by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Is Google stupid?
In the recent years of internet use, Google has become part and parcel of every internet user. From students, teachers, researchers and even politicians we all resort to Google for some users. Some of the answers got are practical while others raise more questions than answers. Several writers have come up with different explanations on the topic is Google Stupid. Nickolas Carry, for instance in his article, Is Google Making us Stupid discusses the effects of Google on the attention span of students and the young because of frequent use of the internet. In his case study, Carry provides evidence to suggest that Google has affected writing and reading skills of most internet users. He suggests since the internet and Google, in particular, are the sources of information, it makes us stupid and makes Google stupid in return. This is a critical analysis of the article, Is Google making us Stupid by Nickolas Carry.
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Reading Carry’s article one notices all the information he uses is from case studies. In addition, he shares his experience using Google. He uses the case study of Bruce Friedman, who acknowledges that he has lost the ability to read and understood any papers. He blames technology for his lack of concentration. I find this argument to be compelling since in my generation we are accustomed to getting all the information from the internet. We are no longer red, books, use our experiences to make decisions. Reading is a skill that is developed over time. Generations that came before the advent of technology are better readers and writers because they did most of their reading and developed this skill. The current generation is used to instantaneous answers; this mentality is what leads to the stupidity associated with Google. Despite the fact that Google is giving us the information we can relate to we need to learn and develop both reading and writing skills and depend less on technology (Carry 3).
Google creates shortcuts for its users. It is this shortcut that results to stupidity among the same users. For example, Carry recognizes that most books, articles, and even magazines are creating shortcuts for their readers. The New York, times well-known magazine has created the last three pages of its editions to provide summaries for their readers. Carry is of the opinion that this has increased laziness. Like Carry, I believe that Google and other search engines are degrading the human brain. This is very harmful especially to the young generations. Soon the world will be full of people who do not know how to read and write; we shall have no writers shortly (Carry 4).
The internet changes the way we think. In his article Carry says he does not think as he used to since the advent of technology and internet use. He says he used to read books and lengthy articles, and he no longer does that. The internet and Google have changed his concentration span; he starts to wonder on the second and third page of any reading. He begins to look for other things to do. He is struggling to read. He admits that this might have resulted to him spending much time online. As a writer, he recognizes that the internet is Godsend to him, he no longer needs to spend much time in the library sweeping through books for his research work. He only needs to make quick Google searches. The internet is quickly becoming a universal medium. The internet has shaped the process of thoughts. At the same time taking way the ability to concentrate. Our minds are quickly expecting to take information the way the internet supplies it. A deep research nd thought is reducing every day. He says that his friend, Scott Karp confessed that he stopped reading books, and this has affected the way he thinks (Carry 5).
From the research conducted by University scholars, it is evident that the intent has changed our reading habits. In the research, it is indicated that we are reading a lot more than we did when the only technology means was the Television. He quickly adds that it is, however, a different kind of reading that comes with a different kind of thinking. Since humans are what they read the internet reading has changed us. The internet promotes a style of reading that puts efficiency and immediacy first. The kind of reading we do online makes us decoders of information; this is because, it disengages our ability to transform and understand the information without distractions. Since reading is not biological skills, we have to train our minds to read and translate the symbolism in readings. The internet affects the neural circuits in our brains. This means that the circuit developed through the reading on the internet is different from that developed by the traditional means of reading books and printed works. Carry gives the example of Nietzsche, who bought typewriter and mastered its use. This, however, affected his style of writing, he wrote in short forms. The internet has done everything for us, for example when typing few paragraphs on the computer we realize that the keyboard already makes predictions of the next word. Writing is n equipment to our thoughts, for instance, in the case of Nietzsche, his thoughts changed from arguments to puns and telegram style.
Technology use has affected in the way we express ourselves. The use of Google and other search engines effects do not end t the close of the computer screen. It changes our attitudes; the internet plays a major role in our lives than the human brain. Acknowledged by the Google Chief Executive, Eric Schmidt, the role of Google is to systematize everything. From the information searched in the Engine, the company carries out series of experiments. The experiment results then refine the algorithm that increases control on how people find information and extract the meaning from it. This means that Google is trying to control the human mind, especially through the decision-making process. The Google search engine is constantly being developed to ensure that the results obtained are exactly what the user wants.
