Chronic conditions can be described as conditions of health that require continuous management in a period of years or even decades. Chronic Renal Failure is defined as an irreversible long-term condition, explained as continuous kidney function loss (McCarthy et al., 2011). In the 21st century, these conditions have been named as the largest challenge the health sector faces. Chronic renal disease is increasingly becoming a global epidemic. It most often leads to a gradual decline in the functioning of the kidney. The major and common causes of Chronic Renal Failure are; diabetes mellitus, hypertension, kidney diseases, and kidney artery stenosis. The most obvious and common symptoms of this failure may include dark urine, anemia, blood in urine, and decreased alertness of the mental.
In most cases, a patient is usually there for a different medical condition, and failure of the renal system is often the result of the injuries or the disease the patient is suffering from. In situations of patients who have this disease as a result of high blood pressure, diabetes, or any other associated medical condition, the medical team usually follows up on the functions of the kidney as a part and parcel of the long-term plan. Normally, the most common way of diagnosing this failure is by a blood test. The blood tests done to diagnose this failure are creatinine, BUN, and GRF. These methods are used to determine the accumulation of wastes and waste products in the blood. The other way of diagnosis is the urine test. This can be done to find the measurement of protein amount, recognize the availability of abnormal cells in the renal system, and also to measure the electrolyte concentration in the system (Tonelli, 2013). The glomerular filtration rate is another test done to measure the rate of glomerular filtration. It helps to compare the rate of waste products in the blood and urine of the patient.
Treatment
Currently, there is no cure for CRF. However, it has been noticed that therapy can assist in controlling the symptoms, it can also help in the reduction of complication risks, and lastly, it may help in slowing down the disease progression. These patients need a large number of medications. The treatments may include the following; first and foremost, Anemia treatment. Since hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen all over the body, in low amounts, the given patient suffers from anemia. Some patients with CRF who suffer from anemia will need blood transfusions. These patients in most cases will have no choice but to take supplements of iron to help increase the hemoglobin level.
Secondly, there is the treatment of high blood pressure. High blood pressure can be said to be a very common problem that patients with CRF undergo. In this case, it is of importance to bring down the blood pressure of these patients so that their kidneys can be protected and most definitely help slow down the progress of the disease. The third form of treatment of CRF is kidney dialysis. This is defined as the removal of excess fluids and waste products from the blood in cases where the kidneys have failed to perform their job. Dialysis can be done in two types. The first one is hemodialysis. In this case, blood is pumped into a dialyzer from the patient’s body for purification. The second one is peritoneal dialysis. In this type of dialysis, the filtration of the blood is done in the patient’s abdomen. A catheter is then implanted into a patient’s abdomen whereby a dialysis solution is filled and then drained out for the time it takes to get rid of excess fluids and wastes (Francisco and Pinera, 2012).
Conclusion
Chronic Renal Failure can be controlled in the various treatment methods that have been listed above. The patients are also advised to visit therapy if necessary to give them a chance to talk about how they feel. This helps them be free with their life despite their current life situation. An individual is also advised to visit healthcare in cases where they see these symptoms that have been listed. Lastly, people with CRF should choose their diets carefully to avoid more complications than they already have.
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This text is very important for studying rhetoric because of two main reasons. First of all, it specifically poses the question of how gender can be theorized beyond the sexual differences limits, and the constraints the notion has imposed on the critical thought of the feminist. Based on the Foucault’s theory of sexuality, the conceptual premise of the text proposes that gender also is al product of different technologies such as institutional discourses, cinema, critical practices and epistemologies. This implies that it does not only focus on academic criticism but majorly on cultural and social practices (Lauretis 3). This makes it important for rhetoric study.
Another major important reason for the text in rhetoric study is that the text has gone past Foucault, whose “technology of sex” critique only addressed a differential solicitation of female and male subjects. This essay by Lauretis further considered Althusser’s ideological interpellation theory potential, with regard to gender understanding as self-representation (Lauretis 7).
This text by Helene Cixous is very important for the study of rhetoric because of two main reasons. The first reason is the smiling image of medusa whch Cixous in her book calls the women to write about their bodies. “Write! Writing is you are for you, for you, and your body is yours, so take it” (Cixous 392). The smiling image of medusa in the book of Cixous represents complexities existing in the discursive space between feminism and rhetoric. As much as the literary work of Cixous seems to be the unlikely starting point for reconstructing and revising rhetorical theory, its importance in the study of rhetoric is evident because it seeks and intervene strategically in the public sphere. That is women’s call to intervene discursively in the public sphere.
The text is also important in studying rhetoric because it posits what must and can be done by women if they are to intervene effectively in the public sphere either through oral or written discourse. She says that women can enrich both feminist and rhetorical theory and criticism. Cixous has boldly attempted articulating a rigorous concept that is philosophical of feminine writing or écriture feminine. “There is no writing inscribing femininity. Writing has been the locus for women subjugation and is marked. However, writing now allows space for thoughts that are subversive” (Cixous 394)
Luce Irigaray, “The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine”
This text is important for studying rhetoric because of its essentialist feminism approach. Irigaray through her essay addressed the concerns of feminist and even advanced their ideals in the society that is male driven and male centered. The essay is important because its main goal was to help women in understanding how to initiate gender discourse effectively and appropriately. This is because it is when the society will construct ideal feminine revealed as inferior (Irigaray, 790).
