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Assessment of Healthcare Needs for Miami Dade County School Community

by | Jan 24, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

The health disparities among the Miami Dade County’s vulnerable and low income populations are documented well. From the high incidences of obesity, lead poisoning, asthma among children to increase of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases among the adults to alarming levels. Furthermore, access to prevention and treatment heath care of high quality is usually challenging for the Miami Dade County residents (Fos, Fine & Fos, 2005).

According to Taylor (2011), determining the community’s service delivery is another basis of social allocation. According to the Great Britain healthcare needs requires a detailed knowledge of the focus population. The residents and staff of Miami Dade County School community provide to this knowledge base an invaluable groups with differing agendas that are sometimes very different educationally and ideologically. Varying audiences, content. In assessing the preparedness and healthcare needs of the Miami Dade County residents who are at a risk of  premature death, disability, injury and risk of illness, and would also benefit from the health promotion, the project  assessed the:

  1. Availability of the health services that are essential within the Miami Dade County and the adjacent areas
  2. Services access, that is transportation, natural barriers presence such as rivers and highways
  3. The choice of the provider, that is the availability of the ethnically or culturally competent providers of healthcare or specialists among the Miami Dade County residents
  4. The literacy, culture and language needs of the community, and also presence of other ethnic neighborhoods

Miami Dade County School is the largest in Florida State and also the fourth largest district school in the whole nation. Miami Dade County School in collaboration with the community school providers of health has a school health program that provides health services to the school that protect, appraise and promote the students health during their years in schools from pre-K to the 12th grade (Huber, 2006). Veenema (2007) observed that the health program for the school also provides  school health services that are ongoing, quality assurance, regulatory oversight and technical help to the entire community of the school both non public and public. The school health programs strength is found in its dedication, caring and the competent staff that are making positive impact on the students’ health. Clemen-Stone et al (2002) pointed out that the school health programs assumes a leadership role in risk assessment and fostering collaboration with other agencies and collaborations to improve and integrate services, provide information about needs and issues of health, and to develop policies. The provided services according to Allender & Spradley (2005) include:

  • Administration of medication
  • Vaccine administration
  • Record review of immunization
  • Health record review
  • Nursing counseling
  • Nursing assessments
  • Screening programs
  • Care Plan for student development
  • Home visitation
  • Follow ups and referrals of the health problems
  • Parent consultations
  • Classroom health education

Residents of Miami Dade County historically have been plagued by limited financial resources and high unemployment, complex family situations and crowded living conditions. The conditions are exacerbated often by located neighborhoods in areas of high crime and isolation, furthermore, the period of great recession and financial crisis increased reports of increased incidents of behavioral and mental health related disorders, chronic stress among the residents (Smith, & Maurer, 2000).

The residents of Miami Dade County also have values and value systems that influence community health nursing in different ways. The residents believe in socialization where members of the small community from different ethnic groups converge to brainstorm certain health issues of their areas such as provision of clean water, good sanitation, availability of medical and health centers within their neighborhoods (Adams, 2009). Despite the fact that the community has diverse cultures and ethnic groups, they are receptive to health care services provided to them from the health care facilities and even propose some of the lacking services in their communities (Colasanti et al, 2012).

Miami Dade County School has a well established public health preparedness program which helps the community in preparation and planning of the public health emergencies. () observe d the mission of the Miami Dade County School’s preparedness program is to secure and protect life through collaborative partnerships to mitigate, respond, plan and recover effectively in all situations of hazard. The preparedness program of the public health  coordinates preparedness and planning activities for all public health hazard emergencies for the health department of Miami Dade County School (Frenk & Trinitapoli, 2013). Emergencies of the public health are disasters or events that threaten the health of groups of people or communities (Fos, Fine & Fos, 2005). The Miami Dade County School’s preparedness health program prepares the small community to deal with several emergencies of public health like the natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, wildfires, disease outbreaks like flu, severe weather like extreme heat, and biological attacks of the terrorists like release of anthrax. Taylor (2011) pointed out that the preparedness program of the public health works alongside many volunteers and professionals from community, clinics, hospitals, non private and private country agencies or organizations, state and region partners. Working together with these partners prepares the preparedness program of the mental illness. Mental health issues can be expressed using art as a public health of Miami Dade County School for emergencies of public health that can affect the safety and health of the visitors and citizens of Miami Dade County School, Florida state or Dade county. Huber (2006) asserted that public health emergency preparation is a responsibility of all Miami Dade County School citizens. They have to work together to be sure that at all times they are ready for disaster whenever it strikes. It is vital to be prepared for emergency of public health for the community to emerge from the calamity in good health

The education level of most residents Miami Dade County  over the past four decades indicates that there has been improvement (Veenema, 2007).when comparison is made between Miami Dade County  to the nation and to the state, the proportion of people with degrees is similar to Florida state and the whole nation of united states. From study conducted by Adams (2009), statistics indicate that 12.7% of the population in Miami Dade County with below 9th grade education is almost double the 6.5% of the nation (Adams, 2009). Similarly, the percentage of the population with below high school degree for the blacks and Hispanics is more than thrice that of the non-Hispanics whites. The percentage for blacks was 29.8%, 27.1% for the Hispanics and 7.8% for the non-Hispanics whites (Adams, 2009). However, the project focused on the educational level of Miami Dade County School where most participants and students have educational level up to grade 12. However, the staff and the teachers are mostly college graduates, degree graduates, and 9th graduates for both the teachers, and the subordinate staff members. In assessing the level of education, survey method was applied where open ended questionnaires were issued to the group participants in educational health classes for the community. Levels of education slot were also available in the survey questionnaire. After analysis of the results, most of people of Miami Dade County School had college level and high school levels of education

Community health nursing diagnosis

Forming a nursing diagnosis needs application of detailed critical thinking, assessment skills and decision making. Clemen-Stone et al (2002) defined hypothesis as a statement that brings together data for assessment. It is descriptive label for a state or a situation, and it implies an etiology and gives supporting evidence to the inference. Allender & Spradley (2005) indicated that that according to North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), definition of nursing diagnosis is a family, an individual, or community responses clinical judgment to potential or actual life processes or health processes.