The working of the internet suggests that our minds should operate at the same speeds the search engines. The faster we browse through the internet pages the more results and links we access. In return Google and other search engines collect this information giving us quick outputs. The companies do not want to encourage slow, leisure and thoughtful reading because his will be bad for their business. For example, when the first Gutenberg Printing Press arrived, there was worry that the easy availability of books will result in intellectual laziness would weaken our minds. Another argument was that that availability of cheaply printed books would undermine religious authority demeaning the work of scholars. The internet is replacing the printing press and introducing something new altogether. Deep reading is distinguished from deep thinking(Carry 4).
Although Carry’s article makes lots of sense, there are some benefits associated with Google. For example, Google has resulted in the equality of education all over the world. As long as one has Smartphone and a computer, they can access and use the internet improving their education skills in return. The different cultural experiences are part of learning. People have the ability to read and discuss topics. Google also offers education regarding pictures; pictures tell stories more than words. More and more people are sharing their pictures together with their experiences in different aspects of life. This education aspect is something that Carry feels to mention in his article. Sharing experiences with each other does not make us stupid, and neither does it make Google stupid.
In his article, Carry recognizes the development of writing by the Socrates and admits that writing was developed to prevent people forgetting important facts of life. Carry laments that technology tinkers his brain. I feel that the older generation like Carry’s is finding the internet difficult to use and that they find it hard to deal with the vast amount of information available on Google. The human brain does not need to change due to technology use since it is the same brain that developed the internet. He also argues that the internet will not allow intellectual vibrations; intellect development is a choice and focus. The internet users need to be responsible (Carry 6).
Conclusion
Is Google making us stupid makes valid arguments but also ignores certain benefits associated with Google use. The internet is everywhere, and much more advances are being made to increase its efficiency. Google use has affected and changed our reading skills and has affected with our train of thoughts. It is less possible to concentrate on an internet article than printed book. The increased easy access to summaries has also increased laziness especially among students and writers. Internet reading has introduced a new kind of reading that is slowly affecting the way we think. Carry uses evidence from reach conducted to explain the fact that Google is making us more stupid.
However, Carry forgets that there are good things associated with Google use. The main purpose of technology is to make easy life n efficient. Carry explains that he is not the only one being affected by technology use. He uses studies on the internet behavior suggesting that internet use contributes to the way we think. His arguments re even more credible because he uses the sources to explains his arguments. Further, he suggests that Google, for instance, use the search results to create more results that would appeal to the human mind. In this regard he says humans are going to be like machines posing the question to the reader about the future of the human mind and knowledge. It is possible to read and lose our concentration on printed text, instead of wasting so much time, why not search for a summary of the reading this is where Google steps in, it provides us with such summaries. Google use has also increased our education and increased easy access to education. People from all walks of life have the ability to discuss different topics online. At the same time the ability to share pictures sharing their life experiences.
Works Cited
Carr, Nicholas. “Is Google Making Us Stupid? (Cover Story).” Atlantic 302.1 (2008): 56-63. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2015
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
Fences is a play that was written by the 1950’s famed writer Wilson August. The play revolves around a middle aged father who is in the day to day struggle of providing for his own family. Day to day, the father faces challenges of work and lack of sufficient resources to provide for his own children. Troy in the past was an excellent baseball player, one whom it is implied would have been great had he been of a different race. The play is set in an era when the African American was not considered so successful. Therefore, even though his talent would have brought him fame and fortune in the major leagues, he does not get the chance.
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Troy during the middle of the play begins to have an affair which results in the birth of his daughter Raynell. Alberta, his lover however dies during child birth and Troy’s wife opts to adopt the happy girl. Several these have arisen from this short play, with many writers especially revolving on the theme of racism. However, (Wooden 123 ) opts and analyzes a new theme, one that has been rarely considered. This is the fences that Troy has developed around his own role of fatherhood. There have been articles written on the topic of the play, which is fences. The play itself has nothing to do with actual fences which are not even mentioned in the play. However, fences seems to be a symbolic topic with regard of what to expect from the play itself. However, few articles and criticisms have focused on the role of troy as a father and the challenges he encounters and limits he builds upon himself with the same role.