The essay is also important for rhetoric because Irigaray in her essay discussed how women can start establishing a voice for themselves, and to break through the hostile barriers and male-oriented constructs. She cautions women that openly and directly verbally challenging the system draws attention to the feminine who is victimized. She says that from the beginning of women’s lives, they have been imposed by presumptions of what constitutes a woman in a society.” One must assume the role of a woman deliberately which imply readiness to convert the subordination form into an affirmation, and hence start thwarting it” (Irigaray 795).
Work cited
De, Lauretis T. Technologies of Gender: Essays on Theory, Film, and Fiction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. Print.
Helene, Cixous. The Laugh of the Medusa: a Bibliography. Santa Cruz, CA: Reference and Research Services, 1977. Print.
Irigaray, Luce. The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine. London: Continuum, 2004. Print.
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Respondents may provide answers that are not accurate
Respondents may be uncomfortable providing answers that portray them as unfavorable
Close ended questions of survey may have lower rate of validity
Data errors due to non-responses
Semi structured interviews
Advantages of semi structured interviews
Easy to analyze and fairly reliable
Fairly sensitive and flexible
Large amount of detail is generated
Questions can be designed in advance allowing the interviewer to be prepared for the interview
It allows the respondents to express their views in their own ways
it can provide comparable, reliable qualitative data
has specifically targeted audiences
Disadvantages of semi structured interviews
No guarantee of the participant’s honesty
Inference of Cause and effect cannot be provided
Interview of flexibility may reduce its reliability
It requires interviewing skills
Need data analysis skills
Resource intensive and time consuming
Confidentiality must be ensured
Question 2
Experimental designs
It is often difficult to generalize the results of experimental designs which are often criticized based on the size of the sample, the sampling design and the time within which the research was conducted. However, generalization of results is often possible is the following conditions are met:
The sample should be selected in such a manner that it is completely representative of the population under study. This means that researchers apply non-random sampling techniques in order to ensure that all aspects of behavior, physical characteristics and economic conditions of the population are represented.
The sample should also provide data so that it is possible for statistics to be applied in the entire population. Since behaviors possible change over time, the data needs to be spread over different time lines and therefore different eras. This is the only way that the results can be generalized. The statistics need to reflect the difference in time.
Question 3
Positivist versus interpretive epistemology
Positivist epistemology is based more on scientific research where facts are as they are. However, even for the major scientific subjects it has become obvious that research interpretation is more subjective as well as relative to the existing knowledge and set of behavior. Two experiments conducted in the same conditions, using similar resources and by the same researcher are more likely to yield differing results. In addition two researchers conducting the same research using the same conditions, again are most likely to get different results. This is the basis on interpretive epistemology, where knowledge is interpreted on the basis of the researcher.
Question 4
Survey design
Surveys are often much easier to design than other experimental methods. The following conditions are necessary to ensure a successful survey design:
Define objectives: the survey design comes after the objectives have been set. The entire research works backwards from the objectives. With the objectives, researchers can determine which kind of data they require and therefore design the research to fit into the expected data.
Pilot studies are vital for determining the validity and reliability of the research design. Researchers choose a similar population, with similar characteristics upon which the pilot study is conducted. The study allows researchers to determine validity of the research instruments and reliability of the same.
Biasness is one of the greatest concerns in the survey design. Survey researchers are prone to asking leading question, implementing research designs that are considered to be leading in terms of selection and analysis of the data. It is therefore important to note the concept of biasness and take steps to avoid the same.
Question 5
Benefits of comparative analysis
Comparative analysis allows the researcher to compare two aspects of research and find out the effects of each on the other. This is vital for scientific research but also the social research, where researchers can determine which aspects of nature, economy and other variables affect and can influence behavior of individuals.
Comparative analysis can also be used to compare variables and changes in research over time. Spatial and time analyses are often the most common and most sought after forms of comparative analysis. Research conducted at different times is an ideal way to increase understanding of subject matter.
Question 6
Confidence level
Confidence level is often defined as the uncertainty of the researcher with regard to the sampling technique and the choice of population under study. Since the sample is often used in making generalizations, it is often important to determine the certainty level of population parameters. The confidence level has the advantage of determining the best sampling technique which will result is a lower confidence interval. As such generalization becomes easier and more reliable.
Question 7
Ethics in participant research
The main ethical issues in participant observation as informed and voluntary consent. Researchers face a dilemma where informed consent may change the behavior of the population under research distorting the true data. On the other hand, lack of information could lead to legal problems where data has been gathered without consent. In addition, it is difficult for the researcher to gain voluntary consent without affecting or altering the behavior of the population under research. Should the subjects opt out of the research, the researcher must relinquish all data concerned with them. All respondents need to be protected from any ill effects that could arise from the research and this falls on the shoulders of the researcher.