Nursing diagnosis limits the process of diagnosis to the diagnoses that represent responses of individuals to potential or actual health problems that the nurses are permitted to treat. Community diagnosis, on the other hand, differs in that it is focused on a community or an aggregate instead of an individual. It requires action that is multidisciplinary to treat or address, and many determinants must be given considerations when planning interventions (Smith & Maurer, 2000).

In a community diagnosis, there are four parts and they include first, problem description, response and state. Second is the statement of the community, third is the identification of the factor related etiologically to the factors, and lastly are the signs and symptoms that the problem characteristics.

The community health action basis must be an accurate state of health assessment of the entire community. According to Colasanti et al (2012), community health diagnosis is an important precursor to intervention of community health nursing that is acknowledged widely. Assessment refers to collection of data and analysis, and is the first step in the process of diagnosis. Diagnosis applies assessment as the foundation for labeling and decision making that concisely and clearly describes a problem, and completes the process of diagnosis (Adams, 2009).

For the purpose of this project, community was defined as a bunch of people related by one or many characteristics that validates their being regarded as a single system by the community health team. The manner in which community people are related must be specified by a nurse for the development of the community health diagnosis, and to allow for communities comparisons.

According to Frenk & Trinitapoli (2013), epidemiology provides methods and concepts for estimation of the population segments that are most likely to experience mortality and disease in the future. These methods referred to as risk assessment, allows the nurse  to make an identification of the groups at risk, or at high risk such as the specific conditions that are potentially susceptible, or at high risks such as having at least one risk factor known for a specific condition. Lastly is to design interventions for lowering their status for risks, and promotion of their health (Fos, Fine & Fos, 2005).

HIV/AIDS statistics in Miami Dade County 

Statistics indicate that in 2013, there were 26,760 people in Miami Dade County   living with HIV/AIDS (Frenk & Trinitapoli, 2013). This has increased from 2004 to 2014 by 23%. From the diagnostic assessment data, results indicate that as much as the black forms 16% of the general population, the represent 48% and 38% of the HIV/AIDS population in 2014 and 2004 (Colasanti et al, 2012). The Hispanics which form 67% of the general population of the country represent 44% and 51% of cases of HIV/AIDS reported in 2014 and 2004 respectively (Frenk & Trinitapoli, 2013).

 

SIX-WEEK INTERVENTION PLAN ON COMMUNITY WORK PROJECT ON HIV

Lack of information and its effect in the spread of HIV

The topic for was chooses because of the following reasons

  1. Growing concern that the youth risk contracting HIV
  2. Lack of proper information on the disease misconceptions and baseless perceptions on how HIV is spread, controlled and sustained
  3. The need to disseminate relevant and accurate information through this community project
  4. To enable the youth prevent themselves from contracting the virus

Goals of the project

The goal of this project is to equip the youth with all the information surrounding HIV and in particular

  1. To acquaint them on what HIV is
  2. Teach on how HIV is contracted
  3. Relay the methods of prevention including Prep and Pep
  4. Disseminate information on how to live with HIV

Location of the project

The location of the project will be Miami Dade School in Dade County in the state of Miami

Target population

The target populations are the students and the staff of Miami Dade School. Emphasis will be placed on the students of both genders

Implementation plan

  1. Identification of all the topics that need to be covered and collecting the relevant material
  2. Acquainting myself with the target population in order to enable me carry out effective grouping
  3. Administering a set of questions to test what they already know before embarking on teaching
  4. Engaging students in discussions during the teaching to gauge their personal experiences and the knowledge they have on particular issues
  5. Demonstrating how to use condom as a means of prevention
  6. Administering a similar test t see if there is an improvement in the quality of responses

Overview of the lesson plans

Week Activity
Week 1 Introduction to HIV
Week 2 Spread of HIV
Week 3 Methods of prevention of HIV
Week 4 The uses of pre Exposure Prophylaxis (PREP) and Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
Week 5 Living with HIV; Use of ART and ARV’s and Dealing with Stigmatization (Frank& Trinitapoli, 2013)
Week 6 Monitoring and evaluation of the efficacy of the  project achievements, challenges and lessons

 

Teaching strategies used

  1. Group instructions-in this context, the target population will be divided into groups based on sex and age among other facts
  2. Individual instruction will be employed
  3. Information will be systematically relayed to the participants departing from what they already know to what they do not
  4. Use of visual representations such as charts to show statistics and videos showing the effects of the virus on various body parts

Evaluation method

  1. There will be two assessment tests administered to ascertain progress
  2. Before the implementation of the project
  3. After the implementation of the project
  4. Questionnaires and interviews will also be adopted to seek the opinion of the target population on the success of the project
  5. An improvement in the nature of the response will be enough indication that the goals of the project will have been met. At the end of the project, the target population should be more informed that they were initially

 

References

Fos, P. J., Fine, D. J., & Fos, P. J. (2005). Managerial epidemiology for health care organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Taylor, C. (2011). Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of nursing care. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and nursing care management. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

Veenema, T. G. (2007). Disaster nursing and emergency preparedness: For chemical, biological, and radiological terrorism and other hazards. New York: Springer Pub.

