Examining the Negative Effects of Capitalism and Solutions for Regulation

by Herman Bailey | Jun 10, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

Capitalism is a political and economic structure in which a nation’s trade and industry are controlled by private proprietors for profit, rather than by the nation and socially it is based on the principle of individual rights (Bowles 2007). Capitalism is characterized by accumulation of capital, competitive markets, limited government and wage labor (Ingham 2008).  Politically, capitalism employs laissez-faire (freedom) system. Legally a system of objective laws (opposed to rule of man) and economically, when such is applied it results in free-markets (Paul 2013). It is therefore true to say that capitalism results in unequal distribution of wealth, waste due to uneven distribution of resources, dangerous working conditions ,lack of democracy as the wealth have the greatest influence, pollution of the planet due to excessive production of goods and dictatorship whereby the managers get massive salaries while the workers get minimum wage (Merino 2010). True to the words of Winston Churchill who stated that ” the natural capitalism vice is sharing of blessings unequally, and the natural socialism virtue is the sharing of miseries unequally.” (Hancher & Moran 1989).

People Also Read

• Understanding the Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization on Music
• The Effects of COVID 19 on the Youth and Children
• The causes and solutions to poverty

The term PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Environmental and Legal (Clapham & Pestel 2008). The essay will analyze how capitalism has produced negative results from business organizations and how it effects’ can be regulated. Politically, capitalism has impacted political decisions such as, contributing massively to political campaigns, the health of the nation, education of the labor force and the economy’s infrastructure quality. These capitalists have also influenced tax policies, employment rules, environmental protocols, trade margins and reform tariffs to their favor. Political factors in a country can be applied in regulating capitalism by government.

economically, capitalism has also influenced what happens within the economy by determining economic growth and decline, exchange rates, interest rates, price increases, revenue system changes, wage tariffs, working hours and unemployment levels (Silk & Silk 1996). Socially it has influenced the rapid changing social trends in the markets, decreased health consciousness, safety issues and global warming (Friedman 2012). Capitalism also influences technology Change in technology can impact the work and dealings of an organization by resulting to unemployment (Jessop 2001). These economic factors can also be applied by governments to assist in regulating capitalism.

Environmental factors refer to what is taking place with regard to ecological and environmental matters. Capitalism has also contributed to pollution that as a result has contributed to impacting many industries including agriculture, insurance and leisure industry. With major changes in climate occurring due to global warming (Vasapollo 2011), they have influenced legislation changes that might have an impact on employment, resources, imports and taxation legally.

How capitalism can be better regulated

John Maynard Keynes came up with a program called the New Deal. Keyne’s theory, which is accepted widely is adopted in most modern countries where they combine some government control and capitalism. (Rosenof 1997). theories of regulated capitalism developed at the start until the of the 20th century, when the problem of regulating market conditions gained status, due to the exacerbation of the conflicts of capitalism in particular; the increase in the negative force of predicaments of overproduction (Bottomore 1985).  These theories of regulated capitalism, which state cyclic development of the capitalist economy is directly proportional to the investment process which is uneven and the consumer demand’s fluctuations, becomes prevalent under state-monopoly regulation of the economy. Elsner & Hanappi. (2008) indicated that the alleviations and the prevention of the economic crises that are cyclical requires regulation of consumer demand and all capital investments.

Friedman (2012) pointed out that Keynesian theories that regulate capitalism is the most reliable means of economic activity stimulation and increases the spending of the government by a sum exceeding tax revenues increase and in meeting deficits in budgets by national debt increase. Because the capitalist economy is a complex economic system made up of diverse elements, it must be regulated freely through the competition .Additionally; it should also be regulated by means of exceptional government economic measures. The result “market economy” will completely disappear, giving rise to “crisis-free,” and “planned” capitalism (Dunn 2014).

World governments must get involved in the economy in all ways possible and leaders must take part in economic decision making a government must ensure there is optimum competition to keep the prices acceptable and the products quality high. In the 1950’s business organizations in USA became bigger as they bought off the smaller companies; with this there should also be laws to protect small businesses (Clift 2014). Peet (1991) stated that business owners often do not care about what their decisions may impact the environment; a factory may pollute a river by releasing dirty water into it, production of radioactive gases, huge concentration of garbage, over illumination, soil contamination by release of heavy chemicals, thermal pollution and high intensity sonars from industries. The government should form policies that the companies and industries should abide by in concern to the pollutants they produce for instance by reducing the percentage of toxic gases, recycling the products ,mitigating their effects ,reusing their materials, waste minimization or giving back to the society in proportion of what they pollute naturally and environmentally (Jessop 2001).

The state of an economy is not constant because there are always ups and downs. Bowles (2007) pointed out that in such occurrences the government practices social market economy by lowering rates of interest and taxes so that individuals can easily borrow money as a result preventing the capitalists from taking over. In European countries there are established systems where government assists poor people and the rich people pay more taxes.

According to Ingham (2008), in order to regulate capitalism the government should establish laws to protect employees rights in business organization, there should be formation of trade unions whose responsibilities should be to advocate for increased minimum wage, better, safe and adequate working conditions and free from undue dangers, improved quality of education provided to the workers. In addition the state may own businesses and industries essential to the economy of the nation, like fuel mines, banks, Sacco and airlines.

Limited Liability Laws should be provided by the government to investors to encourage them to invest in businesses. Without the limited liability laws, Merino (2010) indicated that the economy of a country would not have the needed capital access to prosper and grow.

Hancher & Moran (1989) asserted that corporate property rights are the main legal mechanisms that deter the government from exercising control over business establishments, these laws to obtain corporate property rights should be modified such that they can be created and maintained only by government .Property rights should only be issued to citizens and the business organizations under certain conditions. The government should also put measures to maintain law and order so as to have an almost perfect functioning criminal justice system. This is to prevent organized crime, extortion, bribery, kidnapping, and murder that might be practiced by business organizations.

The government should also formulate laws for protection from bankruptcy. Businesses are risky and one of the largest risks is failure, mainly during recessions and depressions. This will assist in protecting healthy businesses that are momentarily short of funds. Furthermore, these laws will allow entrepreneurs to be ultimately freed from overwhelming debts. Besides limited liability, bankruptcy rules form a crucial financial safety net for entrepreneurs. It important to note that the bankruptcy laws should be passed out of concern, sympathy for challenged entrepreneurs, and as a method decrease economic risk and thus encourage more economic and investment growth (Clapham & Pestel 2008).

According to Silk & Silk (1996), the government should also ensure stable money supply, this will assist in maintaining price stability, ease the process of production and consumption and give one the ability to save then spend it later. Without this, markets will be based primarily on barter and thus be extremely limited thus unreliable ,this might cause adverse effects like; eroding the value of money and assets, deterioration of balance of payments, uncertainty and falling of investments, high unemployment rates, delayed consumption of goods, high interest rates, recession and changing indices(Jessop 2001). For instance in the United States, before the Civil War, all paper money was issued by private banks and not the government. This resulted in an incredibly chaotic system hence showing that there was no control over the money supply; which has a crucial impact on inflation and economic growth. Widespread business operations and a stable economy both require a stable and dependable money system, one in which consumers and entrepreneurs believe in. This can only be delivered and sustained by the world governments (Friedman 2012).