When it comes to participant research, explaining the objectives of the research in detail may not be necessary. This is because there are higher chances of the respondents and participants altering their behavior in the presence of the researcher. The presence of the researcher in itself is likely to change and alter behavior. This is because people change when something new or a new element in their environment. Data may also not be as generalizable as other forms of research simply because it includes the subjectivity of the researcher who in himself could alter results and become emotionally involved.
Question 8
Validity and reliability
When it comes to research establishing validity and reliability s completely vital to ensure that one has usable data as per the objectives set for the research. However, there is often a confusion when it comes to which is most important. Validity speaks to the content of the research instruments and their ability to gather the expected data. On the other hand, reliability speaks of the consistency of the instrument to gather the same data over time. It is important to note that when validity has already been established, it follows that consistency comes automatically and vice versa. Reliability is a component of validity, therefore establishing validity concludes that reliability has indeed been covered. Researchers, who focus on validity and reliability separately, tend to find that they become confusing and the process is unending and therefore futile. However focusing on ensuring that research instruments are valid, is simple in itself and ensures consistency as well.
Question 9
Quasi experiments
Quasi experiments are much easier to generalize as well as administer and set up. They are most ideal in conditions where the random sampling techniques would not only be possible but also quite unethical. For researchers, it takes much shorter time therefore to set up the experiment, conduct it and indeed establish the results. The researcher can also choose which variables they need to include within the element. Unlike other forms of research, quasi experiments allow manipulation of all variables as the researcher wishes.
However it is often hard to determine and experiment the effects of confounding variables. These are variables that affect the research data but are not necessarily observable such as attitude, feelings and emotions. In addition, the lack of random sampling brings in questions of internal validity which becomes quite hard and in some cases impossible to establish within the research. The data is also considered much weaker as opposed to other forms of research whose data can be easily accepted in academia.
Question 10
Tips for semi structured interviews
Prepare a guide: it is important to ensure that the guide covers important aspects of information that are necessary for the research. Lack of a guide often leads to collection of unnecessary information, waste of time and sometimes lack of data to complete some objectives.
Follow up: the interview allows for an opportunity to ask follow up questions, which provide an excellent chance to enrich data within one sitting. In fact in a sitting, researchers can collect an excellent amount of data.
Make records: it is possible to actually miss out on information even when listening keenly. Where possible make record of the interview allowing the researcher to go back and confirm information.
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Feminism is introduced by Mary Shelly with the emergence of numerous issues that began emerging in the Victorian age. The Victorian age was the beginning of England’s vast range of changes as well as difficulties. The Industrial Revolution resulted in drastic changes in the living conditions of the citizens; eventually, this resulted in a drastic change within the economy, it brought an overall change to the economy, changes ranging from the industrial sector up to the agricultural sector. Furthermore, the Victorian Era marked significant progress as well as great achievements. The religion, as well as faith within society, placed unrealistic values and roles for the women. Stevenson through the ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ presents no female characters who stood out as a primary or major character within the entire narration. Whereas women faced a significant struggle in the fight for liberation, to free themselves from the male-dominated society, the Victorian men experienced a level of fear and saw the feminist who fought for personal liberties as a great threat. However, Stevenson within his novel had a great level of influence from Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel ‘Frankenstein’, therefore Stevenson tends to pay homage towards Shelley throughout his novel at various points. The nature of rebellion portrayed by Mr. Hyde’s presented a threat to equality’s balance with the English society. Furthermore, horror escalation in Stevenson’s novel highly depended on the rise in the level of women’s oppression.
According to CzyżEwska, Urszula, And Grzegorz, the higher the level of oppression amongst the women in Stevenson’s novel, the higher the level of horror experienced by the characters (19). CzyżEwska, Urszula, And Grzegorz further explain that Stevenson tends to channel Frankenstein (19). CzyżEwska, Urszula, And Grzegorz state that leaving out and silencing the woman’s voice through the absence of a female character creates alienation of femininity (21). Thus, portraying a level of hypocrisy within the male characters in the book, influencing the level of sinful and purity. Thus, Stevenson’s ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ could have a comparative analysis to Shelley’s Frankenstein particularly because both books tend to present a characterization of their women as useless, passive, as well as disposable; thus presenting both similarities and comparisons.
Feminism as by Robert Louis Stevenson ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’
Stevenson’s ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ entails numerous strong opinions and stands. Roth points out that the narration is centered on humanity’s conception as a related dual within right and wrong, nature, good and evil as well as joy and despair (6). Roth mentions that Stevenson adopts the employment of particularly intertwined narrative methods and techniques; for instance, foreshadowing, flashback, and even suspense. Stevenson portrays an invitation to readers to substantial bring forward questions on the Victorian’s late period value system about temperance.