Clemen-Stone, S., McGuire, S. L., & Eigsti, D. G. (2002). Comprehensive community health nursing: Family, aggregate & community practice. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby.

Allender, J. A., & Spradley, B. W. (2005). Community health nursing: Promoting and protecting the public’s health. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Smith, C. M., & Maurer, F. A. (2000). Community health nursing: Theory and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

Colasanti, J., Nguyen, L., Kiem, J. T., Deeb, K., & Jayaweera, D. (January 01, 2012). Disparities in HIV-treatment responses between Haitians, African Americans, and Hispanics living in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 23, 1, 179-90.

Adams, G. B. (2009). A case study of specific life-space experiences of academically successful and non-successful intermediate grade level Mexican-American migrant boys in Dade County, Florida.

Frenk, S. M., & Trinitapoli, J. (January 01, 2013). U.S. congregations’ provision of programs or activities for people living with HIV/AIDS. Aids and Behavior, 17, 5, 1829-38.

 

 

 

 

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Exploring the Relationship between Pressure Groups and Science

by | Jan 24, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

Pressure group can be defined as a group that seeks to influence legislations of policies of a government. The group has several names among them is interest groups and lobby groups. These groups do not have power to make decisions neither do they look for the power of a political office but what they tend to put pressure on the decision makers in the government. They can influence policies by informing the lawmakers the group preferences, it can also fund election campaign, deciding to vote as a bloc and finally influence members of the executive hence it is a force to reckon with (Watts 2007).

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The relationship between science and pressure groups come at a point where human behavior is examined from a different perspective in terms of modes of expression, a particular techniques, and history. Science employs the evidence-based approach, hypothesis testing and model building of science when it comes to investigation of a specific phenomenon mostly social among the groups, by the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. (Richardson 1993).

There are several ways different organization and groups’ influences science. Let’s take an example the government’s policies on climate change. The lobby groups have played a bigger part when it comes to fighting climate change. They have come up with forums, sponsoring programs on climate change and taking an initiative of ensuring that the citizens are aware of dangers in climate change and their effects. This is a direct influence the group have had in influencing science the decisions on climate change are scientific in nature a good example of this is ‘Campaign against climate change’ pressure group The Independent magazine they held protest in the United Kingdom giving pressure to the government and hence influences the rate at which climate change was being handled (Independent 2015).

The relationship between the government and pressure groups should be the one that works. This group is very influential they have a capability of influencing a behavioral change because of the resources they have. A good example of this is PAC (Political Action Committees) which always work for a particular party during elections in the United States. They fund a political campaign of a specific candidate who will ensure their interest is put into consideration when in power the fact that PAC influences the way people think and the behavior influences science and, in this case, the social science (Boundless 2015).

Lobbyist is another pressure group that consists of over twelve thousand members in America Washington, but it’s only a handful of the number that has influence and the needed connection to influence policies. Lobbyists work precisely to influence decision makers, or policies make in Congress together with the members of the executive branch. Though they have unclear impact, the lobbyists have got great social influence when it comes to public policy a good example of their influence is for National Rifle Association policy of private rifles ownerships (Boundless 2015).

Scientist in the United States have identified In the United States; political scientists have identified occurrences known as “policy niches” and “iron triangles” this is in regards to lobbyist–policy-maker relations. In such cases, members of the legislature, lobbyists, and, other stakeholders get policies enacted by working together ensuring the policies has got all interest of all the group (Boundless 2015).

The organization like Action for Smoking and Health (ASH) in UK is a group that organizes charity walk in the campaign of elimination of effects of tobacco in the society. The group aim is to create awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco and pressing for policies that will reduce the consumption of the same the action of this group has not only provided benefits to benefits to the addicts but it has also come up with facilities of rehabilitation fully equipped and hence dealing with the root cause of tobacco addiction. The group has also been in the forefront in ensuring policies are implemented when it comes to packaging of tobacco, this shows how influential the group is worldwide.

Trade unions is also another pressure group; it is worldwide with the main purpose being fighting for employees’ right. The union has been very important ensuring employers give employees the right tool for the job example a chemical plant would provide their employees with full protective kit together with medical benefits if they got hurt within the company. This has been made law in most of the country because of the pressure and the influence of trade unions in those countries

The question in mind is how these pressure groups have come organization helped in the influence of science. For instance PAC (Political Action Committee) the funds they provide for election dictate the policies that their candidate will implement when it comes to science. During President JF Kennedy, the first man on earth set foot on the moon. This was a political policy directly attached to science. In the same scenario PAC provides funds and policies on scientific research and innovation ensuring United States stays top when it comes to scientific research this, therefore, will ensure the US government remains the most powerful country hence there interest in the country will be safe. (Interest groups, Lobbyist and PAC 2015).

Lobbyists have also played a bigger part when it comes to influencing science. Global warming has been fought by the group ensuring strict laws have been enacted the laws that will ensure the emission of carbon dioxide has been reduced and also championing for energy saving they are championing for a scientific The measures they have in fighting environmental changes by discouraging the burning of materials such as fossil fuels and oil that emits carbon dioxide in plenty. The lobbyists also fund energy saving projects and helps in the funding of the research that aims to reduce global warming. (Independent 2015).

