of a person’s absence. There is totally nothing wrong with active euthanasia. It helps save a lot of people waiting from the obvious. The people who have had the same conditions for a very long time and instead of getting better, the conditions keep coming back stronger. The body gets tired so does the soul.
References
James R., (1967). The end of life: Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide. The New York Times.
Hardwig J., (2007). Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on Assisted Suicide. Oxford: Blackwell
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 22, 2023 | Essays |
The process selecting and recruiting new employees in any organization is one that is governed by ethics. Human resource managers have a lot to consider and have to take many principles into account before settling on a particular employee. Ignoring the ethical standards required in the recruitment process is a probable way of inviting legal problems to the organization. Ethics in business such as integrity, trust, respect and equality are enhanced by the right employees. The recruitment process must therefore reflect the business values and principles of the organization in order to correctly uphold the strategy and business goals and policies.
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Ethical dimensions in recruitment and selection
Respect: respect for individuals as equal human beings is not only necessary it is required in the recruitment process. Cooper et al. (2003) states that respect means holding in esteem and great value fellow individuals. Whether it is during the selection process, the interview process or the final stages of recruitment, use of derogatory language, treating applicants with disrespect and other issues that may be considered disrespectful are greatly frowned upon.
Discrimination: perhaps, the biggest issue today in the recruitment and selection process of human resource is discrimination. Selection is to be based simply on skills and ability to perform a particular task. Race, gender and social class should not feature in the process of recruitment. Billsberry (2007) defines discriminatory practices as actions undertaken by the organization or people in authority acting on behalf of the organization to limit the success of individuals based on their nature and not abilities. Offering a particular candidate for example a higher salary based on gender as opposed to others is an act of discrimination prohibited by the law. In the process of recruitment, the company must strive to ensure that all candidates receive equal treatment as well as equal consideration for employment. Considering background should only be done in an attempt to gauge the skills of the candidates. Information that is not related to the tasks that the candidate will be performing can be construed as discrimination especially when such information is used to rate the candidate and elect to recruit them and the terms of recruitment thereof.
Compensation: during the recruitment process much is discussed but most important is the compensation that employees will receive upon completion of their tasks. According to Roberts (2005) in the past, employees often played a small role if any in determining their own compensation. The company determined how much to pay particular employees and in doing so left the employee little if any choice. It was therefore possible to find employees in the same job level, with the same skills and performing similar tasks being paid varied amounts of money. However, as he continues to show today the issues have been turned around. Employees now have a right to rate themselves and determine the value of their skills. Compensation has therefore become a sticky matter for organizations. On the one hand, employees have a right to negotiate their own salaries but on the other hand all employees need to be compensated equally for the tasks they are performing. Compensation should be determined based on skills, talent and ability with allowances being negotiated on performance ratings. The indicators of performance should however be easy to see and understand and also equal to all employees. In this way employees maintain independence in compensation and the organization treats all employees equally.
Fairness: (Wood and Payne 1998) states that despite efforts by a company to employ ethics in recruitment there are some selection processes that are based on unfairness or increasing difficulty to the employee. This is especially so in organizations where applications and candidates are too many. An example of unfairness in an organization is keeping candidates waiting for months before making the final selection. Cases that have become legal matters often cite that the candidate’s life is kept on hold as they await a decision from the company which may or may not be in their favor. Such unfairness is considered unethical. In the same way, during the interview process tests on task performance maybe administered but where such tasks can only be learnt by having worked within the organization, this is considered unfair as there is no way the candidate can perform well or even satisfactorily.
Honesty: during the process of recruitment and selection, it is common for the company to expect honesty from the candidate. The candidate is expected to base his resume on true facts and accuracy; answers in the interview are expected to be honest. Should any dishonesty be found, it is possible and indeed quite probable that the company will terminate any sort of relationship with the candidate. In the same way, the company is required to base the recruitment process in honesty. The candidate should be made aware of exactly what to expect from the job, the company and the culture of the organization. Terms of employments, tasks that will be required and duties that the candidate will participate in are to be clearly stated and based on truth and accuracy.