First of all, quite a several critics have emerged in concern to women’s non- existence within the novel. It brings up the issue of non-existing equality nor intimates about the primary characters within the book, standing a literary aspect as well as a factor within Stevenson’s life as well as a social-cultural aspect. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde present a dramatization of the inherent weaknesses brought about by the social organization of the late period of the Victorian era. The weakness brings about a level of emotions that are pre-oedipal, oedipal as well as unsolved which present a level of threat towards the probabilities within the society (Rose, Brian & Stratos 8). Stevenson’s relationship with a woman of your peer risks being involved with both their homoerotic as well as homosocial nature and should be therefore be avoided (48). Stevenson states that “…man is not truly one, but truly two” (Stevenson, p.48); thus, presenting substantial and alarming gender issues during that particular era. Stevenson presents a problem where he creates a world where men are unable to comprehend issues that may arise in their lives, particularly because he created a world that presents no interactive relationship that may exist between women and men. A community that is male-dominated and centered creates an environment that is highly oppressive of the female voice and women as a whole (Rose, Brian & Stratos, 11).
Nevertheless, Rose, Brian, and Stratos mention that Stevenson manages to present women in his novel through three primary aspects within the late Victorian era; the socio-cultural aspect, the level of energy in feminism as gender in both sex and sexuality, and lastly, the Oedipus complex aspect (11). According to Rose, Brian, and Stratos, these aspects enable Stevenson to express feminism in the exploration of crucial times throughout the male-centered novel (13). Thus, the feminine elements tend to be expressed in mannerisms that are ambiguous as well as subtle. Comprehending the bibliographical together with the socio-cultural interpretation is enhanced through Stevenson’s clear reflection of feminism as a gender issue.
First of all, Stevenson presents women as a humble counterpart to the male population in the socio-cultural aspect. Stevenson presents a community that is celibacy; he created male characters who had a slight relationship with their female relatives as well as friends. Furthermore, the small number of female characters appearing ephemerally, Stevenson further places their names as well as backgrounds to remain mysterious and unknown to the reader. A young girl who came from a poor family, who Hyde had knocked down and trampled on with their paths cross particularly as intersection, a number of her female relatives who were indignant, a maid who witnessed the Jekyll killing Sir Danvers Carew, the landlady to Hyde’s Soho, the maids together with the cook at Jekyll’s household, and lastly, the woman who was selling matches at the streets.
Moreover, the worrying absence of characters of the female population as well as the concomitantly of the violence absence that was against them standing as a “negation,” that can be entirely perceived as a type of violence. Thus, presenting a view that is panoramic amongst the Victorian females within standing socio-cultural aspect. Stevenson places all the female characters at a substantially low social status and is perceived as a design that could bring a submission to the men as well as giving implications with their impersonality. Furthermore, Stevenson explicitly presents women within the margins of the society and the story, thus enabling his narration to conform to the aspects of his social values and norm; as well as representing his individual social conflict.
Secondly, CzyżEwska, Urszula, And Grzegorz point out that women stand in a level of vulnerability in both the economic as well as social aspects, thus tarnishing women’s status throughout the Victorian Era (23). The religious beliefs of the time encouraged and motivated the subordination of women; thus significantly contributing to domestic as well as societal abuse. These set beliefs led the men populations to create justifications for their unnecessary violence against their counterparts. Particularly because the Victorian era was marked as the period of the significant religious following (CzyżEwska, Urszula, And Grzegorz 24). Therefore, since the Bible tends to support the submission of women it leads to men having the impression that it was from the beginning of creation their God-given right to have control over their women, and therefore physical violence in the name of making corrections was accepted with the society.
Just as indicated in Stevenson’s narrative, ‘One little man who was stumping along eastward at a good walk, and the other girl of maybe eight or ten who was running as hard as she was able down a cross street. …the two ran into another naturally enough…the man trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground (9).’ Moreover, the little girl forced by the level of discrepancy with gender power, trying to evade any form of conflict due to her coalition with Hyde ran as fast as she possibly could. Enfield who was a witness to this particular scene claimed that Hyde was just “at a good walk”, he further states it was natural to have the clash. Thus, proving the solidarity amongst the men (Rose, Brian & Stratos 23). The level of violence portraying a very clear displaying of the Victorian woman’s spiritual as well as physical and spiritual repression, thus exposing that the more they were submissive the more the violence was exposed.
Thirdly, Stevenson indicates a level of coordination between the feminine as well as masculine creates a subversion towards each other’s identity, thus presenting an implicit sensually based sexual relationship (47). For instance, Jekyll a conservative bachelor at fifty years old particularly remains socializing with his male peers. Jekyll has no girlfriend, wife, or even a fiancée, and from a substantially early phase within life indulged in his own pleasures during the night- time he found an uncomfortable inconsistency in his substantially own cherished public image (Stevenson 47). However, we are left in dark as to what specifically was his night pleasures. Women’s role in sex, as well as sexuality, represents entirely the feminine energy. Even with no mention of major characters of the female population; as well as indirect association with the men throughout the narration, Stevenson strategically uses the shifts of roles between the men and women thus creating a sense of an environment substantially flexible to change towards bisexuality.