Action of Smoking and Health (ASH) has provided funds that have been helpful in setting up rehabilitation centers in UK to fight against tobacco consumption. They have also helped in educating the public about the effects of tobacco and this they have done more research on tobacco effects and the funds in the group has been essential for the research. (Richardson 1993).

Trade unions influence on politics has enabled politicians to respect the social well-being of the employees. So apart of supporting and influencing the outcome of an election based on their rich vote block the effects have been linked to social-science. The fact that the union has affected (Watts 2007).

Aids activist group campaign on the inclusion of women and homosexual on the research for HIV by the researchers has been a key tool in the fight against HIV. The previous established researchers had issues with homosexuals debating whether it was a mental disorder hence it wasn’t considered in the research, women were also a vulnerable species based on the fact that they could get pregnant and hence rendering them a wrong sample. This group fought for, and their campaign opened up a wide door on the research for HIV Aids and to date their efforts have bear fruit because sexes and sexuality are considered BY HIV researchers (Guardian 2015).

The “campaign against climate change group” their campaign against global warming was a success. The policies made in the by the leaders was a big step in fighting global warming in UK was big. (Independent 2015).

In conclusion the pressure group has an effect on science, for instance, the last two campaigns was specifically for scientific measure. The group which has got a common course and a free willing entry and exit is more cohesive and influential not only in science but in other dimensions too like politics.

References

Watts, D. (2007). Pressure groups. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Accessed from http://site.ebrary.com/id/10435306.

Richardson, J. J. (1993). Pressure groups. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Great Britain. (1994). Pressure groups. London, H.M.S.O.

Vanessa, H. 2013. World AIDS Day: how AIDS activists changed medical research | The Guardian Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/dec/01/world-aids-day-how-aids-activists-changed-medical-research. [Accessed 30 March 2015].

The Independent. 2015. Climate change must stay on political agenda, say protesters – Climate Change – Environment. The Independent. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/climate-change-must-stay-on-political-agenda-say-protesters-10093586.html. [Accessed 30 March 2015].

Boundless. 2015. Interest Groups, Lobbyists, and PACs. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/congress-11/how-congressmen-decide-82/interest-groups-lobbyists-and-pacs-451-10965/. [Accessed 30 March 2015].

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Assessing the Progress and Challenges of Opt-out HIV Testing in the United States

by | Jan 24, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Opt-out testing for human immunodeficiency virus in the United States: progress and challenges
Summary of the controversial recommendations

The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended testing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) for all people aged between 13 years to 64 years in all the healthcare settings for screening. They include:

  • All patientsaged between 13-64 years should be screened in all healthcare settings. Theseincludepatients in clinic, hospitaladmissions, andemergencydepartments in which the screening yield has a likelihood of being 1 out of 1000 screenedpatients (Palella et al, 1998; Walensky, 2006; Sanders et al, 2005).
  • In the clinical settingshaving a less than 0.1% prevalence, they should conducttargettesting that is based on HIV risk, including behavioural risks, STDs, Tuberculosis patients, andrecentimmigrants from countries with highprevalence (Bartlett et al, 2008).
  • The patients with risks that are knownfor HIV infection should be testedannually at minimum, andtheyincludepeoplewhoexchangemoneyordrugsforsex, injectiondrugaddictsand their sexualpartners, menwhohavesexualintercourse withmen,sexpartners of personsinfectedwith HIV, heterosexualsand their sexpartners (Bartlett et al, 2008).

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What makes them controversial and whether you feel they are justified?

The screening recommendations by CDC are controversial in many ways. First, the general consent for health care which also encompasses HIV screening in healthcare stings, states that the patients should be informed either in writing or orally that HIV test will be done that they may decline testing or obtain more information concerning the test (Bartlett et al, 2008). However, according to the recommendations provided by CDC, all patients aged between 13-64 years should be screened in all healthcare system. healthcare settings. There is a discord since compulsory testing of patients in all health care settings be it through admissions or in the emergency department is not in line with the requirement for pre counselling of the patients and getting their opinion of getting tested or declining (Bartlett et al, 2008).

As much as the recommendations are controversial, I believe the recommendations of CDC are justified. It is important to conduct screening of HIV on every patient so that any early detection will be enrolled in antiretroviral therapy immediately to prevent late medication that is dangerous

Describe the epidemiological evidence in support of your position

Surveillance of Domestic HIV indicates consistently that about 40% of patients receive diagnosis of AIDs within one year after their first test result that was positive (CDC, 2006; CDC, 2003). Natural history of infection by HIV indicates that averagely 7-9 years after infection elapse before diagnosis, in which an individual may transmit HIV unknowingly or fail to get effective therapy. Palella et al (1998) and Walensky (2006) indicated that highly antiretroviral therapy in the first decade in United States has saved approximately 3 million life years. However, averagely survival rate is estimated to be 11 years longer when commencement of treatment to an individual when they has a CD4 count of 320 cells/μL vs 87 cells/μL (Moore, Keruly and Bartlett, 2008).