Vasapollo (2011) indicated that the government should have the major decision- making ability business organizations hence Corporate Charters. The corporation itself should be a creation of government. Corporations can emanate into existence only through charters such as the legal mechanisms by which national governments consent businesses to integrate. These agreements and state business laws describe what a corporation is, how it is structured, how it is administrated, how long it may be existent, who has a say in ruling, the rights of shareholders and the scope of its liability(Leigh & Michael 1989 ). Most nations should also retain the right to annul the agreements of corporations that disrupt the law or detriment public interest.

The world governments should formulate Commercial Transaction Laws. Businesses can operate effectively only if there are laws governing commercial transactions. This would provide a way some way of making and enforcing contracts therefore remedies for fraud and default. These laws should cover every facet of business in detail, including laws leading the transactions of goods, payment procedures, revenues, warrantees, titles, shipment of goods, storing of goods, how sales are maintained, and the rental of goods. The legal infrastructure is that which should allow business to be conducted efficiently and consistently (Rosenof 1997).

According to Dunn (2014), world governments should come up with International Trade Laws that will be applicable universally. Governments should generate the legal frames that assist and make this trade possible. “Free trade” is a misleading term because it implies that it is international trade operates without political framework. Trade contracts should cover things such as tariffs, levies, pollution, commercial and stakeholder rights, intellectual property rights, economic services, government procurement and dispute resolution procedures. There should be secretariats, commissions, dispute panels, scientific evaluation boards, industrial sector commissions and working groups to supervise the implementation of the agreements (Clift 2014). Therefore Free trade involves a lot of bylaws and enforcements. The points above serve to clarify that, markets and capitalism are quasi-public units which should be regulated by a countless government rules. Ingham (2008) asserted that no capitalism should have minimal regulations as possible because it is what protects the people.

Similarly, Peet (1991) asserted that crony capitalism should be prevented at all costs. this is a term relating an economy in which success in business hangs on on close relationships amid business people and government officers. This may be demonstrated by favoritism in the allocation of legal permits, special tax breaks, government grants or when egotistical friendships and family ties amid businesspeople and the government influence the society and the economy to the extent that it degrades public-serving political and economic ideals.

The contrivances of crony capitalism are many; Bailouts, special credits, political arrangements, tax disruptions, campaign contributions, connections, grants, exemptions, and government subsidized enterprises, political insider transactions and legal bribery (Bottomore 1985). However, there is a risk that crony capitalism might be used to protect the officials. With regard to this, the remedy is to increase government regulation and allow control by the people whereby a piece of legislation is deliberated by the public (Elsner & Hanappi 2008).

Conclusion

To see how government regulation in capitalism is important is to imagine a situation without regulation or if the laws and regulation wouldn’t be employed, there would be fraud,  inflations , recessions, disasters, increased crime rates ,exploitation, severe gaps in social class and economic growth would be hampered. It is impossible to have a well-functioning economy without the governments regulating capitalism through enforced legislation. The above discussion shows that for the global political economy to be maintained and developed there should be government regulation.

Reference list

Bowles, P. (2007). Capitalism. Harlow, England, Pearson/Longman.

Clapham, W. B., & Pestel, R. F. (2008). Policy, uncertainty, and analysis. Laxenburg, Austria, Internat. Inst. for Applied Systems Analysis.

Clift, B. (2014). Comparative political economy: states, markets and global capitalism.

Dunn, B. (2014). The political economy of global capitalism and crisis. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=733715.

Elsner, W., & Hanappi, G. (2008). Varieties of capitalism and new institutional deals: regulation, welfare and the new economy. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.

Friedman, M. (2012). Capitalism and freedom. [Chicago], University of Chicago Press.

Hancher, L., & Moran, M. (1989). Capitalism, culture, and economic regulation. Oxford [England], Clarendon Press.

Ingham, G. K. (2008). Capitalism. Cambridge, UK, Polity Press.

Jessop, B. (2001). Regulation theory and the crisis of capitalism. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Pub.

Merino, N. (2010). Capitalism. Detroit, MI, Greenhaven Press.

Peet, R. (1991). Global capitalism: theories of societal development. London, Routledge.

Rosenof, T. (1997). Economics in the long run New Deal theorists and their legacies, 1933-1993. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=41311.

Silk, L. S., & Silk, M. (1996). Making capitalism work. New York, New York University Press.

T B Bottomore, (1985), Theories of modern capitalism, Boston: G. Allen & Unwin.

Vasapollo, L. (2011). Crisis of capitalism compendium of applied economics (global capitalism). Leiden, Brill. Retrieved from http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=332687.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

The Impact of Innovation on Urban Development in Canada

by Herman Bailey | Jun 10, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

1.0       Introduction

This paper examines the relationship between innovation and urban growth from a Canadian metropolitan perspective. Urban growth is defined as the decline and growth of the economic agglomerations (web 1). health care sector. The act of patenting medical Innovation, on the other hand, is the process or act of introducing new methods, devices or ideas or something new. For a long time innovation has been viewed as one of the core drivers of change and economic growth (Schumpeter 39; Romer 71-102; Solow 312-320). Innovation according to Karlsson (112) leads to the emergence of new sectors of the economy, development of new products and jobs creation. Though innovation is indispensable to growth, it is also distributed unevenly across space.

The paper hopes to achieve two objectives. The major objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between innovation and urban growth from a Canadian metropolitan perspective.  The second objective is to examine the likely effect of innovation to the urban growth. The central question that will guide the analysis is whether or not, at least in part, innovation is responsible, for the disparity of the rate of urban centers growth. The first part is significant as it underlines the probability that innovation may not be the sole factor that affects disparity in the urban centers growth rate in Canadian regions. Therefore, the paper developed a multi-dimensional model examining the relationship between innovation and urban growth while controlling other potential determinants.

The paper found out that innovation is significant in explaining the differences in urban growth patterns across Canadian urban centers. More innovative urban centers, are more unequal in terms of their distribution of employments. This results holds using various measures of urban centers growth and innovation, in addition to after controlling other series of other institutional, socio-demographic and economic variables. The finding of a statistically significant and positive relationship between innovation and urban centers growth is also robust to the alternative estimation of the instrumental variables specifications, and this alleviates the potential concerns of simultaneous or reverse causality between the two significant variables of interest.

The paper proceeds as follows. In section 2, it will review some related literature. Section 3 focuses on the theoretical framework of how innovation impacts urban growth, while section 4 introduces the data sources, estimation methods and empirical results. Section 5 presents conclusions and some suggestions for further research.