All in all, Stevenson is perceived as a firm believer of the Victorian Era social norms through his despicable sidelining of all female characters; whereas he also stands with a level of resilience during his time through the inducement of incestuous aspects in his work.
Feminism as by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein discovers the gender-based issue of identity through the creation of an abnormal monster set in an otherwise tranquil society. The unfamiliar nature under which the Monster Frankenstein was born together with his successive experiences acts as a counterpoint to the focus of female gender in British society as they are now core in enhancing the stability of the social order that prevailed other than being just a mere companion to the men.
From the beginning, the male gender shows disinterest in domestic matters and they single-mindedly pursue their goals. Contrary to this the female gender is directly linked to domestic matters, also, the female’s gender is portrayed in a compassionate light in correspondence to Victorian Ideals of women as matrimonial caregivers. The description of Elizabeth Lavenza as “docile and good-tempered (66), yet “gay and Playful” (66) these seemingly inconsistent qualities highlight Elizabeth’s role as a model Victorian woman with a solitary duty of providing attention to the family.
It is clear throughout the novel that Elizabeth’s self-sacrificing nature is shown through how she is focused on ensuring the happiness of others whereas she forgets entirely about herself (73). This shows that woman is completed relegated to the background of the Victorian social environment. Further to this, the phrases “gentle and affectionate disposition” describes Elizabeth as the one whose role is not the only caregiver for the family but also as the one with maternal qualities. The repetition of “Affection” shifts the attention to the mutual strand of a tender as well as warm nature which is universal among the female characters in Frankenstein.
Following the hyper-idealized depictions of the woman, Shelly goes ahead to elucidate the essential influence of such maternal figures. The fact that Frankenstein admits that “no creature could have more tender parents than (he did)” (65) suggested that childhood can only be complete with parental care and attention which is contrary to his first experience which was characterized by being “poor miserable and helpless” which in real sense translates to noticeable poverty of maternal nourishment and nature.
It is important to note that the female nurturing presence is indicated in the Frankenstein cry of how “no Eve soothed [his] sorrows, or shared [his] thoughts; [he] was alone” (145), this stresses not only the lengthy seclusion of the monster since birth but also precisely how the affection he needed will only be provided with a female companion.
At its backbone, Frankenstein is a legend who explores the apparent consequences and possibilities when the limits of nature are breached and confronted by humanity. However, by instilling its characters with conservatively gender-specific traits, the roles of the female gender of the nineteenth century in the British society is illustrated by Frankenstein as being beyond what presume which is a simple accessory to them. Insofar as women are fundamental to the nurturing of the loved ones together with the children Shelly elevates the female gender as not only vital for maternal significance but also as very essential to men’s social roles.
Conclusion
In both Shelley’s and Stevenson’s narration women during the Victorian era are defined by the level of struggle they faced with the high level of oppression from their male counterparts, thus creating the firm arise for feminism. The women in both narrations had their voices silenced and placed on the sidelines, especially in Stevenson’s perception of society. The women thus struggled substantially to fight for a voice, for liberation to try and free them from the male-dominated society. The Victorian men feared the feminist who fought for personal liberties as a great threat. Both books present and proved that with the rise in the oppression of women, there was a substantial rise in the horrific aspects that would simultaneously occur. Therefore, both Shelley’s and Stevenson’s narration portrayed the dire need for feminism and unity and strength amongst the women in society to fight towards equality.
Works Cited
Brackett, Virginia. Mary Shelley. , 2016. Print.
CzyżEwska, Urszula, And Grzegorz Głąb. “Robert Louis Stevenson Philosophically: Dualism And Existentialism Within The Gothic Convention.” Roczniki Filozoficzne. 62.3 (2014): 19-33. Print.
Rose, Brian A, And Stratos E. Constantinidis. Transformations Of Terror: American Dramatizations Of Stevenson’s “The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde” And The Dramaturgy Of Anxiety. , 1993..
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1797-1851. Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus: The 1818 Text. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print.
Stevenson, Robert Louis. Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde. S.L.: Blurb, 2017. Print.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
The kind of information the media portrays about mental health in most cases leads to these perpetrators being labeled as crazy. This leads to a lot of negative effects on the victims with mental illnesses. In reality, an individual with mental illness is most likely a victim in almost all cases. When a violent criminal is labeled crazy, there is a spread of a certain dangerous stereotype that brings about a complicated relationship between mental illness and criminality. How the media portrays people suffering from mental illness always lead to trivialization or stigmatization (Cohen, 2011). All and every form of media for example television, magazines, newspapers have received a lot of criticisms for disseminating inaccurate and negative descriptions of individuals with mental illnesses. Mental illnesses like schizophrenia lead to more disruption to society than to those with it and these people should be isolated from the rest.