Role of Fatherhood in the Play
Troy and Lyon: the first encounter we have of troy as a father is in the scene when Lyon comes to borrow money from his father. The amount may seem meagre by today’s standards but $10 in that era and with the amount troy is earning as a garbage collector. During this scene we see Troy’s disapproval of the choices that Lyon has made. Even with the promise that he would return his money, Lyon is met with a resistant wall. In fact during the play, troy is quite harsh in refusing the loan. (Wooden 124) shows that this is unexpected. The son seems to think that like all fathers, his father will be delighted to give him the loan. The refusal therefore comes as a shock. It seems that troy does not believe in providing any assistance to his children. Is children are expected to struggle much in the same way as he has himself. Children are expected to find their own way in life without any assistance from their father. However, Troy is not as mean as this writer has put him out to be. Despite refusing to give the money at first, when persuaded by his wife he is more than happy to loan Lyon the money. He may have his own doubts about the payment, even doubts about the career of his own son and the decisions that he makes but he still loans him the money. This is indeed a sacrifice considering that he is not earning much himself h is struggling to make any ends meet but he makes the sacrifice on behalf on his own son as a father.
Troy and Gabriel: Gabriel is one of Troy’s sons who does not feature much in the play. In fact, we only hear of him in reference to the money for purchasing the house. Gabriel was in the military as one gathers from the play and during this time, he was severely injured and left traumatized, and he now lives at home at the care of his own parents. Gabriel received some money from the military in lieu of his injury. The money which is mentioned in the first act was what was used to purchase the house which the family lives in. while (Wooden 124) states that the purchase of the house was indeed a selfish move. He suggests that the money could have been used for treatment of Gabriel or simply in the interest of Gabriel. However, it is clear that Troy indeed cares for his own son, because he does not blow the money on cars or luxuries for himself but instead purchases a home ensuring his so care for his whole family.
Troy and Cory: this is the most explored fatherhood relationship in the play. Cory is talented in baseball, perhaps even more than his own father. Cory has a dream to pursue a career in sports. However, his father vehemently refuses to give him that chance to even start a career. It is to be remembered that the only baseball troy was able to play was while in prison. The problem therefore comes when his son is completely set I undertaking and making a career out of his own talent. The father and son, have a major argument with the father completely refusing to bulge in his decision. Since he is inconsistent, perhaps even using hostile language in his anger, Troy ends up throwing out his own son. According to (Wooden 123) an ideal father would support his son despite the personal feelings that he has against his sons choices. In supporting him, he would ensure that his own son has a secure environment through which he can explore his goals and desires. Refusing to support his own and ultimately throwing him out is indeed the biggest betrayal of troy.
However, this may not be exactly true. Troy is not refusing because of personal feelings, he is not jealous of his son as many others have suggested. In the past when troy realized he had talent, he attempted to take part in baseball professionally. He sort out teams and perhaps attempted to show off what he had, that is talent. However, all he received was hatred and racism because of the color of his skin. Simply because he was black, he had some negative experiences in that world. It is for his reason that he tells his best friend, he will not allow his son to enter the world of baseball. He is afraid of the hatred his sign will encounter in the pursuit of a career in sport. Discrimination will not occur because he lacks talent or is short of charisma but simply because he is black. Therefore, even though he is proud of his son, he would rather lose him than allow him to enter a world where his protection will not be sufficient. He does all this for the good of his son.
Troy and Raynell: Raynell is the daughter of Troy, a product of the affair he had with Alberta. The young girl is orphaned during birth. In itself, the act of adultery as per (Wooden 125) shows a weakness in his role of fatherhood. He also seems to be unaware of the pregnancy until he is informed of the birth of his own daughter. He also does not seem to be psychologically prepared for his role as a father. He has not planned how the young girl will fit into the family. It is only when his wife offers that he accepts to take her own as his daughter and that of Rose. However, this writer seems to completely ignore the final scene where Raynelle is seen hopping and prancing around like a content, happy little girl who has no worry in anything. This means that he has received sufficient attention, love and care from Troy in the seven years preceding his death.