Identify whether the prevention program you review is population or high-risk based and how that influences your assessment

The prevention program reviewed is population-based, and it has influenced my assessment in many ways. First of all, the program’s recommendations conflicts with the federal and other state agency laws hence difficult to assess properly (Hanssens, 2007; Gostin, 2006; Bayer and Fairchild, 2006). Moreover, there is the absence of the mandated primary HIV prevention counseling (Hanssens, 2007; Gostin, 2006). There is also the persistent stigma that is linked to infection by HIV (Gostin, 2006; Lifson and Rybicki, 2007; Valdiserri, 2007; Holtgrave, 2007; Gruskin, Ahmed and Ferguson, 2008), the fear of discrimination amongst the patients and the general; belief among people that risk-based testing is very cost effective (Holtgrave, 2007).

References

Bartlett, J. G., Branson, B. M., Fenton, K., Hauschild, B. C., Miller, V., & Mayer, K. H. (January 01, 2008). Opt-out testing for human immunodeficiency virus in the United States: progress and challenges. Jama, 300, 8, 945-51.

Bayer R, Fairchild AL.(2006). Changing the paradigm for HIV testing—the end of exceptionalism. N Engl J Med;355(7):647-649

CDC. (2003). Late Versus Early Testing of HIV—16 Sites, United States, 2000-2003. (July 23, 2003). Jama, 290, 4, 455.

Centers, . D. C. P. (May 01, 2007). Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 49, 5, 575-577.

Gostin, LO.(2006). HIV screening in health care settings: public health and civil liberties in conflict? JAMA; 296(16):2023-2025.

Gruskin S, Ahmed S, Ferguson L. (2008). ProviderinitiatedHIV testing and counseling in health facilities—what does this mean for the health and human rightsof pregnant women? Dev World Bioeth;8(1):23-32

Hanssens, C.(2007). Legal and ethical implications of optout testing. Clin Infect Dis;45(suppl4):S232-S239.

Holtgrave DR.(2007). Costs and consequences of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommendations for opt-out HIV testing. PLoS Med. 2007; 4(6):e194.

Lifson AR, Rybicki SL.(2007). Routine opt-out HIV testing. Lancet;369(9561):539-540.

Moore R, Keruly J, Bartlett JG.(2008). Person-years lost by late presentation for HIV care in Maryland. Presented at: 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 3-6; Boston, MA. Abstract 805.

Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al; (1998). HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med.338(13):853-860.

Paltiel AD, Weinstein MC, Kimmel AD, et al. (January 01, 2005). Expanded Screening for HIV in the United States—an Analysis of Cost-effectiveness. N Engl J Med;352(6):570- 585.

Sanders, G. D., Bayoumi, A. M., Sundaram, V., Bilir, S. P., Neukermans, C. P., Rydzak, C. E., Douglass, L. R., … Owens, D. K. (January 01, 2005). Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 6, 570-85.

Valdiserri RO. (2007). Late HIV diagnosis: bad medicine and worse public health. PLoS Med;4(6): e200.

Walensky RP, Paltiel AD, Losina E, et al. (2006). The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States. J Infect Dis;194(1):11-19.

Walensky, R. P., Weinstein, M. C., Kimmel, A. D., Seage, G. R., Losina, E., Sax, P. E., Zhang, H., … Paltiel, A. D. (March 01, 2005). Routine human immunodeficiency virus testing: An economic evaluation of current guidelines. The American Journal of Medicine, 118, 3, 292-300.

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The Vagueness of Globalization: Analytical Meaning and Intellectual Value

by | Jan 23, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

The term globalization is not a single concept that can be encompassed and defined within a set time frame. Similarly, it is not a process that can be defined clearly neither at the beginning nor an end. Globalization cannot be explicated upon with certainty and become applicable to everyone in every situation. The term globalization incorporates cultural stability; the relations, reproduction. Equally, globalization involves economic integration such as the transfer of policies across the border and the discourses of power for instance; it is a global concept, a process, a revolution and the establishment of global market free from the control of social and political issues (Held & McGrew, 2007). Therefore, globalization umbrellas everything with political, economic and social nature, and the concept of globalization has received various definitions over the previous years. Some connotations have referred to globalization as the progress, integration and cooperation, development and stability while other referring to regression, destabilization and colonialism.

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Despite the robust challenges, the term globalization brings a pool of hidden agendas. An individual geographic location, political ideology, social status, ethnic and religious backgrounds, and cultural background provides the platform for interpreting globalization. For instance, in 1995, the resident of the Third World Network, martin Khor, referred to globalization as colonialism (Held & McGrew, 2007). Concurrently, a journalist of Sweden in his book the “Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization (2001) indicated that globalization is the concept of world shrinkage of things moving closer and distances getting shorter. He added that globalization pertain the inclined ease that an individual from the other side through mutual benefits interact with someone on the opposite side (Hay & Marsh, 2001). Therefore, the two dissimilar interpretations reference the rotated perspectives in different world positions.