The first article I will analyze in this assignment is the article in the Health Communication Journal that was published in 2007 by Pavelko and Myrick. Mental illness patients suffer a lot from overgeneralization as portrayed by the media whereby, every individual with a particular disease is expected to show the same signs and symptoms. For example, it is assumed that every person suffering from depression is said to be suicidal and all those suffering from schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations. Having the same type of mental illness does not guarantee the same symptoms. As much as to one individual it might cause hallucination; to another person, it might bring about memory loss. For example, the assumption that all those suffering from schizophrenia hallucinations are so wrong as in reality, just between 60% and 80% of individuals with schizophrenia undergo auditory hallucinations while a very small number undergo visual hallucinations (Gauntlett-Gilbert, & Kuipers, 2013).
The media should not make mental illness look like a societal issue on the contrary; they should view it as a personal and individual issue. This is because most people who get this kind of information from the media tend to blame the person suffering from the illness. Most people do not understand that a person does not choose to have these mental illnesses. Just like accidents, depression, schizophrenia, and many more mental related health issues cannot be controlled. If only the media could consider that these illnesses cannot be avoided before feeding the public information about them, then people would be more aware of the facts before judging and blaming those with the illnesses. It is with sadness that the media portrays and shows the public that this illness is unrecoverable and untreatable. Mental illnesses with the right medication and care are treatable and the media should avoid releasing such misleading information to the public.
The fact that the media ignores that most people with mental illnesses would love to keep their conditions personal and not disclose them to everyone is heartbreaking. Mental health issues in most cases are never recognized. When the media exposes particular characteristics of a certain mental illness, the symptoms are made public and there is the disclosure of one’s mental health state and therefore the sickness they were not willing to tell everyone, becomes known to all. The facts and the unsupported information that the media portray lead to stigmatization of the affected individuals. For instance when they portray mental illness as a non-serious issue and a non-severe illness then it actually makes those with the illness not taken seriously. Therefore, many of the affected hide the extreme effects it has on them. The media oversimplifies mental illness. A very good example is, it portrays that those suffering from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder to be too much concerned and worried about perfectionism and cleanliness (Chorley, 2018). When they do this, the patient’s obsessive thoughts that make them do these are ignored. These people should be taken seriously and any slight impact they have should be observed keenly.
Ignoring their symptoms and overlooking them does not make it any better for them. No matter how slight change there is, they should be noted and preferably a doctor should be consulted. Not taking their illness seriously, judging them, and blaming them is not a wise move as it makes them not open up and seek help from physicians. This can cause suicides to most victims. Making assumptions and giving the public such information should be avoided by the media at all costs. In some cases, the media indicates the symptoms of mental illnesses as beneficial. A very good example of a beneficial portrayal is in the Monk series. In this show, the protagonist who is a detective is suffering from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder pays very close attention to all the details given and in return, he uses the information he gets to solve different crimes. This in return helps him advance his detective career. People should understand that those with mental illnesses are just like normal human beings and should be treated with love and care. They need it just as much as we do.
With the use of media channels, individuals without disabilities tend to mock people with disabilities by using terminologies of mental health. For example, people use the hashtag OCD (#OCD) frequently on Twitter to describe the cleanliness of a particular place or an organization. People do not realize how much they affect those suffering from these conditions. They cause stigma to them and make them very uncomfortable no matter the age of a person. Imagine opening Twitter as a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the first thing you find is #OCD, how would you feel? People should avoid being insensitive at all costs. These are people’s brothers and sisters and they are going through a tough time the least they need is acceptance, support, and love. The media should control what they show to the public and try being in these people’s shoes. We all cannot be the same we are different and people should understand that.
In Entertainment by Media in 2012, the article named Portrayals of Schizophrenia was analyzed and it was found that almost 41 movies that had been released in the year 1990 and 2010 had Schizophrenia depictions. In these movies, most of the actors portrayed signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. In most cases, they showed delusions which were followed by visual and auditory hallucinations. Some characters also portrayed violent behaviors towards others and themselves. The causes of schizophrenia were noted and a quarter of these movies indicated that the main cause was various traumatizing events in a person’s life. The movies that showed treatment methods indicated that psychotropic medications were the most frequently used. These movies were very helpful in educating people about these mental illnesses. This is an example of what and how people should live. People should be the positive change someone needs in their lives and not the pain in it.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the media should think deeply and consider how what they post affects those individuals who have mental illnesses. People should be aware that the symptoms of mental illnesses are different in various people and should not expect every person with that illness to have the same symptoms. How the media portrays people suffering from mental illness always lead to trivialization or stigmatization and this should really be put into consideration before goes public with particular information. What a person posts, might cause stigma to the affected person and make them very uncomfortable no matter the age of a person. We as the people should stop blaming these conditions on the affected persons. On the contrary, we should give our full support no matter what.