CONCLUSION
(Wooden 123) seems bent on portraying Troy as a poor father, who not only lacks in resources but also in his own ability to sufficiently care for his children. He seems to imagine that Troy is lacking in the emotions that make an ideal father. However, it can be seen that all of Troy’s actions are designed to support and show love for his children. In fact at the final scene during his funeral, his wife carefully states that he may have been stubborn and bullheaded but despite it all he was a man who loved his son. Troy therefore may have been poor in expressing himself, but he is indeed a good father in the standards of society.
Work Cited
Wooden, Isaiah M. “Fences (review).” Theatre Journal. 63.1 (2011): 123-125
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
In Barbara Ehrenreich’s History of Collective Joy, humans used to partake in various celebrations, events, and rituals. The occasions were either festive such as Brazilian carnival or somber like if funerals (Ehrenreich 5). It comprised individuals escorted by pipes, drums, masks, and costumes, dancing and singing along the streets. These celebrations were regular and officially sanctioned among various communities. The author gives clear information on the reasons for the occurrence of these special events among communities. She explains the development stages, which the ceremonies passed through until the 21st century, and the role played by the events to participants (Ehrenreich 57). The main basis of this essay is to provide detailed information about the rituals, clear evaluation and analysis of the history of collective joy by Barbara Ehrenreich.
The rituals began with cave drawing and developed to celebrations of religious rites, weddings, preparations for war, healings, and sports events today. Ehrenreich suggests the application of harmonizing individual activities to a group occasions. The events occurrence required special components including beverages, food, costumes, body painting, masks, headgear, and music and dancing. They happened along streets in a parade, procession, cycle, or athletic contests. The main reasons were celebrations such as the rite of passage, weddings or harvest bounties, and consolation in situations of funerals. However, with little knowledge of the rituals in the Western culture, they consider the celebrations as primeval distractions. The western culture triggered the ban of traditional rituals among Naive Americans and slaves from Africa. Apart from the European cultures, others also perceive dance celebrations as spiritual and social revolutionary.
According to Ehrenreich (2007), expressing joy through ceremonies are as distinctive as the pursuit of shelter and meeting the consumer needs. In the case of the café, the consumers often need to eat, fresh and tastefully prepared food. The group excitement during the movement and signings created an involvement of shared pleasure that was both pleasant and therapeutic. The celebrations made a big difference compared to communicating verbally. The participants perceived the overjoyed feelings as an uninterrupted experience of their gods, non-interceded by clerics and translators. The attempt of the early churches to stop the entertaining services such as singing, dancing, and speaking in tongue, discouraged free childhood experience especially on their relationship with the fathers. Roethke contributes to an expression by the congregation. People got the motive to make collective gatherings, where they could celebrate their achievements with minimal or no restrictions.
Similar symbolism and rituals continued to exist until today in spite of encountering various challenges. Individuals celebrate the outcome and result of sports, examination results, political favors, and other life success. For instance, people appreciate the Olympic Game results by taking their best drinks and putting on relevant costumes to the team their supportive teams. According to the routine, players from various teams wear team costumes before the game begin. The parade and waving of national flag during the opening of the ceremonies especially in the Olympic Games and public holidays are major symbols of the celebrations. Besides, there is torch lighting at the beginning of the game, and the national anthem played during the medal ceremonials, which entertains the guests and spectators hence creating a sense of belonging.
The ancient Greek practiced dances and cave drawing in masks and costumes as the major part of their art. They had groundbreaking anniversaries like uplifting marches, military parades, and officers in uniforms (Ehrenreich 15). Missionaries never got pleased with the strange rituals they witnessed among Africans. However, the dancing, fire-lighting, outfits, African music, chanting and drumming drew the close and motivated their participation in such events. Similarly, today sports fans have their caps, jerseys, and t-shirts outfits decorated with the logo of their favorite teams. Some supporters endorse face and body painting depending on the team colors. They enjoy the music, songs, group movements, the screaming, and sway.
Today, public events such as holidays, ground openings, and congregations recognize and appreciate the existence of the traditional rituals. These ceremonies always begin with music and dances from different cultures with participants costumed in their special outfits. They have similar reasons for their occurrence such as the celebration of success by the nation or an individual achievement, just like the traditional rituals. For instance, the clan elders announced an occasion and a day set for it, where all came together to celebrate the outcome might be from wars, harvest or natural resource benefits. People attended with animals for slaughtering, food that nourishes love enhancing its growth and development. The comparison of music to food, and drinks accompanied by drumming, dances, and wise sayings.