People Also Read

• Strengthening the Relationship between Physicians and HCOs
• Exploring the Relationship between Pressure Groups and Science
• The Relationship between Political Power and the Judicial System

2.0       Literature review

There are extensive literature exploring the geographic dimensions of innovation and also seeks to give an explanation to the significance of local; context and proximity to innovative activity (Feldman and Kogler 381-410). The clustering of the economic activities within large urban centres provides benefits such as externalities to workers and firms that are available otherwise to those located in more remote and smaller areas. Such externalities may originate from localised economies for instance, within the same industry, or even urbanization industries for instance between industries. In their work, Duranton and Puga (1454-1477) developed a formal model  on how urbanized economies  function, arguing that  more cities that are diversified act as nurseries where companies can easily experiment with various  techniques of production, exchange with different providers of knowledge, and collaborate with other companies. Access to technological spillovers and knowledge is indeed a significant reason why cities are more favorable and conducive to innovation (Malecki 493-513). Gertler (221) suggest that being there, facilitates exchange of tacit types of knowledge and collaborative learning. Storper and Venables (351-370) stated that compact and dense urban environments makes it easier for people to interact face to face. Likewise, Blundell et al (210) asserted that different private and public research facilities and universities tend to be more concentrated in cities, and this is another factor that influences urban centers technological trajectories. Lastly, cities also provides the culture shock upon arriving in the United States. These students must understand the cultural and social amenities that are much sought after by the innovative and creative class of people (Florida 355-377).

Islam (1127-1170) looks at the relationship between innovation and urban growth and concludes that innovation is directly related to the growth of an urban center. While the urban economics literature is still unclear about the role of innovation in the urban growth process, it has been argued that innovation provides useful ingredients that further enhance technological progress (Arellano, Manuel, and Stephen 277-297). Using a system of simultaneous equations, Hamilton, (77) use a large sample of Canadian provincial data for the period 1995-2005 to analyze the aggregate impact of skilled labor and research expenditures on urban growth. They find evidence in support of a convergence process across the provinces in terms of both per-capita output and income. Their results show that, on average, skilled labor has a positive impact on growth, while the effect of research expenditures remains statistically insignificant.

Baldwin et al (117-132) in their study indicated that in Canada, the externalities produced by the economic activities clustering across industries leads to significant productivity gains for the companies. Additionally, in investigating the different kinds of agglomeration economies, they found out that spillovers of highly localized knowledge are an important productivity differences determinant across cities. Similarly, Beckstead et al. (24) in their study observed that  agglomeration of economies confer advantages of wages as the earnings of the people living in large metropolitan areas of Canada are 25$ more compared to their counterparts in rural areas.

Innovation as a topic is much studies in its own right. Jacobs (49) in her book, “The Economy of Cities,” relates innovation to urban growth when asserted that “innovating economies develop and expand. The economies that continue only repeating the old work and do not add new forms of services and good, do not develop and by definition expand.” Furthermore, Jacobs (49) contrast the view of Adam Smith that economic growth is driven by specialization, arguing that innovation is generated by diversity. On the other hand, Glaeser (83) views cities or larger urban centers as centers for creation  and transmission of ideas and suggest that cities will grow when new ideas are produced and the cities’’ roles as centers  for intellectuals increases.

Romer (71-102) together with other new growth theorists state that innovation as a significant factor in the economic development. Lastly, Lucas (3-42) focused on the significance of human capital externalities innovation and the clustering of individuals

2.1       The rise of innovation districts

In their article, Bruce and Julie pointed out that following the great recession, a remarkable shift occurred in the spatial innovation geography. For the past five decades, the innovation landscape in United States has been dominated by places such as the Silicon Valley (para 1). However, a new complementary model of urban is emerging and giving rise to the “innovation districts.” Bruce and Julie defined innovation districts as geographic areas where companies and anchor institutions that are of leading edge connect and cluster with business incubators, startups and accelerators. They are compact physically, technically wired, transit accessible and provide mixed-use housing, retail and office (para 2).

Innovation districts are simply manifestation of the mega trends that alters the people’s and firms location preferences, and in the process re-conceiving the connection between place making, economy shaping and social networking. The most creative workers, firms and institutions crave proximity so that knowledge and ideas can be transferred more seamlessly and faster (para 3). Bruce and Julie also pointed out that the open innovation economy of United States rewards collaboration and this transforms how buildings and the whole districts are spatially arrayed and designed. The diverse population demand s better and more choices of where to live, play, work and this fuels demand for more neighborhoods that are walkable and where amenities, housing and jobs intermix (para 3).

Bruce and Julie further indicated that innovation districts have the potential of spurring productivity, inclusivity and sustaining economic development (para 5). During the time when the growth is sluggish, they provide a very strong foundation for creating and expanding of jobs and firms by assisting entrepreneurs, companies, investors, researchers and universities across disciplines and sectors, co-produce and co invent new discoveries for the market. Moreover, at a period of rising social inequality, they provide prospects of employment expansion and educational opportunities for the populations that are disadvantaged given that many districts comprises of the low and moderate income neighborhoods. In addition, at a time of extensive sprawl, inefficient land use and continued degradation of environment, they present the potential for denser employment and residential patterns, the repopulation of the cores of urban and leveraging of mass transit.

Generally innovation districts is composed of the ultimate mash up of educational institutions and entrepreneurs, schools and startups, medical innovations and mixed use development, bankable investments and bike sharing. All these are connected by powered energy, transit, fueled by caffeine and wired for digital technology.

3.0 Theoretical Framework

In this section, the paper reviewed a number of theories that establish a framework that will be helpful in analyzing the role of innovation on urban growth.

3.1 Urban Growth

Economic growth of a region is the increase in per capita income of the local population. There are three traditional non-geographical sources of economic growth: capital deepening, increase in human capital, technological progress and lastly the agglomeration of economies that is urbanization and localization of economies. Physical proximity increases the productivity by labor pooling, input sharing and knowledge spillovers.

Figure 1

The extra production gotten from variable input increase will decline eventually as more of the fixed inputs are used with the variable inputs.

3.2 Innovation

Figure 2: urban economic growth from technological progress

In the initial equilibrium indicated by point (i) a workforce of a region is equally divided between two cities having 6 million workers innovation in one city shifts upwards its utility curve, and the innovative city moves to point (j) in the absence of migration.

Figure 3: urban economic growth from technological progress

Migration to the innovative city

Figure 4: urban economic growth from technological progress

We reach pint (b) (innovative city) in equilibrium and point (s) (other city). The innovation increases utility in both cities and shifts population to the innovative city

3.3 Innovation and Urban Growth

In both cities, they experience an upward shift of utility curve. Since there is no utility gap at the original populations, there is no migration. Moreover, there is increases in utility in both cities as both cities maintain the initial 6 million population.

Increase in human capital increases per capita income of a city because workers become more productive and also there is an increase in the rate of technological progress. The external benefits from human capital increase include:

Complementary labor across skill levels
Proximity to top level researchers is an important factor in the birth of the biotechnology companies
Wage benefits increase from 1% in the college share of the cities: high school graduates (1.6%), high school dropouts (1.9%) and college graduates (0.4%).

4.0 Empirical Analysis

4.1 Methodology

The empirical analysis is based on the theoretical framework in the preceding section. Data limitations preclude fully employing the full model. Even though the models cannot be estimated fully, the paper still use it as a framework as best as it can.

