Implications of Fuel Subsidy Cuts in Indonesia

by Herman Bailey | Apr 23, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

1. Compare the change in sales of subsidized vis-à-vis non-subsidized fuel between 2011 and 2012.

The subsidized fuel increased in sales in the years 2011 to 2012, from 41.7 million kilolitres to 44.96 million kilolitres. While the non-subsidized fuel decreased in sales from 22.91 million kilolitres to 19.92 million kilolitres.

b. Suppose that the quantity demanded of Premium petrol is 8 million kilolitres for Rp 14,500 per liter. For simplicity, assume that, before the cut in subsidy, Pertamina sold 28 million kilolitres of Premium. On a relevant figure, draw a demand curve for Premium petrol.

(i) Mark the prices and quantities before and after the cut in subsidy

(ii) Calculate the change in the buyer surplus.

Before cut in subsidy= 28 million buyers

After a cut in subsidy= 8 million buyers

Change in buyer surplus= 28-8= 20 million

Therefore, there was a reduction in buyer surplus by 20 million

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1. Suppose that, before the cut, the government subsidy for Premium was Rp 3,000 per liter. Calculate the effect of the cut in subsidy on government expenditure.

In June 2013, the subsidized premium price rose to Rp 6500 from Rp 4500

Initially subsidized premium price= Rp 4500

New subsidizes premium price= Rp 6500

Cut in subsidy= (New subsidizes premium price- Initial subsidized premium price)

Rp 6500- Rp 4500= Rp 2000

Before the cut, the government subsidy for Premium was Rp 3,000 per liter

Initial subsidy= Rp 3000

Subsidy cut= Rp 2000

New subsidy= (Initial subsidy- Subsidy Cut)

Rp 3000- Rp 2000 = Rp 1000

Fuel subsidy removal will improve the budget of the government. Expenditure wise, the government will be having more rooms for various fiscal policies. The extra budget not used on subsidy will be re-allocated to various programs.

d. From the viewpoint of reducing government expenditure, which is better? Elastic or inelastic demand for petrol?

Elastic demand is whereby a slight price change results in a drastic change in demand for goods and products. On the other hand, inelastic demand is whereby a price change may have little or no effect on the demand of consumers. Petrol demand is quite inelastic because of few alternatives, and therefore price increase in petrol does no reduce its demand significantly. Therefore, from the viewpoint of reducing the expenditure of the government, inelastic demand is better because whether they subsidize it in small amounts or large amounts, there will be no change in demand.

e. How would the cut in subsidy effect:

(i) Taxi drivers

A cut in subsidies of fuel leads to a rise in the price of the fuel. The taxi drivers will have to pay more for the fuel they are using in their cars

(ii) Owners of taxi licenses

Because of the fuel price increase, they will have to receive low income from the taxi drivers they have employed. They can alternatively shift the burden to their customers and increase fare prices, but they risk losing their clients

(iii) Pertamina

Pertamina is the sole supplier of subsidized fuel in Indonesia, hence they enjoy the monopoly. Cut in subsidy may not have a significant effect on their sales because of the market power they enjoy. The consumers will have less choice, they will enjoy the market power and the demand will be inelastic

(iv) Shell

Shell, which is another alternative fuel supplier to Pertamina, may also not see significant changes in their sales. This is because they don’t sell subsidized fuels, to imply that their prices are higher than subsidized fuel being sold by Pertamina. A cut in subsidy also implies that subsidy is still being applied though in fewer amounts but is better than fuels that are not subsidized.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

The Intersectionality of Skin Color and Feminism: An In-Depth Analysis

by Herman Bailey | Apr 23, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

In the world, there are still a few areas where there is no stigmatization of color. Most of the countries in Latin America have different policies and laws that are very helpful in preventing discrimination in relation to color of the skin. In most communities of Native America, Red-Black Cherokees were never accepted in tribes but those who had lighter skin colors were very welcomed (Richard & Stefancic, p17). Despite these occurrences in America, Asia takes lead in intense stigmatization of dark skin. For a thousand years, there has been discrimination of dark skin in India and they have been seen as untouchables. Even before the arrival of the Europeans in Japan, there was always stigmatization of dark skinned people. In accordance to the traditions of Japanese, a fair skinned woman remunerates seven blemishes. Mixed race births have been increasing largely in number and it has not made it easier for the off springs. The children from these marriages are never black enough or white enough for their people.