The communal nature of humans, the motive to civilization cannot fully eradicate the compulsion for collective festivities. In spite of the strength and comfort, people get from strong family ties, religions, and institutions, the creation of opportunities for group experience and expression of joy is very important. The freedom of expression, especially where people are together with their friends and relatives, creates an opportunity to understand and appreciate one another. Most people prefer an individualist model of a lifestyle without realizing that it only adds boredom and loneliness in life. Traditional rituals, events, and ceremonies should not fade away as people try to accommodate civilization in the modern world.
Work cited:
Ehrenreich, Barbara. Dancing in the Streets: A History of Collective Joy. London: Granta Books, 2007. Print.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Introduction
Knowledge has a wide range of definition, to others knowledge is wisdom and the ability to think and solve difficult situations. Locke one of the famously known philosophers defines knowledge as having connection, agreement or disagreement of ideas. Locke’s definition is tied to the objective of knowledge. In the doctrine of recollection, knowledge is said to exist within every human being (Hill, 2006). Plato equates knowledge to perception. Aristotle, on the other hand, is of the view that knowledge are the ideas and opinions a person has and people gain knowledge with the help of educators (Aristotle, 1976). Additionally the doctrine states that this knowledge is brought to life by recollection. According to Plato and Aristotle, knowledge is recollection. They also emphasize the need to distinguish real knowing from the knowing of the professors’ and experts that sell information to the highest bidder. In this paper, we shall discuss beliefs of these two philosophers and the reasons for their belief. We shall also explain why people may have access to information but have little understanding of the knowledge they possess.
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The Phaedo theory of recollection is a theory of learning; it explains that for one to understand any subject they must be able to tell the kind of learning. On the other hand, Socrates is of the opinion that recollection is only possible if we have the form in mind through our senses and perceptions. Socrates therefore, is of the view that all human beings are capable of recollection Phaedo divides the theory of recollection into ordinary interpretations or learning and the complicated interpretations. The complicated interpretation is only possible for philosophers while the ordinary one is applicable to all human beings. In the complicated interpretation, there is philosophical in nature and supports the understanding and reflection of an argument.
Plato recognizes in the doctrine of recollection that learning requires common sense and that recollection is achievable by all. Through the discussion between Cebes and Simmias on the theory of forms. In this discussion, Socrates makes it clear that he is interested in the origin of knowledge claiming that he and Simmias have equality. The doctrine of recollection supports Cebes claim that knowledge is achieved from previous experiences. Plato explains that when people are faced with problems and trying to find solutions to the problems, they always recall on previous experiences to determine what the right way of solving that problem is. Plato draws this theory from the Learners paradox. In the learners, paradox explains how someone can learn something even when the concept is new to them. The theory of recollection solves the learner’s paradox. The paradox is an inquiry of when does someone know something they cannot learn; it means; therefore, a person cannot know what they do not know, and they can neither look for it or find a way to learn it. Looking at the paradox one notices the challenges it introduces to learning. Learning involves inquiry of knowledge of something we are not aware of, and when such a person lacks the ability to learn then, they are likely not to learn anything at all (Franklin, 2005).
On the other hand, Aristotle believes that when only stops the efforts of learning if they realize their potential. He called the process of realization of potential to actualizing it as causation. According to Aristotle, human beings are always in search of good things in life such as happiness to realize their potential. Happiness can only be achieved through the decision-making process. It is for this reason that a person attends school in their childhood to realize their potential as an adult. Aristotle believed in the human soul emphasizing on the life experiences. He was of the view that experience guarantees knowledge about different aspects of life. In his paper, Nicomachean Ethics presents the ability of one living a rational life. It is easy to tell people of good character by their previous encounters and associations (Aristotle, 1976). Through the incorporation of psychological notions Aristotle came up with distinct ideas, the first idea explains the rations thinker, and the other promotes reasonable emotions. Aristotle theory of recollection of knowledge is more advanced, in the sense that it emphasizes a balance between emotions and intelligence. Intelligence or Knowledge is acquired through experiences and the right or wrong choices we have to make. In his theory, Aristotle believes that knowledge is a recollection of the experience.