First, it examined the relationship between innovation and urban growth using a simple correlation (or regression) analysis to understand the strength (or nature) of the relationship between the proxy variables for urban growth and innovation.

4.2 Data Sources

Population and employment data are from Statistics Canada’s Labor Force Survey. GDP data are in 2002 basic prices and are sourced from the Conference Board of Canada.  The analysis covers the 2001-2011 period.

4.3. Descriptive Statistics

Table 1 below shows the mean, minimum and maximum values for the following variables:

1. GDP
2. Population

• Employment

1. Employment share of professional, scientific and technical services
2. Employment share of manufacturing
3. Employment share of educational services

• Employment share of the information, culture and recreation sector

The census metropolitan Areas (CMA) listed in the tables are census geographic units or country subdivisions found in Canada. CMAs are used by the statistics bureau of the federal government of Canada (Statistics Canada) in conducting the five year census of the country. CMAs are formed by one or many adjacent municipalities centered at the core or the population center (Pendakur 34). According to Pendakur (44), a CMA must have a total population of 100,000 and above, of which 50,000 and above live in the core. That explains why Regina and Saskatoon in the table below are CMAs and Moose Jaw and Prince Albert are not CMAs.

Table 1: The Mean, Minimum and Maximum Values For the Variables

*These numbers are not available

From the table above representing four CMAs in Canada, it is evident that since the year 2001 to 2011, these urban regions have recorded increasing statistical figures in the GDP, population, employment, Employment share of professional, scientific and technical services, employment share of manufacturing, employment share of educational services, and finally on employment share of the information, culture and recreation sector. GDP growth and population growth are good measures of urban growth. However, innovation can be measured by either or all of the following:

1. Employment share of the professional, scientific and technical services sector

• Employment share of the manufacturing sector
• Employment share of the educational services sector

1. Employment share of the information, affects both the organization and its employees. The effects of the culture and recreation sector

The statistical figures presented in the table correlate with various literature that there is a relationship between innovation and urban growth. Saskatoon CMA leads with the highest figures in population, followed closely by Regina CMA. However, Moose Jaw and Prince Albert does not have higher figures compared to the two CMAs.

The statistical disparity between the cities is because Regina and Saskatoon are bigger cities with higher levels of research and development activities, compared to Moose Jaw and Prince Albert.  Additionally, the existence of University of Regina and University of Saskatoon which are centers of research and development, and are leading innovation centers has led to the growth of the cities. The population umber of the two CMA can also be explained from the fact that there is high percentage of the employed persons, employed professionals, employed people in the manufacturing which uses innovation and technology, employed people in educational services where there is knowledge spillover, research and innovation and higher number employed in recreation and culture centers where people interact, share knowledge and ideas. On the other hand, Moose Jaw and Prince Albert has minimal population because of lack of technological advanced and innovative manufacturing industries that can employ many people, lack of research educational institutions and no employment in the information culture and recreational sector. The statistical figures in the figures support the argument that innovation promotes urban growth.

4.3.1    Retail sales

The most notable trend in the table is the increasing data for the employment share for the professional, scientific and technical services sector, which is considered a sector that uses technology and innovation. The corresponding increase in data from this section also correlates with the increase in GDP of the two CMAs. On the other handing Moose Jaw and Prince Albert, the employment sector for the professionals in scientific and technical services sector is stagnant and this also corresponds to the insignificant figure of the GDP of these two cities. This indicates that innovation is directly related to the growth of an urban centre. The growth of GDP in Regina CMA and Saskatoon CMA also correlates with the retail sales as shown in figure 5 and 6. Increase in retail sales is an indication of high population, vibrant economy, high purchasing power and active manufacturing industry (Akai and Sakata 93-108).

Figure 5

Figure 6

4.4 Research Hypothesis

Based on the explanations from the preceding sections, I expect an increase in employment in the manufacturing sector to lead to a corresponding increase in GDP (and therefore, population)

4.5 Correlation Analysis

In computing the correlation analysis, the study used the correlation coefficient for the following pairs. The results are represented in table 2

GDP vs. Employment share of professional, scientific and technical

GDP vs. Employment share of manufacturing

GDP vs. Employment share of educational services

GDP vs. Employment share of information, culture and recreation

Table 2: Regina CMA

Table 3: Saskatoon CMA

Correlation analysis increase in a variable input will has been done only on two metropolitan cities (Regina CMA and Saskatoon CMA) since there was no available data on the employment per industry for the Prince Albert city and Moose Jaw.

The data presented in table 2 and table 3 shows the relationship between GDP from year 2001 to 2011 against the data on employment from different sectors.  The data from the two metropolitan areas between GDP and corresponding data of the employment categories displays positive correlation. This means that as the GDP figures increases, there is corresponding increase in the data for the Employment share of professional, scientific and technical, employment share of manufacturing, employment share of educational services, and also employment share of information, culture and recreation.

However, there is a noticeable trend in the relationship between GDP and the corresponding employment share of professional, scientific and technical in Regina CMA between 2001 and 2007 which shows negative correlation. This implies that as the GDP was rising, the number of employment share of professional, scientific and technical decreased. The numbers increased from 2007 to 2011 to show a positive relationship again.

The presented data concurs with the literature review indicating that increase in number of professional, educational services, manufacturing and information sharing leads to urban economic growth because of increased innovation.

4.6 Regression Analysis

In order to assess formally the relationship of innovation to urban growth, the paper will specify the following regression model

URB_it =α+β₁ In INNOV_it +β₂ In POP_it +δECON_it +η EDUt + ϕSOCDEMOG_it+τ_t +ε_{it…… (1)}

Where the dependable variable URB_{it is} the measure of urban growth for the metropolitan or urban area i at time t.  On the right hand of the equation 1, the first variable is the measure of innovation (INNOV_it) as earlier defined. POP_it represents the size of the population of an urban areas and has been used here for general agglomeration forces as a proxy. There are several literature that links the city size to innovation (Wolfe and Allison 170-182). Majorly the argument is that increasing the size leads to potential innovation differences between cities. Based on the preliminary presented evidence, the study expect the coefficient estimates for the following variables (β₁ and β₂) to be positive.

Despite the fact that the study is very much interested in these two variables, the paper will also control other factors that may explain why urban growth has risen over the decade. Among these include the covariates reflecting institutional, socio-demographic, and economic characteristics of every city. ECON_it is an economic variable that controlling demand size factors such as labor force percentage employed in government services and manufacturing industries. Stable and well-paying jobs in manufacturing firms contributes to the GDP. Moreover, government sector also contributes to the GDP and urban growth. EDUt is the Employment share of professional, scientific and technical at time t (or any of the others)

SOCDEMOG_it is also a vector variable that is socio-demographic representing aspects of the supply side of the metropolitan economies. Some of the factors included here are the percentage measures of the labor force of the metropolitan area that are minority visibly, the population percentage aged >65 and <15 to reflect age structure variations of the cities in addition to the variables that control female participation rats differences across cities. Pendakur and Pendakur (2011) indicated that in Canada, visible minority is defined as individuals who are non-white or non-Caucasian in color. Therefore, aboriginal people have been included because of their small number compared to the majority groups.