The nature of globalization provides a span of multitude of communities, disciplines and cultures. Notably, this has opened a room for multiple points of view, social, economic and political. The impacts of globalization are diverse, and the definitions presented by a scholar’s evidences. Therefore, questions still remain based on the potential difficulty of providing an elaborate definition to the concept alongside the challenges intertwine in trying to do so. Globalization is a vague concept because it provides various aspects and scholars who discuss the term provides the different aspects of globalization. The various aspects that include economic, social, political and religious aspects are all housed by globalization concept. Globalization discourses were initially polarized onto the con and pro attacks or celebrations. The view of critics provides that the globalization provides a cover of concepts for global imperialism and capitalism. Therefore, the term is condemned as a different form of logic of capital imposition and the market on a constant and continual on spheres of life and regions of the world(Dicken, 2010). However Hirst, Thompson and Bromley (2009) subscribes that the defenders of globalization provides that it is modernization continuation and progress force, freedom, increased wealth, democracy and happiness. The champions of globalization present it as generating fresh economic opportunities, beneficial, cultural diversity, political democratization and an opening of the new existing world.
The distractors observe globalization as harmful, controlled by the wealthier overdeveloped nations over the poor third world countries and bringing about inclined dominion. Therefore, Kitching (2001).asserts that distractors detect globalization as increase the hegemony of the ‘have nots’ and the ‘haves’. Additionally, the supplementation of the negative view, the critics of globalization reestablishes that globalization leads to the undermining of democracy, inclined destruction of the environment and natural species, and a cultural homogeneity (Mittelman, J2000). Likewise, some scholars imagine the project of globalization whether viewed positively or negatively, as beyond intervention and human control and inevitable. However, others view globalization as a process of generating new spaces for struggles and conflicts, distinguishing between globalization from various aspects (Kitching, 2001).
The assertions of the critical theory that discusses the fundamental transformations in the economy, culture and politics of the world based on a dialectical framework provides distinction between the emancipatory and progressive features. The theory provides ambiguities and articulations of globalization and the imposition of globalization from various aspects. Rodrik, (2011) argues that understanding the concept of globalization is theorizing the term as a product of global restructuring of capitalism and technological revolution that features the technological, economic, cultural and political aspects intertwined. Rodrik, (2011) writes that based n this perspective, an individual should limit both economic and technological determinism as highly contradictory, complex and thus ambiguous set of social relations and institution relations alongside the flow of ideas, goods, cultural forms, services and people. Illustratively, Stubbs and Underhill (2005) argues that the subsequent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the September terrorist attacks provides a display of the ambiguities and contradictions embedded in the concept of globalization that demands dualistic and critical perspectives to illuminate and clarify the global events. The author argues that the ensuing of Terror Wars and terror attacks illustrates the contradictions in the concept and nature of globalization that needs dialectical critique and analysis. Stubbs and Underhill, (2005) concludes that some reflections based on the implications of September 11 and continuous terror war for the democratic politics and critical social theory, envisaging a new movement around the globe against militarism and terrorism and for peace, democracy, social justice and environmentalism.
With reference to critical social theory, the concept of globalization incorporates both sets of social relations and capitalist markets and flows of capital, commodities, form of culture, technology, and people across the boundaries of nations via the globally networked society (Rodrik, 2011). Therefore, in a globalized network society, the technological transmutations and the capital work together t generate an increasingly interconnected and globalized world. The revolution of technology mentions the creation of computerized network of transportation, communication and presupposition exchange of the globalized economy. Likewise, the world capitalist market system extension that constantly absorb additional areas of spheres and the world of exchange, production and consumption into orbit is unclearly understood. According to Rodrik (2011) the revolution of technology presupposes global computerized networks and the movement of information, goods and people across boundaries of the nations. Therefore, the global computer and the internet make the concept of globalization possible by producing a technological infrastructure for the world economy. As Ravenhill, (2011) establishes, the satellite communication system, computerized networks, and the hardware and software that facilitate and link together the global economy is dependent on the breakthroughs in microphysics. He writes that the techno-science has generated powerful and sophisticated computer chips, and transistors, technological revolution, and integrated circuits that lead to an infrastructure for the society and the global economy.
Mittelman (2000) accomplishes that based on the technological revolution perspective, the concept of globalization cannot be understood without comprehending technological and scientific revolutions and capital global restructuring that forms the matrix and motor of globalization. However, the theorists of globalization either fails to account for the fundamental significance of technological and scientific revolutions and the new technologies that assists spawn globalization or provide an empirical interpretation of the process in a deterministic framework based on technology that occludes the imperatives economic dimension and the capitalism institutions. Therefore, Mittelman (2000) concludes that such biased optics fails to grasp the science coevolution capitalism, and technology and the highly ambiguous and complex globalization systems that incorporate democracy and capitalism, turbulent mixture of benefits and costs, technological mutations and losses and gains. Therefore, in order to theorize the globalized economic network, it is necessary to avoid the extremes of economic and technological determinism. The use of technological determinants frequently applies the postindustrial discourse, society or postmodern to describe the current developments.