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Most women want to be just like men and do not put into consideration that feminism is all about equality for both men and women (Hooks p.11). Being a feminist does not mean one have to be angry and hate on men because one can be a friendly feminist. Feminism can be defined as a movement to bring sexism, oppression and sexist exploitation to an end. The feminism mission is all about the female rights and equality not anti-male. The major problem is sexism and people should know that both male and female from birth have made to accept sexist actions and thoughts. Women therefore are allowed to be sexist just as men. This however does not excuse male domination. Many reformist thinkers made a choice to emphasize on matters concerning the equality of all genders. The revolutionary thinkers were not willing to alter with the systems that were already available for they wanted more rights for women.

The many changes that was available in the economy of the nation, people losing their jobs, economic depression and many more opened doors for the citizens to come to terms with the gender equality notion in different workforces. When we look at reality concerning racism, it was very clear that most white men were very willing to put into consideration the rights of women as long as they were granted that those rights would purposely maintain and protect white supremacy. Skin color has affected job opportunities for many people all over the world. For example, female immigrants had no problem getting jobs. However, for Asian and black women had disadvantages because of color when compared to white immigrants. Some people choose workers according to color and type of hair. For example in 2014, in movie casting they wanted African-American girls for that post. The girls were ranked from A-D; where girls in group A were expected to have long hair and were to be very classy. B group was expected to have a lighter skin and have a good body. Those in group C were to have brown skin and a weave. Those from group D were taken as the lowest of all (Joseph-Dottin, p3).

Feminists who were also the reformists thought primarily focusing on equality in the workforce for men blocked the main foundation of the contemporary feminism. This is because it majorly focused on changes on the general restructuring of the society; to help the country be all anti-sexist. This caused most women more so the privileged white ones, to stop considering the visions of revolutionary feminists as they were receiving different powers. This happened after they started gaining economic power within social structures that already existed. When talking of abortion matters, women of all kinds of races, black or white have the privilege to access abortion that is safe. It does not matter where you are from but the safety of all women is the first priority. This however affects those from different class for example those from poor backgrounds. As much as they have the right to choose, sometimes these costs are too high for them (Hooks, p15).

The difference in class hierarchy has been an issue contributing to division of women for quite some time. Previously, the working class white women made recognition that there was presence in the hierarchy of class. As the movement of feminist continued, white women who were well educated was privileged enough attained the same power access just like their fellow males and this caused the struggle for feminist class to not be seen as important. The privilege whites got recognition from all corners inclusive of the media and the main issues that affected working class women were not in any case highlighted anywhere. These white women are the only ones who were able to air their problems and the rest of the women were forgotten just like that. Sexist oppression and gender discrimination is not the main reason that made privileged women from other races to stay at home, they stayed at home because the jobs that would be assigned to them are the same jobs they would have done even with lower skills. Elite women with very high education chose to stay at home instead of doing other kinds of work because they were paying very low despite their education.

White privileged women made it public about their ownership of different movements forgetting the other races that helped them come up with the movement. With their action and decision, they made poor white women, women of color in the followers’ position. They ignored all the other white women as well as the black women were heading the movement; they just took charge of it. They made it very clear that they were the owners whether or not they were present during its formation. They then overlooked race issues, gender discrimination cases in neocolonialism contemporary. The sexuality of men and women are very different. Men and women are not equal but the privileged white women are equal to these men. This shows how much power the privileged white women have over other races. This is why when they took over the movement, they became the talk of the town and no one else further paid attention to the real problems that other women have.

Women should support each other despite the race, class or religion. The fact that white women with privileges would choose to overtake an organization that is based on fighting on the rights of fellow women to focus on their own benefits is heartbreaking. These women despite their privileges should have used the spotlight they had to bring to the public on the issues affecting women out in the world. To everyone’s surprise, they used to the spotlight to gain recognition and made other founders of the movement followers. This is a clear indication of selfishness and for women to get the equality they need, they should stand strong and together to fight as one; in unity. Light women thinking or believing they are better than dark women should come to an end to bring the interests of women together.