τ_t is a fixed time effects for the years 2001 to 2011 capturing general trend of urban growth in metropolitan areas. ε_it on the other hand is a composite  error term represented as (=νi+ μit) where νi represents the differences that are not measured across cities fixed over a specific period of time and μit on the other hand represents the idiosyncratic errors varying across metropolitan areas over time. Therefore, model presented in equation 1 captures the potential unobserved factors that may influence urban growth patterns.

Table 4:  Regression analysis results for the selected run

As shown in table 4 above, the Employment share of professional, scientific and technical of a city and the economic variables are positively correlated to the innovation capacity of a an urban center. On the other hand, socio-demographic variables are negatively correlated with the innovation. From the logical argument, the results obtained are in agreement with study’s initial predictions and hence acceptable.

The initial hypothesis of the study was based, a priori, on the signs of high population and employment rates amongst professional, scientific and technical. The study proved the initial hypothesis because of higher population and higher share of employment in the professional, scientific and technical services sector, which both lead to an increase in GDP. This is because innovation triggers economic growth, and this means more people will move into the city. Again, urban growth theory concurs with the argument as discussed in the theoretical section

5.0       Conclusion

The research examined the relationship between innovation and urban growth. Urban growth has been shown in many metropolitan areas or cities in Canada from2001 to 2011. Much of the urban growth has been seen within urban hierarchy of the country. The study found that urban growth has increased over the decade and is more pronounced compared to small cities.

The key question of the study was whether innovation played a role in explaining the rising patterns in urban centres growth. To shed some light, the study estimated many regression models in 4 cities in Canada. Using statistics from Statistics Canada’s Labor Force Survey, the results strongly supported the hypothesis of positive link between urban growth and innovation. The demographic and industrial composition of the cities also was significant. Increase in number of professional and technicians, high number of employees in manufacturing, educational and information and cultural industries appear to have also contributed to urban growth.

Work Cited

Akai, N, and M Sakata. “”Fiscal Decentralization Contributes to Economic Growth: Evidence from State-Level Cross-Section Data for the United States.” Journal of Urban Economics. 52 (2002): 93-108. Print.

Arellano, Manuel, and Stephen R. Bond. “”Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations.” The Review of Economic Studies (new York). 58.194 (1991): 277-297. Print.

Baldwin, John R, Desmond Beckstead, Brown W. Mark, and David L. Rigby. “Agglomeration and the Geography of Localization Economies in Canada.” Regional Studies. 42.1 (2008): 117-132. Print.

Beckstead, Desmond. Cities and Growth: Earnings Levels Across Urban and Rural Areas : the Role of Human Capital. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2010. Internet resource.

Blundell, Richard, Lorraine Dearden, Costas Meghir, and Barbara Sianesi. “”Human Capital Investment: the Returns from Education and Training to the Individual, the Firm and the Economy.” Fiscal Studies. 20.1 (1999): 1-23. Print.

Bruce Katz and Julie Wagner. “The Rise of Innovation Districts: A New Geography of Innovation in America.” The Brookings Institution. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. <http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/metro/innovation-districts>.

Duranton, Gilles, and Diego Puga. Nursery Cities: Urban Diversity, Process Innovation, and the Life-Cycle of Products. London: Centre for Economic Performance, 2000. Print. 1454-1477.

Economic and social council. “Science, technology and innovation for sustainable cities and peri-urban communities.” Commission on Science and Technology for Development Sixteenth session Geneva, 3–7 June 2013.

<http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/ecn162013d2_en.pdf>

Feldman, M.P, and D.F Kogler. “Stylized Facts in the Geography of Innovation.” 1 (2010). Pp.381-410. Oxford: Elsevier. Print.

Florida, R, K Stolarick, C Mellander, and A Ross. “Cities, Skills and Wages.” Journal of Economic Geography. 12.2 (2012): 355-377. Print.

Gertler, M.S. “Tacit Knowledge and the Economic Geography of Context, or the Undefinable Tacitness of Being (there).” Journal of Economic Geography. 3.1 (2003): 75-99. Print.

Glaeser, E. Cities: Engines of innovation. Scientific American, September. 2011

Hamilton, Lawrence C. Regression with Graphics: A Second Course in Applied Statistics. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co, 1991. Print.

Islam, Nazrul. “Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach.” Quarterly Journal of Economics (cambridge). 110.443 (1995): 1127-1170. Print.

Jacobs, Jane. The Economy of Cities. London: J. Cape, 1970. Print.

Karlsson, Charlie. Handbook of Research on Innovation and Clusters: Cases and Policies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008. Print.

Lucas, Robert E. “On the Mechanics of Economic Development.” Journal of Monetary Economics. 22.1 (1988): 3-42. Print.

Malecki, E.. “Everywhere? The Geography of Knowledge*.” Journal of Regional Science 50 (2010): 493-513

Pendakur, Krishna. Visible Minorities and Aboriginals in Vancouver’s Labour Market. Burnaby, B.C: Vancouver Centre of Excellence, 2005. Internet resource

Romer, Paul M. Endogenous Technological Change. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989. Print. S71-S102

Schumpeter, Joseph A. Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. , 1939. Print.

Solow, Robert M. “”Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function.” Business Cycle Theory / Edited by Finn E. Kydland. (1995). Print. 39: 312-320

Storper, Michael, and Anthony J. Venables. “”””Buzz: Face-to-face Contact and the Urban Economy.” Institutions, Incentives and Communication in Economic Geography. (2004): 351-370. Print.

Web. 7 Apr. 2015. <http://www.princeton.edu/~erossi/UG.pdf>.

Wolfe, David A, and Allison Bramwell. “”Innovation, Creativity and Governance: Social Dynamics of Economic Performance in City-Regions.” Innovation: Management Policy and Practice. 10 (2008): 170-182. Print. <http://sites.utoronto.ca/progris/publications/pdfdoc/2009/IMPP_10-2_3_pp.170-182_Wolfe.pdf>

[1] The results are significant at the 1% level.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

In-Depth Analysis of Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Medical Center in Healthcare Admin

by Herman Bailey | Jun 9, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

As a change from the syllabus, the case analysis assignment is to be either an individual project or a group project which will require a case analysis relevant to the field of health administration as well as a case presentation to your classmates and the professor. You are to succinctly but thoroughly examine a recent decision from the United States Supreme Court which has relevance to health care administration and the objectives of this course.

A recent case is one that was rendered after June 30, 2012. If a US Supreme Court case does not interest you, you can instead choose a state case from the highest court in the state. The case is to be your analysis and not a canned analysis borrowed from a legal website or book.

People Also Read

• Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Medical Center
• Coastal Medical Center’s Strategic Plan for Establishing an Ambulatory Surgical Center
• Critical Analysis of Ephesians 4:25-32

With case analysis, accuracy of information is most pertinent. Therefore, you should make sure you have correct information for grading purposes especially regarding the rule of law, issues of the case, and the conclusion or holding. There are many case write-ups in your textbook which should give you a feel for case analysis. However, your paper is to follow the format below.