In my opinion, the theory of recollection supports learning and acquisition of speech. Consequently, I agree that the complicated or sophisticated interpretation and learning is achievable by philosophers. It is important to compare ordinary learning to the complicated learning for the purpose of recollection of knowledge. To understand best the theory of recollection, I would recommend that we distinguish between the philosophical arguments in the theory from the ordinary argument of learning. Plato’s theory of recollection is more focused on the acquisition of speech, and how we think. Learning is important because it provides us with resources for philosophical learning and reflection. From the theory of recollection, we can conclude that there exist two kinds of learning the ordinary and complicated learning. We, therefore, need to distinguish real knowing from the knowing exhibited of professionals.
This section shall discuss the importance of distinguishing ‘real knowing’ from the knowing professed by experts who sell useful information as a commodity to the highest bidder. Plato explains real knowing as the understanding of ideas. Real knowing is achieved through soul searching. Plato adds that real knowing is only achievable by philosophers and, for this reason, can transform themselves into gods unique from normal human beings. Plato quickly points out that it is possible for the common human being to attain knowledge even if he has a deficiency in the platonic ideal. To explain this concept he uses an example of a prisoner who takes photographs of the real world. This clouds his mind, has to free from the illusions, and brought to light. The problem is that the prisoner is so trapped in the fake world that they cannot help themselves and, therefore, have to be assisted. A teacher is then brought to ask the prisoner questions jolting them to reality (Goldberg 2009). Consequently, human beings have emotions and desires that cloud their judgment. The work of the teacher is to guide the prisoner and prepare him to make and accept rational arguments. In this way, he will realize the right from wrong.
In his Socratic works, Plato explains that true knowledge only exists with those that are capable of realizing the actual reality of the experiences of life. He adds that to understand the world; people must go through a difficult education. For leaders he says, they must perceive the world forms of goodness to be well informed. Learners must be taught the need to recall the knowledge they acquire in school in all forms. This kind of interpretation is important and applicable to the day-to-day life. For example is one wants to be a good surgeon, they must master all forms surgery and understand the important tools in surgery. Another example would be for an individual intending to study architecture; they must be able to recall knowledge of all forms of building designs, road designs, and the kinds of brick to use. It means, therefore, recalling of the necessary knowledge in the field one is interested in is important and if one has no such knowledge, then it is only appropriate if they do not study that particular course. We are all different; some are good in mathematics while others are best in languages.
In this regard, Plato emphasizes that only certain people are fit to be leaders. This he says are the people who understand the complicated interpretation in the theory of recollection of knowledge. Since Philosophers are the only people he places in this category, he explains that they are the only ones capable of being leaders. Philosophers have the capability of separating their emotions in decision-making situations and have the ability to differentiate the forms of knowledge.
It is, therefore, imperative to make a distinction between real knowledge and the knowledge of experts. Onora O’Neill in his paper titled Experts, Practitioners, and Practical Judgment recognizes the need for this distinction stating that experts have the capability of failing to give the correct decision (O’Neill, 2007). Experts are prone to incompetence judgments in principle and rule situations. For example, he says that a jurist and physicians, who have done well in school, have the capability of not giving practical solutions. This means that they have only mastered the body of theory but have little or no practice knowledge.
Conclusion
The Platonic theory explains that knowledge is acquired at birth and is developed through learning experiences. Plato explains that sometimes when faced with difficult situations we have to make the right decision but we do not know if w have the knowledge to so. The Aristotle theory is of the views that knowledge is obtained from life experiences. When one is faced with a difficult situation, they draw from their previous experiences through a comparison mechanism. It is important to distinguish real knowing from the kind of knowledge by experts. This is because real knowledge as per Plato’s definition has ideas. We are only capable of achieving real knowing through soul searching. The theory of recollection has both the philosophical and the ordinary learning theories. The Philosophical interpretation explains the ability to separate emotions from ideas and opinions and is only achievable by philosophers. The ordinary interpretation, on the other hand, is achievable by all human beings. In this paper, I have defined knowledge from the perspective of Plato and Aristotle. I have also explained the meaning of the theory of knowledge recollection from the perspective of both Philosophers. In the paper, I have also discussed the importance of differentiating real knowledge from the knowledge of experts.