According to Kitching (2001) the economic reductionism and determinism that merely depicts globalization as a market capitalist fails to comprehend the new modes and forms of capitalism itself that are entirely based on the novel of development of technology, culture, science, and everyday life. Furthermore, the technological determinism fails to recognize how the new economy and the new technologies are part of the capitalist restructuring, however, not autonomous forces that themselves are engendering a new economy and society that breaks with the past social organization mode. The postindustrial society has been referred to as information society or knowledge society that information and knowledge are given roles more prominent than the previous days. Therefore, it presumed that information and knowledge sectors are significantly important domains of the contemporary moment (Hirst, Thompson & Bromley, 2009). Hence, the postindustrial theorists are not ideological and are far off the mark as a majority of the critics argues.
Likewise, some post-structural theories stress that the globalization complexity exaggerate the autonomous and disjunction flows of people, culture, technology, and goods, thus the critical theory of globalization views globalization in the capitalist theory that involves restructuring and technological revolution(Hirst, Thompson & Bromley, 2009). Therefore, whoever wants to talk about capitalism, must mention globalization. Besides, it is impossible to debate or argue about globalization without mentioning restructuring of capitalism. The concept of techno-capitalism is beneficial in describing technology and capital synthesis in the current societal organizations (Held, McGrew, Goldblatt & Perraton, 1999). Unlike the postmodernity theories or the information and knowledge society that provides arguments that technology is the new societal principal organizer. The concept of techno-capitalism observes both the enduring primacy of the capitalist relation and the increasing significance of technological role of production. In the era of unrestrained capitalism, it is nearly impossible to object that the contemporary societies are still under the organization of capital and production accumulation and the imperatives of the capitalist continues to dominate distribution, production, and consumption alongside political, social and cultural domains. Therefore, the workers remain exploited by the capitalists, and the capital persists as the hegemonic force.
The view of current globalization definitions can arguably leave an individual feeling more confused in the discourse than before. The presence of numerous definitions and interpretations clearly indicates the diverse opinions developed regarding the globalization concept since it appeared in the Webster’s dictionary in 1961. As Held and McGrew, (2007) establishes, the previous decades have permitted humankind creativity to develop numerous definitions for globalization. Since the debate on the vagueness of globalization majorly stems from the concept of definition, t is significant to observe the definition progressions and the diverse connotations that have emerged. Held and McGrew, (2002) records that there is a minimum of 67 definitions that makes the reference to dimensions of the economy either through selling of goods and services or through market expansion. As established, most of these definitions incorporate other dimensions of political and social aspects. The researcher further illustrates that the definitions tend to be complex and multifaceted. They are hardly confined to few words; however, an elaborate definition focuses on the norm of addressing the concern. The illustrative globalization complexity in an attempt to the process through which globalization effects are experienced, whether economically, politically or socially, an individual often finds the subject debatable and multidimensional. Therefore, it appears to be universal that most of the authors have structured lengthy definitions. Based on the concept, it is reasonable to assume that the term globalization is meaningless and confirming its vagueness.
Held and McGrew, (2007) indicates that the term globalization is evolutionary it is a fluid process that constantly changes as the human society develops. The evidence is provided when assessing the numerous definitional ideas from authors. This paper presents an argument than individual’s own perspective that provides a definition for globalization, thereof, shapes any definition. One could confer based on the impact of globalization for days without exhibiting a clear understanding the clear meaning of the term. Through analysis of the complexity of globalization, it forces the issue to get simplified in at least two sentences. Therefore, the core of the discourse is purely determined by the author. The definition provides an elaborate indication of the perspectives of the author on the concepts of globalization, particularly, the meaning in the geopolitical terms. Therefore, by providing an abstract concept with nothing substantial there is no point of reference. In any way, the overview of definitions has clearly indicated that globalization is many things to numerous dissimilar people. As Garrett (1998) noted, globalization refers to a word of things with dissimilar axes, speeds, terminations, and points of origin and varied relationships to the structures of institutions, in various nations, regions or societies. Therefore, the assertions from the author capture the vagueness of globalization based on the complex definition. Thus, it implies that a further elaboration of globalization would not be beneficial in particular.
The future of globalization is a venture that no scholar would attempt to predict. The concept fluidity provides concrete recommendations for a definition difficult. Just by observing the changes in the definition of globalization over the previous years, it is reasonable to ascertain that the future may never provide any refined or simpler process of arriving at a clearer process conceptualization. Furthermore, the challenge of trying to understand globalization fully may never appear any soon (Dicken, 2010). By exploring the various thoughts and definitions, behind the idea of globalization, it is clear how the concept has been identified by academics and scholars over the course of nearly thirty years. As the existent of globalization is dictated by means and times, to dissimilar international system and societal facets, it implies that it can never be fully defined to the point of satisfaction of all the individuals impacted by the implications of globalization. The challenge provides that the definitions do not permit compressive understanding of the concept of globalization and is inconsistent and less extended to allow what lies on the core of the founder of globalization. Therefore, in reasonable terms, globalization is a term without coherent meaning and too ambiguous.
Ideally, the ambiguity of globalization requires the anti-corporate globalization movement to reconsider its agenda, nature, and goals. The concepts used in globalization are interchangeable to the authors the term globalization has been used where it provides openness. However, the product of globalization is the individual increment of openness of numerous countries and their global economy integration. Likewise, anybody making an attempt to follow the debate of globalization would notice the contradiction claims made by the critics and supporters to the very fundamental question (Hay & Marsh, 2001). Equally, both sides have supported their claim with facts; however, instead of clear truth evolving, there have been inclined heated debates. Therefore, it is reasonable to assert that the term is meaningless.