The paper is to be well written and follow APA guidelines where appropriate. While I do not expect you to be lawyers, I do expect documents with correct grammar and absent typos or spelling errors as well as accurate information. Case analysis is a process that is done in undergraduate, graduate, and law school classes.

There is a writing rubric under Course Content for writing guidance as well. It is to be 4 to 6 pages which does not include the cover page or references if necessary. I am looking for quality over quantity so it does not matter whether the paper is four, five, or six pages. Additionally, with case analysis conciseness rather than writing everything you know on a subject is necessary.

The paper is to be double spaced, 12 fonts, and Times New Roman typeface. I will down the paper if it is less than four pages. If you choose the group option, you need to follow the updated group rules information under Content in the class room.

CASE ANALYSIS FORMAT:

Subject: Name of the case, the court of jurisdiction, the justice writing the opinion and the court the case was appealed from. Additionally, the case citation which describes the identity of the parties in the case, the text in which the case can be found, and the year in which the case was decided should be included.

Facts: What is the major set of facts of the case?

Statement of the Issue(s): The court opinion has been written to address a certain issue(s) raised by one of the parties to the litigation. What are the issue(s) addressed by this opinion. Rule of Law: The resolution of the case involves a rule(s) of law. What is it?

Application: In order for the court to decide the case it must apply the facts of the case to rule(s) involved. Discuss the application of the facts in this case to the rule(s). What arguments are presented by opposing parties to the case? On what legal principle(s) does the case turn? Conclusion: How the case is decided is sometimes called the holding of the case i.e. what is (are) the decision(s) rendered by the court in this decision? State the court’s ruling which is based on the facts, issues, and applicable laws.

Other Opinions: In some cases, one or more of the judges not writing the majority opinion will write what is called a concurring opinion. It is an opinion in which the judge agrees with the majority opinion but raises a different reason for his decision. There also may be a dissenting opinion. It is written by a judge(s) who does not agree with the majority opinion. Are there concurring and/or dissenting opinions in the case? Who wrote them and what was the basis for them concurring or dissenting?

Final Thoughts: Do you agree or disagree with the decision? Why or Why not? Additionally, do you see any implications for healthcare administration? (e.g. business, operational, clinical, etc.). I added this section to traditional case analysis to give students the opportunity to give your own opinion and more importantly determine the relevance of the decision to the administration of healthcare rather than the legal system. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MAY BE ADDED.

The case i chose is: Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Medical Center rendered January 22, 2013 Please make sure it is 5 full pages… which does not include the cover page and reference page. Please read the instructions carefully and adhere to it.. it is very important

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Addressing Statutory Issues and Land Contamination in Construction Projects

by Herman Bailey | Jun 9, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Report to the Governors of Grove Park School

Introduction

This report is documented on the developer’s behalf and is intended for the school governors of Grove Park School. It is based on a case study provided a derelict land near the school which the school intends to build a sports center. Currently, the land has two vacant industrial buildings, windmill motors, car maintenance workshop and is in bad shape with rusting cars and debris. This land also borders the River Wandle on the side which is polluted and silted. Initially owned by the local council and offered to the school for building a sports center, residential accommodation, and studios of artists. The report has been prepared while responding to the provided six points. These include key statutory issues needing consideration and other matters that in the future may affect the use of the site, statutory applications that are required for the site development, implications of the land contaminations, and key statutory considerations and the available sustainable options for the development of the green economy (Green, 2011). Other fundamental points that the report will factor include the tendering procedures for restoring the windmill, and lastly on how to deal with the matter of required taller houses.

People Also Read

• Pursuing Excellence in Enterprise and Project Management
• Top 100 Engaging Statistics Project Ideas for High School
• Top 100 Capstone Project Ideas For High School

Key Statutory Issues That Need Consideration and Other Factors that Affect the Sites Future Implications of Land Contamination

Land contamination means destruction or degradation of the soil or earth’s surface as a result of human activities. The school land in the case study that needs the construction of a sports center is contaminated and, therefore, has several implications as discussed below.

The first implication of the contaminated land is that the construction workers will disturb and handle issues of contaminated materials. The excavation of the land might increase the movement of the contaminants. Moreover, some intrusive work during construction allows the contaminants to move deeper into the ground especially through the layers of materials that are low permeable like clay solid. Similarly, NetRegs (2015) pointed out that removal of the low permeability surfacing on the ground such as the tarmac surfaces may permit more infiltration of the contaminated materials below. Lastly, the environment can also be polluted when structures that contain contaminants like oil are removed.
Another implication of the contamination of the land are issues of design. The implication can be whether the design will introduce risk to the environment or human health or whether the design allows excavation of the onsite materials to be used. Additionally, another design implication is whether sulfate contamination is on the sports field, and this can weaken concrete during the construction of the sports center. Similarly, piling through a contaminated ground during construction can create a route for the contaminants to enter the groundwater (Health and Safety Authority 1999).
Another implication of contaminated land are issues of waste management. The implication is whether the excavated materials on the site can be utilized in the design, or there is a need for additional measures. Moreover, another issue is where and how the materials excavated can dispose of from the site. Similarly, another waste management issue is whether the materials excavated will need to be treated before being used or disposed of. Lastly, the cost of disposing of or treating the contaminated materials (NetRegs 2015).
Another implication of this contaminated school land for the construction of the sports center is the water issues. The rainwater that will pass through piles of contaminated materials on the land can carry dissolved pollutants into the ground. Similarly, the water that will be removed during the excavations of the contaminated land can be contaminated, and this can affect how it is disposed of or may need treatment (NetRegs 2015).
The last implication of contaminated land is safety and health and issues. There will be a need for the construction workers of the sports centers and other facilities to prepare for their risk assessments on health and safety and the subsequent work methods that take into account the present contaminants (NetRegs2015).

The Green Agenda

In pursuing the green agenda, Ma (2011) writes, the key statutory consideration during construction include:
All buildings that would be constructed on the land including the sports arena, offices, and other infrastructure must be designed, adapted, built, and maintained in ways that meet many societal changing needs (Bastianelli, Ness & West, 2003). These buildings must provide environments around the school where people work and live efficiently and enjoyably and which encourage social communities to flourish and encourage working
Another key consideration is that during the construction of the new facilities is the impact on the natural environment. They mostly use green energy consumption during their operations. These facilities will have an impact on the local environment in terms of the appearance of the locale, how they function, and how they change nature. Generate wastes and pollution from their construction and operations. This has implications for the usage of non-renewable resources
In pursuing the green agenda, the sports center construction should also consider re-using and recycling materials to reduce consumption and save.
The sustainable options available for the development are many. Sustainability means that the construction and the lifestyle of the facilities should be to conserve the environment for future generosity. Sustainable construction outlined by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) has the following key issues of social progress that recognize everyone’s needs, effective environmental protection, use of natural resources prudently, and maintenance of stable and high levels of employment and economic growth. The sustainable options that can be used as part of decision-making include:
1. Re-use of building assets that are existing
2. The design should be for minimum waste especially for efficient use of resources
3. Leaner construction that emphasizes waste elimination, continuous improvement, money value, and the satisfaction of the users who in this case would be the school.
4. Usage of global climate change. Previously solar energy should also be minimized during construction since much energy has been consumed in the production and transportation of the products for construction
5. Minimization of the target market. The new brand tried capturing the energy in use, which is a consideration that should be given to the efficient energy solutions in the design. Some of the options available include passive systems that use natural light, thermal mass, air movement, and renewable sources of energy
6. No environmental pollution from the construction
7. activities that result in physical healthiness. For example, proper diet, ensuring that all meals are balanced, and taking a lot of Water sources conservation that is the design should have increased water efficiency in water conservation and in building services within the built environment.
How to develop a constructions site that is taller than the neighboring houses to avoid disputes with neighbors