Conclusion
Human resources deals directly with people who are not shareholders or even customers but rather assets of the company. This therefore provides various ethical challenges and pitfalls which can be detrimental to an organization’s goals and reputation. Organizations that have a good reputation in terms of ethical human resource tend to attract the best talent and the top employees. In addition employees who are ethically treated are most loyal to the company, often taking extra time and going an extra mile to ensure the company’s success. It is however important to note that a good ethical foundation in human resource requires planning and strategizing for success.
References
Billsberry, J. (2007). Experiencing recruitment and selection. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Cooper, D., Robertson, I. T., Tinline, G., & Cooper, D. (2003). Recruitment and selection: A framework for success. Australia: Thomson.
Roberts, G., & Institute of Personnel and Development. (2005). Recruitment and selection. London: Institute of Personnel and Development.
Wood, R., & Payne, T. (1998). Competency-based recruitment and selection. Chichester: Wiley.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | May 21, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction:
Value stream mapping is a tool for lean manufacturing developed by Toyota to be implemented on their production system; it uses diagrams to illustrate and examine the current process and tries to improve it. Began as a part of lean manufacturing which is a part of Toyota production system which aims to ensure the efficient flow of materials from when the product begins to be manufactured until it gets completed and value stream mapping helps in monitoring the flow of the production lines to eliminate wastes (Rother and Shook, 2009p.90). According to (Ohno, 1988) Lean manufacturing is a logical method to identify and eliminate waste through continuous improvement by passing the product at the demand of the customer. The aim of this research and reading essay is to demonstrate the effectiveness of value stream mapping as a lean tool and to show its strength and weakness in order to get the highest result and the advantages for using lean over mass production with a focus on the last 10 years.
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Potential Company Wastes
Overproduction– this refers to the production of more than required goods.
Presence of defects– defects to the products may result into waste of production time and cost ineffectiveness.
Inventory– leads to added storage costs of goods and increase in defect rates. Large inventories increase the cost of production leading to higher costs of production.
Transportation– refers to wastes resulting from transportation of goods from and to various destinations. This is a non- valuable activity that is often added in the company operations which should be reduced.
Waiting– this causes waste of time resource. It is crucial for lean manufacturing of the company to reduce waiting of services.
Over processing– refers to unreasonably doing more processing work that is not obligatory to the customer. It leads to increase in costs due to use unnecessarily using more resources than needed.
Motion– walking from one corner to the other unreasonably in the company may slow down the production capacity and speed of the workers (Locher, 2008).
A case study of Northern Industrial Supply Manufacturing Industry
Northern Industrial Supply (NIS) in Australia is a manufacturing corporation that manufactures various electromechanical gadgets. The lead time for the products is approximately seven days from when it is shipped from the factory to the market. The innovation process in value stream mapping mainly focuses on creating favorable current and future stream values maps that will reduce the current lead time by 60% when it is finally implemented. The process will also increase on the industry’s current operations. Purposefully, the company intends to employ lean thinking and lean tools in operations to minimize waste in the manufacturing process.
Value stream mapping (VSM) is a flow chart that uses the language of lean symbols to reduce and illustrate the flow of company’s operational processes. The purpose of VSM is to provide optimum value of electromechanical products to the customers through innovative creation of value and least possible lead time. This case study focuses on Northern Industrial Supply and draws the implementation of innovative stream value map. The managers of the company view implementing the value stream mapping sustainability programs to reduce the cost of production and further increase efficiency.
The company has employed lean manufacturing procedures to reduce the environmental impacts while improving the manufacturing efficiency. According to Rahman (2013), the use of value stream mapping has created the visualization of inputs and output productions. For example, the labour hours and units and materials produced have been implemented to improve the functions. The research done on the company indicated that the expansion of VSM utility has provided a more inclusive picture of the costs of operation that has led to the reduction of production costs. For instance, when used in injection modeling system, there has been potential incredible reduction of energy consumption enhancing energy savings. The benefits of VSM to the manufacturing company are just extraordinary. It has led to the creation of value with robust, flexible and adaptive process. However, VSM is not succinct. It is not analytical process as the management of the value provides the tools for analysis.