References
Aristotle (1976) The Nicomachean Ethics (‘Ethics’), Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Franklin, L. (2005). Recollection and Philosophical Reflection in Plato’s Phaedo. Phronesis, 50(4), 289-314. doi:10.1163/156852805774481379
Goldberg, S. (2009). Experts, Semantic and Epistemic. Nous, 43(4), 581-598. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2009.00720.
Hill, B. (2006). Reconciling Locke’s Definition of Knowledge with Knowing Reality. Southern Journal Of Philosophy, 44(1), 91-105.
O’Neill, O. (2007). Experts, Practitioners, and Practical Judgement. Journal Of Moral Philosophy, 4(2), 154-166. doi:10.1177/1740468107079246
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
by Herman Bailey | Feb 24, 2023 | Essays |
Rosalind Krauss in “Sculpture in the Expanded Field” discuss the transformation in the field of art particularly sculpture. She explores the diversification that has led to the broadening of sculpture definition and structure that was evident in the second half of the twentieth century. Sculpture widened to include medium such as photography, mirrors and books. Krauss was an art critic and through her ideas expressed in the Sculpture in the extended field contributed greatly to the transition from contemporary art (sculpture). Krauss attempted to redefine sculpture arguing that it should include real societal issues advocating for artist to be able to freely and fully express themselves in their work.
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Krauss ideas criticize the authenticity and uniqueness of sculpture being based on defined specific predetermine structures. Her ideas are associated with structuralism since they attempt to define the structure of postmodernism sculpture as neither landscape nor architecture. For instance, she suggests the use of landscape and architecture in bringing about the changes required to transform the sculpture field that she felt was not entirely serving its purpose as implied by Krauss[1]. Hal[2] claims that Krauss believed modernism is limiting as it is dominated by specific forms and structures that are used to define sculpture; art such as sculpture is categorized based on particular assumptions and prejudice that limits the extent of artists’ creativity. On the other hand, she beliefs postmodernism allows artists to overcome the constraints of post modernism enabling them to absorb and explore a wide range of ideas in their work. Krauss beliefs the shift to postmodernism began in the nineteenth century when the site of sculpture was abandoned and artists began to express themselves in their work. She cites the work of She of Rodin’s, Gates of Hell and his statute of Balzac as examples of works that expressed personality.
Krauss suggests that sculpture ought to be defined by logical operations as well implying that sculpture should attempt to bring out reality. Krauss beliefs that sculpture should express societal issues affecting human life like culture and politics. Traditionally, sculpture has been based on landscape and architecture thus creating a rift between them and human beings. She therefore, assumes that diversifying would bring the sculptures closer to the human world while retaining their aesthetic value and originality as implied by Krauss[3].
Hal[4] says that Krauss’ theory is associated with Greenberg’s theories as she is believed to have continued with his work. Just like Greenberg, she believed that traditional definition of art (sculpture) overlooked factors that affected human existence such as culture and politics completely ignoring the society and every major thing associated with it as she advocates for logical operations inclusion in the description of sculpture.
Krauss evaluation of the transformation as well as expansion of sculpture is intriguing and exclusive. Her critics of areas in the sculpture field that needed redefinition are realist and reasonable especially her advocacy of the inclusion of societal issues in the description of sculpture. Art is not supposed to sideline human beings as they are the center of the universe thus I second her idea of integrating sculpture into human life by communicating factors that affects humans as affirmed Hal[5].
In conclusion, Krauss looks into the broadening of the sculpture field that saw its transformation during the nineteenth century when its site was abandoned. On her opinion, the definition of sculpture widened to an extent it included wide range of medium such as books, photography, lines on walls and mirrors. Postmodernism saw sculptors’ aiming to express themselves in their work freely incorporating their ideas and perception of society. She seems to second the notion of basing sculpture on real life issues instead of distancing it from humanity.
References
Foster, Hal. Art Since 1900: Modernism, Antimodernism, Postmodernism. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2011.
Rosalind, Krauss. Sculpture in the Expanded Field. MIT, 1979.
.
Krauss, Rosalind. Sculpture in the Expanded Field. (MIT, 1979), 10 ↑
Hal Foster, Art Since 1900: Modernism, Antimodernism, Postmodernism (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2011), 23 ↑
Ibid., 14 ↑
Ibid., 24 ↑
Ibid,30 ↑
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