The school intends to build some of the buildings that will be higher than those of the neighbors, and this may reduce lighting to their houses. Moreover, some of these buildings may be located less than one meter from the neighbors’ houses. To minimize disputes, the following measures should be taken by the school and also the construction professionals of the sports center (World Bank, & International Finance Corporation 2013).
First of all, the school needs to engage a qualified professional to assist and advise on the intended building works. The qualified professionals include a professional engineer or an architect who has relevant expertise and training in building works. The registered architect will advise the school on the aspects of architectural designs of the house while the professional engineers consulted will advise the school on loading and structural issues. Secondly, the school needs also to inform their neighbors about their plans and also the estimated construction duration. Particularly the school needs to find out from the neighbors if there are any concerns with the intended construction on the land. Lastly, they should seek agreeable resolutions to both parties before the commencement of the construction (URA 2014).
It is also important that the professional engineer contracted by the school to conduct an impact assessment such as damages and disturbances of the proposed construction works to the surrounding properties that are about one meter away. URA (2014) suggested that if the proposed construction works on the school land are found to be having an impact on the neighboring properties, then the builders should ensure that they take the necessary safety precautions in addition to conducting close monitoring of the neighboring buildings affected buildings affected
Another measure the school should take is to engage a registered surveyor to undertake boundary and topographical surveys of the land and the school property before starting construction work. This will help confirm the boundary of the property and to prevent potential boundary disputes with their neighbors. All pre-existing conditions should be recorded, and the neighbors gave a copy of the survey report, which will act as a reference for any damage claims or disputes with the neighbors (URA 2014).
Given that some of the buildings will be as close as one meter from the buildings of their neighbors and their walls, the contracted builders of the school sports ground should take the necessary safety measures during their work to prevent the debris from construction from falling into the properties of their neighbors. Some of these measures include providing settings or hoardings along the common boundary walls of the school property and their neighbors (URA 2014).
Given that the land will be used to construct a sports center, other sports facilities like the swimming pools will be constructed with the audience areas built higher than the neighboring houses. To avoid a dispute with the neighbors from light obstruction or loud noise and dust from the construction site given that some of the buildings will about one meter away from the neighbors, the school need to inform their neighbors and seek their understanding in addressing their concerns or even their feedback if necessary. Similarly, before constructing a building next to the neighbors’ wall or the boundary wall, it is important to inform them.
Measures should also be taken to prevent water from splashing from the rooftops of the tall buildings to the properties of the neighbors by the builders installing flashings on the buildings to redirect the flow of water downwards (URA 2014).

Key Statutory Issues

Construction and maintenance of properties involve coordination, planning, and oversight role by the relevant authority. Therefore, it is important to factor in key statutory issues by engaging in a dialogue with all the stakeholders involved in the construction project to ensure that the applications of statutory issues are met.

Environmental Impact Analysis

According to the Construction Specifications Institute (2014), environmental impact analysis is one of the most statutory that the school should consider for developing the site. Currently, planners, the local community, and developers increasingly acknowledge the relationship between economic development and environmental safety as central components of community development. Construction developments often predispose the environment to substantial impacts concerning the quality of land, air, water, and biological resources. Therefore, Mills and Mellor LLP should consider a robust environmental assessment to take precedence over the protection of the local community. Conducting a community-based environmental impact assessment would offer a systematic approach to identifying, describing, and evaluating the community’s human and natural resources to aid their decision-making process in the management of the project. However, conducting an environmental assessment does not provide that all identified resources must be protected; rather, it implies that the assessment facilitates project planning by assisting the relevant stakeholders (Construction Specifications Institute 2014). In sum, the assessment should identify environmental resources in the local, and it’s an environment that may be affected by construction development. Secondly, it would be prudent to evaluate the capacity of the community for additional development considering the priorities of environmental protection. Lastly, the school and the constructor should determine the specific groups in the community that may be affected directly o indirectly by the project.

Workplace Safety and Health

The statute legislation of workplace safety and health that governs the safety and health of the workers and the local community is an essential statute issue. The legislation mandates requirements for various stakeholders, including the occupier, principal, and employer to ensure that the safety of the persons working is guaranteed (Chartered Institute of Building 2014). Besides, Mills and Mellor LLP Construction Company should ensure that several subsidiary legislation, including risk management and incident reporting, is practiced in the project development. Under workplace safety and health, it is prudent for Mills and Mellor LLP to adhere to the registration of factories act that would require such construction to register with the relevant ministry or submit notification before the commencement of their construction. Also, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (1982) provides that it is important to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment to identify and document health hazards and safety measures associated with the projected development. This would include fencing the area and putting notices warning trespassers to avoid any casualties.

Utilities

The utility regulatory framework mostly mentions electricity and gas supply. The energy market authority sets out the regulatory framework for electricity installation in the construction. Besides, it would be effective for Mills and Mellor LLP to ensure effective and efficient use of the energy resource during the construction period. The use of electricity and other energy sources may pollute the environment; therefore, it would also be appropriate for the company to adopt environmentally friendly sources of energy in the construction, planning, and maintenance phases of the project. The developer should also engage the relevant water service network such as a professional engineer to design, construct, alter, or repair the installation of water at the site. Also, the effective use of activities that results in physical healthiness. For example, a proper diet, ensuring that all meals are balanced, and taking a lot of water should be adhered to avoid any wastage of scarce natural resources (Victorian State Government 2006). Suitable disposal of polluted impact on our environment. Sometimes I find myself moving from the city and take a walk in the countryside where we have trees and freshwater should also be taken care of to avoid pollution of the available organizational culture according to Deiser, R. (2009p.229) is derived from people who created it. At price water sources for the community.

Statutory Applications

Building constructions follow a detailed procedure for developing a property. This includes obtaining essential statutory documents and licenses and permits, completing the required inspections and notifications, and obtaining utility connections. Smith, Love, and Wyatt (2001, p. 122) writes that dealing with construction permits expands businesses that ensure good practice in regulatory issues in constructions, as well as the assessment of safety and control mechanisms in place of the construction of the economic permitting system.