Detection and elimination of these wastes in the process of production will help in creating lean environment for the production processes of the company.
The implementation of VSM led to driving of smaller batch sizes hence minimized the work in progress inventory. In electro motives, the cost of operating large machines may lead to voluminous production and then putting off the machines. However, a smaller machine would balance the lean and cost effectiveness. Today, the company uses front line innovations that incorporate lean tools to achieve improvements in operations hence maximizing profits and minimizing losses.
A Case Study of Nickel Electrical Company
Nickel Electrical Company was founded in 1988. It performs commercial, industrial and residential electrical works in Maryland and Virginia. The company has maintained high quality standards and integrity. However, with the changing technology, the company adopted innovative procedures to cut on their costs and increase profits while maintaining customer satisfaction. The use of VSM has enabled the company to measure the flow of information and material in the process of production. The flow of material gives the company exhaustive information about the production process step by step.
The company considers the implementation of VSM as a superior tool to other production tools. VSM permit provision of detailed information that is specific to step of the process. The detailed information provided by value stream mapping include; cycle time, tact time, available time, change over time, number of operators, scrap time, downtime and throughput (Rother and Shook, 2003). The recording of the in depth processes of information enables the manager of processing to note the key areas of improvement and the effects of the adopted improvements.
Electrical consumption is a significant in depth detailed process information that is usually categorized and recorded depending on every step of processing. As illustrated below, VSM conveys information for comparison with another in the process steps. It also provides how the steps contribute to the overall time and value of production. Highlighted in red, is the overall power estimated for each process step. By finding the product of power rating and time available, kilowatt/ hour/day for each process can be determined. Electrical consumption estimation for every step allows the managers of the processes to associate the time and value of production via consumption of electricity. The figure bellow illustrates how VSM will record detailed information of the process steps.
The figure above illustrates the step process finishing with a power rate of 44.2kW with 30% downtime.
Finishing is an area with high consumption of electricity area that should be evaluated for energy improvements and potential processes. In the illustration, finishing is the potential area of improvement to eliminate the leaks in the airline in the step process.
VSM is an effective tool for measuring time and value in electrical consumption. It allows the managers to note the process impacts on reducing consumption of electricity. The process identifies non-value added and value added step processes, which, is important when implementing lean thinking hence eliminating wastes in electrical consumption. By using VSM, electrical consumption is considered to be non-value added and value added that in turn enables the consumers to determine waste of electricity. The company, however, experienced unavailability of raw materials, the VSM inconsistency in leading to cycle time deviations. For instance, the power line was largely affected by inefficiency of the process with high inventory volumes, low uptime, waiting and at times delays in checking the processes.
Companies have developed and validated a clear framework for implementing VSM (Martin & Osterling 2013). This improves the production process performance of industries. As illustrated in the case studies, VSM gives the process managers to an edge to improve the production processes. It enables the management make decisions based on the information from the VSM. Also, the managers have time to evaluate and understand problems and the recommended solutions.
References
Locher, D. (2008). Value stream mapping for lean development: A how-to guide for streamlining time to market. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
Martin, K., & Osterling, M. (2013). Value stream mapping: How to visualize work and align leadership for organizational transformation.
Ohno, K., & International Monetary Fund. (1988). Export pricing behavior of manufacturing: A U.S.-Japan comparison. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Process Map/Value Stream Map. (January 01, 2011). 280-286.
Rahman, H. (July 01, 2013). Open Innovation in Entrepreneurships: Taxonomies of Innovation in Knowledge-Based Economy. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ijeei), 4, 3, 1-15.
Rother, M., Shook, J., & Lean Enterprise Institute LEI (Cambridge). (2009). Value-stream mapping workshop: Participant guide : a learning solution from LEI. Cambridge: Lean Enterprise Institute LEI.
Rother, M., Shook, J., & Lean Enterprise Institute. (2009). Learning to see: Value stream mapping to create value and eliminate muda. Cambridge, MA: Lean Enterprise Institute.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