Chorley, S. K. (2018). Negotiating Organizational Identity with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
Gauntlett-Gilbert, J., & Kuipers, E. (2013). Phenomenology of visual hallucinations in psychiatric conditions. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 191(3), 203-205.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
Those in charge of teams, projects, or organizations usually are expected to have a plan on how different activities will be met. These kinds of planning require training, recruitments, and deploying of the people who are expected to offer results. If the managers do not act immediately and wait till the last minute that the particular work is required to do all these, the needed skills and personnel will definitely not be available. Timely workforce and effective planning surpasses headcount and gives great solutions to aggregate a business’s future direction. A workforce plan that is strategic gives good decisions of the business and produces very essential data like productivity time, difficulty, and easy time which in return assists in risk identification early enough and therefore actions are set on time. According to CIPD members’ guide, Workforce Planning Practice is laying out the steps to planning a workforce for Human Resource professionals and managers of particular lines. Cases of uncertainties and change make planning very essential because it helps organizations to prepare themselves for survival by securing resources of the workforce that are required now and in the future (Armstrong et al., p55).
The first question I will tackle is the principles of effective workforce planning and the tools used in the process. (AC2.1). Workforce planning is the act of analyzing the present-day workforce, the determination of the needs of the future workforce, recognizing the space between the workforce that will be available, and coming up with solutions for an organization to acquire the goals of its mission and have a strategic plan. A workforce planning process requires the following tools; the first one needs to define and outline the objectives of their business. Organizations need to identify their goals, vision, motives, and mission (Swanson & Richard, p.32). Human resource needs to come up with a plan to align these objectives. Secondly, the current workforce should be modeled. The current workforce needs to be understood in terms of character and capabilities to ensure good results in the end. The third tool is; establishment of the future workforce’s direction. The organization needs to keep analyzing external and internal factors that influence the different processes of the business to establish the future direction of the organization.
The second question I will talk about is Key considerations when planning and conducting a downsizing of an organization. (AC2.3). In the business climate of today, downsizing of an organization has become an important and common activity that helps in the increase of competitiveness and the elimination of redundant capacity. The listed are the key considerations that an organization needs when downsizing; first and foremost, the retention of the organization’s reputation. In a company’s decision to downsize, the results of this decision on the community and the suppliers and customers are intense. Therefore it is recommended that such decisions are communicated by the company to those who will be affected directly before rumors get to them. Secondly, the company should manage communications. This entails the company communicating to the external members of the organization and the employees. This means they have to be put in the clear for the reasons for such decisions. Thirdly, the company should be in charge of the actual closure of the organization. This is a very important stage because it includes setting the downsizing vision, planning operation run down, and the determination of employee number reduction. Lastly, it is important to manage employee investment in the organization. Downsizing will have an emotional impact on the employees and training them is the best way to handle the displacement.
The third question is an explanation of the main legal requirements for recruitment and selection. (AC2.5). In this sector, I will discuss the different checks an organization needs to take before recruiting an individual. First, an organization is expected to ask for the right to work check. This is to ensure that the person being selected by an organization has the permission to work in that country and can do the job being asked of him. Secondly, an organization should ask for criminal records check. This will help in ensuring that vulnerable individuals in society are safeguarded. An organization before recruiting should ask for this to ensure that ex-offenders are determined. Thirdly, organizations are expected to ask for medical checks when recruiting. It is expected of them to ask very carefully when it comes to health-related issues and medical information. Lastly, it is expected of them to ask for reference checks from people during selection. New employees should at least give one accurate referee from their previous employments when interviewing for a new job.
The fourth question is Guidance on practice in the development of job descriptions, person specifications, and competency frameworks. (AC2.4). The main purpose of this job is to provide worldwide soft energy drinks and beat other competitors in the coming years. It is also aiming at creating job opportunities and reducing unemployment rates in the EU. The levels of authority in PTP soda drinks are to manage job seekers and employee’s expectations, to ensure employers are flexible when it comes to change, and to be a key provider in order to establish security and give a good branding for the organization. The functional responsibility we have will include the following; Employer should position themselves as an employer of choice to ensure survival in case of tight labor markets, the employee on the other side is expected to use any alliance with other competitors, reviewing new trends & applying new approaches and finally, about the soft drinks industry, the support of Food and Drug Authority is essential to be more attractive & stable in the business.
Question number 5; An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of different methods of recruitment and selection. (AC2.6). The first method of recruitment I will discuss is; websites and online job boards. Job boards like monster.co.uk can be very useful without an individual having strong brands from employer because it has the capability of attracting candidates directly. Most organizations already have a section of vacancies on those websites. The table below gives the advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
Disadvantages
They are cost-friendly
• It could be viewed as discriminatory when computer illiterate candidates hear about it
In most cases, they speed recruitments and streamline administration
• A website that is not well designed may turn-off applicants who are potential.
Promotes global reach and has offered instant application.
• There will be huge numbers of applications that are not appropriate.
The use of technology assists in managing these vacancies faster and coordination of processes
Secondly, I will discuss the use of search consultants. This method can be used when a vacancy is not needed to be of public notice because it may be of the senior post or it may have market sensitivities. Its advantages and disadvantages are listed in the table below
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Offers discretion
• It is very costly
• Notices only the individuals who can do that particular job.
• May does not involve the shortlisting of people.