Studies show that people of mixed race are in most cases put below white people but above black people. It even indicates that black women with dark skin suffer more in the sentences they are given in prison than those with lighter skin colors. 12000 Black women who had been imprisoned were sampled in a study between the year 1995 and 2009 in North Carolina. The results showed that the counterparts who had lighter skin colors received 12% less sentence on their time behind bars as compared to those with darker skins (Jill et al., p.254). The results indicated that those with lighter skins their color contributes to the reduction of their actual time in prison by up to 11%. A study in the University of Georgia indicates that most employees opt for black women with lighter skins than those with darker skins despite their work experience and qualifications.

Conclusion

Women should stand together and get what they want. They deserve so much better than being described as where a man gets his pleasures from. How can one use sex to describe another person? Coming up with movements to fight for their rights is a good idea. Whether black or white, light or dark we are all women so color does not really matter. People should appreciate the different diversities instead of treating people of color and black people differently. Privileged women who have the attention should wisely use that media spotlight to get other women what they need. Things like equality at their work places where men are treated as superior than them. Women need to grow together and the only way to acquire this is if they stand by each other and fight together to get their needs achieved.

Works cited

Anne Koedt. The myth of vaginal orgasm. New England Press791

Bell Hooks. Feminism is for everybody. South End Press Cambridge, 2010.

Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. Critical race theory: An introduction. NYU Press, 2017.

Tyissha Joseph-Dottin. Dark Skin Women vs Light Skin Women: Colorism Within Our Community, 2018.

Viglione, Jill, Lance Hannon, and Robert DeFina. “The impact of light skin on prison time for black female offenders.” The Social Science Journal 48.1 (2011): 250-258.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Wal-Mart’s Integration Strategies: Diversification and Expansion

by Herman Bailey | Apr 23, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Wal-Mart is a multinational retail company whose goals of growth, expansion, and diversification have been attained through a combination of different strategies including vertical and horizontal integration. The adoption of vertical integration has contributed to its diversification from a place where customers bought consumer goods to its involvement in the provision of different types of goods and services, and to the point of establishing its own brand called Sam’s Choice. Through this strategy, it has managed to branch out into new retail sectors. For instance, Wal-Mart is involved in the manufacturing of soft drinks, grocery sales, entrainment, pharmaceuticals, and other products as indicated by Hayden, Lee, McMahon, and Pereira (14).

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Wal-Mart is known for providing quality products at lower prices compared to its competitors thus managing to attract more customers as indicated by Hills and Jones (5). This has been greatly contributed by the company’s strategy that focuses on minimizing costs by establishing a central communication system that speeds and lower communication costs thus reduced transaction costs, their outstanding bargaining power at the supply level, and eliminating middlemen’s influence. Production of high-quality products is attributed to their use of appropriate technologies. Hence, has managed to increase its market share enhancing profitability.

Wal-Mart has demonstrated good managerial strategies since it has been able to successfully bring all its business operations under common leadership and corporation. The company has also been able to achieve competence and gain customers’ trust by bringing and retaining a competent team of employees dedicated to achieving its mission of offering quality products and outstanding customer care. Wal-Mart established a culture that takes into consideration the needs of its workforce and devised various ways to motivate them like offering them discounts as stated by Hills and Jones (5). This has enabled the company to create a positive image and gain recognition thus maintaining its superiority in the industry.

Wal-Mart’s success in maintaining its lead in the business has been contributed by its expansion in the market since it has a chain of stores that stocks even its own supplies. The company has managed to extend its customer base by putting up several stores close to the consumers since their stores are everywhere even outside town. Their major goal is to reach as many customers as possible to increase sales thus profitability. Wal-Mart established a variety of stores that meets the needs of a wide range of customers such as, Sam’s club, discount stores, supercenters, and neighborhood markets. This strategy has enabled the company to dominate the retail industry and in the United States create some level of monopoly as implied by Hayden, Lee, McMahon, and Pereira (15). However, as much as the company has diversified using horizontal integration, it may consider buying stores in the area that are not doing well to fully occupy the market and achieve greater gains as well as secure its future since the strategy minimizes the risk of failure.

Wal-Mart has proven its determination and commitment to promoting its growth and development of its enterprise since its foundation within and outside the United States. Considering their progress as well as excellent corporate strategies that have enabled them to achieve their goal of dominating the retail industry, I do believe it is capable of venturing into other sectors besides retailing that has been the center of their focus in terms of diversification. Furthermore, Wal-Mart already has the resources to venture into other sectors in terms of leadership strategies, human resources, experience in customer responsiveness, and capital. The existing customer trust, global recognition, and commendable reputation give them an advantage as well since they make it easier for the company to find a market for their new products. Their venture into e-commerce also provides a platform for them to introduce and market new products.