Submitting architectural plan fro approval and obtaining a provisional building permit

Mills and Mellor LLP would approach the relevant authoritative body such as the City Council to get the architectural plans to get approved. This would require the payment of a certain fee and a receipt to the development department in the area. The application is made to seek approval or permit of constructing the property and it passes through various departments, including the roads department, physical planning department, public health, effects of company privatization in productivity growth, and performance output. This article discusses the water authority, fire department, and electricity authority, according to International Conference On Civil Engineering And Urban Planning, Mohammadian, Goulias, Cicek, Wang and Maraveas (2014, p. 21). The departments will clear the respective sections of the plan and ascends to the project by granting various individual permits. Also, after obtaining the building permit, Mills and Mellor LLP would submit the structural project to a technical committee for final approval.

Obtaining environmental report

The development proposals on environmental matters consisting of environmental health, pollution control, sewage/sanitary, and drainage matters. The relevant body would screen ad assess the pollution and hazards impacts of the proposed school development to ensure they do not pose unmanageable health and safety hazards and pollution problems to the workers and the local population (SINGAPORE, 2010). Besides, it would ensure the wastes generated are well managed and properly disposed of. Therefore, Mills and Mellor LLP must make an application to a licensed environmental expert to prepare the project to get submitted to the environmental management agency. The report would then be channeled to relevant environmental management authority for approval of the project through an application (Rowlinson 1999, p. 278).

Request for Final Inspection

Mills and Mellor LLP would have to make an application to the relevant municipal authority after the construction to receive an occupancy certificate. The certificate would indicate that the property complies with the approved architectural drawings.

Application for utilities

These include an application for organizational culture according to Deiser, R. (2009p.229) is derived from people who created it. At price water and sewage connection to the relevant authority for payment of sewerage installation costs and obtaining a connection. The occupancy certificate must be attached to oversee the legality of the project.

Methods of Procurement

Traditional Procurement

In the traditional approach, the school would accept that design work will separate from construction. The consultants would be appointed for the design and cost control, and the contractor would be responsible for carrying out all works (Walker, Sidwell, & Hampson 1999, p. 17). The responsibility stretches to every workmanship and material, including all the works by suppliers and subcontractors. This approach provides that the contractor is appointed through a competitive tendering based on complete information. The method allows for an early start on the site, yet it also entails less certainty about the cost. In the traditional method, there is the use of negotiated tendering where the design and construction can run parallel to a limited extent (Walker, Sidwell, & Hampson 1999, p. 17). The main procurement methods include lump-sum contracts, measurement constructs, and cost reimbursement. Traditional procurement ensures accountability, competitive equity, and selection of an appropriate design.

Design and Construct Procurement

In this approach, the contractor accepts the responsibility of all or part of the design. There is always an express reference to this in the contract and the degree of design liability must be set clear (Victorian State Government 2006). Some design and construct procurement limits the contractor’s design liability to the usual professional duty to exercise reasonable skill and care. Therefore, independent consultants engaged by the contractor are no greater than normal. This method offers certainty in the contract sum and brings cost benefits (New South Wales Government 2005). Also, it offers a quicker start on site, and the close integration of construction and design can promote effective programming. However, it requires time for the client’s consultants to prepare an adequate set of requirements and comparison and evaluation of the schemes of competing tenders

Management procurement

New South Wales Government (2005) indicates that this includes management contracting, design and management, and construction management. In management contracting, the constructor has direct links with all the works contractors and is responsible for all construction works. In the construction management approach the contractors are paid a fee to manage professionally, coordinate design, facilitate collaboration and construction, and develop a program to improve the constructability of the project.

Recommended procurement method

Following the review, I would recommend the traditional procurement method. It is essential for a program that allows sufficient time and consultant design is warranted. Besides, it guarantees price certainty before the start of the project and produces a quality project. Considering that the construction site has numerous hazards and contaminations, the traditional approach would also ensure risk balancing in the construction site and between the client and the constructor. The school can also appoint designers and contractors separately. Concerning the windmill, traditional procurement offers variations to the contract, and it is a tried and tested method that is familiar. Therefore, it would offer a flexible procurement that would consist of all the listed factors for consideration.

References

Bastianelli, A. L., Ness, A. D., & West, J. D 2003, Federal government construction contracts. Chicago, Ill, Forum on the Construction Industry, American Bar Association.

Chartered Institute Of Building (Great Britain) 2014, Code of Practice for Project Management for Construction and Development. Hoboken, Wiley. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1747516.

Construction Specifications Institute 2013, The CSI construction product representation practice guide. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1161973.

Green, S 2011, Making sense of construction improvement. Chichester, West Sussex, UK, Wiley-Blackwell. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=698126.

Health And Safety Authority 1999, Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 1995: (S.I. no. 138 of 1995); guidelines. Dublin, Health, and Safety Authority.

International Conference On Civil Engineering And Urban case study in Los Angeles. Los Angeles: School of Architecture and Urban       Planning, Mohammadian, A., Goulias, K. G., Cicek, E., Wang, J.-J., & Maraveas, C 2014, Civil engineering and urban service delivery and policymaking. The experience, capabilities, and thinking of makers of policy, and those individuals who have liability for planning III: proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning (CEUP 2014), Wuhan, China, 20-22 June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17190.

MA, U 2011, No waste: managing sustainability in construction. Farnham, Surrey, Gower.

Morledge, R., Smith, A., Kashiwagi, D.T 2006, Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

NetRegs 2015, Impact of land contamination on construction work. [ONLINE]

New South Wales Government 2005, Procurement Methodology Guidelines for Construction. Version 1, February, NSW Government, Sydney, Australia.

Rowlinson, S 1999,  Selection criteria. In. Rowlinson, S., and McDermott, P. Procurement Systems: A Guide to Best Practice in Construction. E & F Spon, London, pp. 276-299.

Royal Society For The Prevention Of Accidents 2002, Construction regulations handbook: formerly the Building regulations handbook, and the Building & construction regulations handbook: a comprehensive guide to the safety, health and welfare requirements for building operations and works of engineering construction. Birmingham, RoSPA.

Singapore 2010, Guide on the construction of industrial developments in Singapore. Singapore, Building and Construction Authority. http://www.bca.gov.sg/Publications/others/Guide_on_Construction_of_Industrial_Developments_in_Singapore.pdf.

Smith, J., Love, P.E.D., and Wyatt, R 2001, To build or not to build? Assessing the needs of construction industry clients and their stakeholders. Structural Survey, 19 (2), pp. 121-132.

Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) 2014,  “BE GOOD NEIGHBOURS: A home owner’s guide on good practices to follow when carrying out building works in landed housing estates.” [ONLINE]: https://www.bca.gov.sg/Publications/others/Be_Good_Neighbours.pdf. [Accessed April 10, 2015].

Victorian State Government 2006, Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing)

Walker, D., Sidwell, A. & Hampson, K 1999, Project Procurement and Alliances – A Continuum of Competition to Cooperation, RMIT, Melbourne

World Bank, & International Finance Corporation 2013, Doing business 2013 smarter regulations for small and medium-sized enterprises. Washington, D.C., World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-9615-5.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Empowering Academic Success: Supporting At-Risk Students in Schools

by Herman Bailey | Jun 9, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.