• Gives consultants a chance to know more about that organization.
• limits the number of candidates.
Thirdly, there is the use of the press to advertise these job opportunities. This includes journals, local and national newspapers to recruit. Most people who have special skills usually try to find vacancies in professional journals. Agencies that recruit in most cases bargain rates that are special with these media groups. Its advantages and disadvantages are listed in the table below.
Advantages
Disadvantages
The costs are fixed as much as these adverts may require repetition.
It is usually a very low process of recruitment.
Most of these publications offer online packages
This method is only limited to those people who read that particular newspaper or journal.
Question 6; Advice on good practice in the management of dismissals, retirements, and redundancies that complies with current (local) legislation – 3 separate sections. Unlawful discrimination should be avoided at all costs. An employer should never treat another person with cruelty as compared to the rest just because he or she has a protected characteristic. An example is that of an employer who makes use of persistent lateness for the dismissal of a gay man just because he is gay and a straight man that does the same lateness pattern is never dismissed. Therefore, employees and employers shouldn’t treat another individual in a different way than they know will have the worst effect on them and the people who share the same protected characteristic than the impact it has on people of different characteristics from them. If what you have done can be seen, or what your intentions are, this is a type of discrimination that should be avoided at all costs. Your actions can mean the types of decisions you make or rule application. One is advised not to treat a person with disabilities unfavorably because of something related to their situation and their acts are not justifiable. This is only applicable if one could have been reasonably expected to be aware of the person’s disabilities.
An organization or an employer is not allowed to unlawfully dismiss an employer. One is required to have good reasons for dismissal purposes (Deakin et al., p7). One is expected to follow procedures of the disciplinary before these occurrences. An employer should communicate to an employee and inform them about the disciplinary hearing and the reason for their dismissal for example misconduct. They should also ensure that the date and time of the disciplinary hearing do not at all costs collide with the employee’s religious holiday. In cases where it does and the organization insists on holding the hearing, this can be classified as indirect discrimination. It is very advisable and appropriate to discuss these cases with the worker and it can be very great for an organization or an employer to seek expert advice on the capabilities of an employee or what can be done before terminating or dismissing someone. It is a very risky chance for an organization to depend on medical advice when assessing a person’s situation. This is because the health professional most definitely is not made aware of the employer’s work adjustments.
It is very difficult for employers to avoid unlawful discrimination of employees in times of redundancy decision making. This section will assist us in understanding how employers can avoid these kinds of discrimination when choosing individuals for redundancy especially redundancy criteria and procedures, qualifications and training, and working hours and records of absentia. An employer should ensure that the redundancy procedures and criteria they follow do not discriminate unlawfully. They should remember for example in cases of people with disabilities, they make the appropriate and needed adjustments which include redundancy criteria adjustments. This includes when an employer is seeking a permanent employee, an intern, or volunteers. However, it is very possible to give redundancy payments in consideration of age. It is also advisable for a company or organization to know the length of service when selecting individuals for redundancy. It is also very appropriate for an employer to use qualifications for redundancy selection. In case an employer has two employees with the same roles, but one of them has the relevant additional qualification, the decision of giving more work to the employee with more qualification cannot be labeled as unlawful discrimination. It is also advisable to make it clear for the applicants that a particular qualification is a must-have for the job vacancy. In this case, when individuals who do not have the particularly required qualification apply and are not taken, it is not considered as discrimination.
When it comes to retirement, making an individual retire because of their age is discrimination itself, discrimination of age. However, the law of equality gives retirement an exception; an employee is only allowed to give a worker retirement when he or she is 65 years of age and above, all the tests considered legal are satisfied by the dismissal of an employee and the employer follows the appropriate procedures. The law of equality does not have any effect on the age that an individual is entitled to a pension given after retirement. An employee should never forget to give all the required information about retirement to any persons with disabilities because this is considered discrimination. When giving references to former employees, it is expected of employers to give the best with good remarks. Employers should not unlawfully discriminate against their employees when giving these no matter how long they have worked for you or they are still under your employment but are looking for greener pastures.
Lastly, I will talk about how I am going to use the acquired information. This research has been very useful and knowledgeable for assisting me in understanding my rights as an employee and how well I should treat my employees as an employer. The collected knowledge will help me avoid being sued as an employer for now I know how well employees need to be treated and their rights. This will help me avoid discrimination whether as an employee or vice versa to avoid making people of a particular group feeling out of place or underappreciated. This work will help me help my friends who are employed but are not familiar with the dos and don’ts of an organization of individuals of different races, religions, and ethnic groups. The education I have gained from this work I will not keep to myself but I will spread it to friends and family. This has been very educative research for me today, the future, and for PTP soda Drinks Company.
Works cited
Armstrong, Michael, and Stephen Taylor. Armstrong’s handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2014.
Deakin, Simon F., Gillian S. Morris, and Gillian S. Morris. Labour law. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2015.
Swanson, Richard. Analysis for improving performance: Tools for diagnosing organizations and documenting workplace expertise. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2017.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
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