Wal-Mart may consider creating more brands besides Sam’s Choice soft drink that is the third most popular soft drink in the United States since one of its aims is to create a positive brand. Therefore, the company could venture into the manufacturing of products such as cooking oil or even snacks. Significantly, in case it indeed to go beyond retailing then they need to carry out research to determine business opportunities and select appropriately. Otherwise, Wal-Mart has the potential to invest further in different sectors.

Works cited

Hayden, Patrick, Lee Seung, McMahon Kate, Mike Pereira. “Wal-Mart: Staying on Top of the Fortune 500 A Case Study on Wal-Mart Stores Inc.” (0). Print.

Hills, Charles W. L, and Gareth R. Jones. Essentials of Strategic Management. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2008. Print.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Enhancing Nursing Competency through Residency Programs

by Herman Bailey | Apr 23, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Nursing Training

Nursing is a type of health provision that looks into the management, coordination and delivery of care services using different programs within the domain of patient-care. Nurses use the nursing process to provide care for individual patients or defined population in different health facilities or hospitals. Nursing education begins with student have to either cover different levels in nursing education that starts from a Diploma, Degree and finally Baccalaureate degree in nursing. A diploma courses are is trained in hospital that offers sponsorship training programs just within the facility and in other cases a student works as an attaché. Baccalaureate students are well placed to receive advanced working positions such as tutoring diploma students, health-care administration and patient-care.

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Nursing Action

Graduate nurses are usually ready to take up different challenges in health care whereby they can work in any department such as emergency rooms or administration. New RN graduates finds themselves getting direct employment without necessarily need for orientation to different working positions. Hence, nurses need to be competent with enough knowledge to assist then in using healthcare system whereby a nurse need to think about how to use then while administering to patients needs.

Role of Residency Programs in Promoting Nursing Competency

The residency programs has been helpful in promoting health in emergency departments as it highlights importance of creating a healthy public policy ,strengthening of nursing actions, development of personal skills and reorientation of health services (Nelson et al,. 2001). Graduate nurses in a public setting or in a community they are likely to promote health through mobilizing the communities, training on health related and environmental aspects that affects health and health policies. The promotion of nurses education is an important component of health practice in form of care is the ability to physically provide diagnostic services.

Retention of graduate nurses in the health facility not addressed the shortage of staff in hospitals and health centers dealing with facing different complications. Graduate specialists such as psychiatrists and nurses are often few in numbers compared to the population that requires their services in an emergency room. Therefore, many need to be trained for NLN competency to be able to handle different challenges in emergency rooms which are currently originating from lack of adequate personnel (Happel K, 2007). There is need for reform on fundamentals health system through education and change of governance in order to be in a position to offer better services. This way, practitioners will be able to address the aspect of changing service delivery in the health sector by making integrated care more accessible to the patients. Moreover, there is the need to improve the infrastructure in hospitals by hiring competent nurses to handle these facilities (Brady, 2009). More information should be given to trainees as it is believed that the stigma surrounding health is a cause for low level of health practitioners’ interested professional fields. With an adequate working force, the health system would be better equipped to deal with the emergency crisis.

Conclusion

In conclusion, nursing education is an essential component of health care provision. It involves training nurses to provide quality care services to patients in different health care facilities. The residency program has been instrumental in promoting nursing competency, especially in emergency departments. Graduate nurses can work in various departments such as emergency rooms, administration, and health care, among others. There is a need to retain graduate nurses in the health facilities to address the shortage of staff in hospitals and health centers facing different complications. The health system requires reforms in governance and infrastructure to equip it to deal with the emergency crisis. By doing so, healthcare practitioners will be better equipped to address the aspect of changing service delivery in the health sector and make integrated care more accessible to the patients.

References

Brady. W. (2009). Comparison of traditional and nontraditional new Graduate RN’s in a NICU (1st ed.)

Happell . K. (2007). Employment through residency program: A strategy to address the workforce crisis in Psychiatric Nursing. Psychiatric Nursing Archives, 21(3), 126-131.

Nelson. M. Olson & Yougn, L. Kleinsasser. A. (2001). Nursing Student Residency Program: a model for seamless transition from Nursing Student to R.N. Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(1), 40-48.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.