Conclusion

The stemming literature on the debates of the term globalization has inclined in the previous decade beyond the capability of any individual to extract a workable definition of the concept. Sensibly, the meaning of globalization may be self-evident, however, in another it is vague and obscure as the reaches of the concept are constantly shifting and relatively wide. The debate over globalization presents a robust part of the lifeblood. It reputable to draw that debate is globalization and globalization is debate. Thus, without one, the other is inconvincible. The subject of providing a coherent understanding of globalization can be deemed useless because of the ambiguity, shifting nature and its influence from the viewers’ perspectives. The search of comprehending globalization, therefore, can assist in reconsidering the focus of responses needed, and policy challenges that n turn would shade additional light on the process of globalization and its numerous impacts on the stability. Holding that it is nearly impossible to generate a definition style of the Webster dictionary is part of what evidences the meaningless and vagueness of the term globalization.

 

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Analysis of Dirty Devil Advertisements: A Study of Their Effectiveness and Target Audience Appeal

by | Jan 23, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

An advertisement is usually designed to inform, attract, and win the attention of prospective customers. In coming up with an ad, the company has to ensure that it meets all the above qualities within the shortest possible time. Mostly, people do not have time for commercials, and their charges make it necessary for companies to make them as brief as possible. To achieve its desired goal, an ad has to be attractive enough to capture the attention of its target audience. In this paper, out attention shall be focused on two Dirty Devil ads on a similar audience. The first ad is a German version (AndreP) and the second the British version (Dirty devil). Both ads in their own way show how the suction power from a dirt devil vacuum cleaner is effective for cleaning. The paper shall also determine whether the ads achieve their intended objective and if they are appealing to their target audience.

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Before looking at the advert, the brand name of the product speaks a lot, which may attract or put off potential customers. The product mainly targets female clients, who handle the cleaning around. The term ‘dirt devil’ does less in attracting first-time customers, unless they understand what it is all about. It is recommended that a brand given to a product does more explanation of its functions and use rather than wait for an oral or visual explanation. I had to watch the ad for about three times before I get to know what dirt devil is all about. The advertisements welcome us to scenarios that are unrelated to cleaning or the vacuum cleaner before they later climax with the information. It is only after watching the film several times that a person tries to make a connection between the images were shown and the vacuum cleaner. The advertiser may have related the wicked acts of the devil with dirt and the ability of the vacuum cleaner to eliminate such fears.

To figure out which ad conveys its message to the audience well we shall look at the presentation style of both ads. For instance, as mentioned earlier, the target audiences for the German version of the ad are housewives. The announcement has been presented in a rather spiritual manner with the ability to exorcise demons/dirt. This means that the ad intended to capture the religious emotions of its audience. With such considerations in mind, it may be assumed that German housewives are religious and will, be attracted to anything that touches on their spirituality. In the ad it appears that demons are a nuisance and almost impossible to get rid. In cleaning matters, these demons are stubborn dirt that is hard to clean. The use of the ‘dirt devil’ vacuum cleaner hence works like prayers, which are believed to be an absolute way of dealing with evil spirits (Neuendorf 82). To the mind of the audience, it implies that dirt vacuum cleaners remove dirt in the house just like the power of prayers to eliminate evil spirits.

This ad has various limitations in conveying its message to the audience. First, for the for the target audience to get attracted and even buy the product, they must be a committed Christian. They must believe that prayers can exorcise demons. The ad, therefore, narrows down the target audience from just Christian housewives, and not just any Christian, but one who believes in the power of a vacuum cleaner too. The adverts may therefore not have an impact on the majority of the people. In my opinion, the advert could have been less spiritual and just focus on dirt without having to involve matters of spirituality. Business ads should aim at targeting more audience than limiting themselves to just particular class of audience. Political, cultural, and religious matters need not to be placed in ads. By placing a Christian exorcism clip, the ad has already lost a number of audience and potential buyers.

The second ad, the British Version of the dirty devil vacuum compared to the German version is shorter and appears to target younger professional women. The ad displays information that a woman can still be in her neat office attire and still use the vacuum cleaner to clean dirty surfaces. Unlike the first ad, which was scary, this ad included humorous aspects.

Compared to the German ad where one can quickly draw a connection between the ad, brand name and the images, the British version leaves more questions than answers about the product being advertised. The only thing that a person can get from the ad is the humor of the hair changing heads, whose meaning is difficult to depict. A good ad should not only be accompanied by humor but also ensure that it conveys the needed information (Neuendorf 55). A person can only buy a product basing on how it has been displayed the advertisement. If the ad is not appealing enough and leaves a potential consumer with more questions, they may not want to watch a second time, leave alone buy the product.

Looking at the two ads, it is clear that the advertisers wanted to mix various aspects and the product. For instance, the German ad embraces aspects of spirituality and the British ad embraces humor. The German ad may have succeeded in showing that the product can remove dirt, from wherever it is hidden. However, the exorcism does not do much in attracting potential clients rather it scares them. Precautions have to be taken when using the spiritual connection of the people to promote a product. The sensitive nature of religious matters makes it easy for the advert to irritate the target audience, rather than attract then to the product. While designing an advert, the advertiser needs to note that it could be the first and the last time that a person is encountering it. The message being conveyed should, therefore, be simple and clear enough to prompt curiosity and the need to buy the product.

In the world where technology is ruling the activities of man, including cleaning, companies are coming up with products that are sure to blow one’s mind. Before a person tests a product to prove its worth, the advertiser should work at ensuring that he or she is not only aware of its existence, but also curious enough to try it. Most companies with quality products fail at a critical stage of advertisement, which makes them not gain value for their products. In my opinion, the advert on ‘dirt devil’ not only failed in its branding but also in the promotion of the products. The association of the product with the devil is enough to put off potential customers. Adverts need to have the element of positivity that relates with the audience. In this manner, the message will be conveyed effectively and attract potential buyers.

Works Cited

AndreP. “Dirty Devil- The Exorcist.” You tube. Dirty Devil Germany, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGb8pMIeY6w .You Tube. You Tube, April 29, 2011. Web. Retrieved 29, June 2015.

Dirt Devil UK. Dirty Devil vacuum advert. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNaOqZ8E_Vc You tube. Dirt devil UK, December 7, 2010. Web. Retrieved 29, June 2015.

Neuendorf, Kimberly A. The content analysis guidebook. Sage, 2002.

 

 

 

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