Why Tucson Needs Protected Bike Infrastructure for Safer Cycling

by Herman Bailey | Mar 11, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Tucson city is Pima’s County county seat in Arizona State in the United States. Tucson city is significantly famous for its consistent moderate climate as well as its cycling culture. Gale states that The League of American Bicyclists calls it the cycling community on the ‘Gold’ level (26). However, even with their popularity and being legendary for cycling Tucson is well known to be a significantly dangerous place for cyclers. Therefore, great steps have been taken towards improving the overall cycling safety. Tuscon has now begun pushing for the implementation of well-protected bike infrastructure. Gale expresses that, unfortunately, this movement is facing a significant level of resistance from the county and State government because of the unnecessarily long processes involved in attaining the cost-benefit analysis, city permissions as well as the public perceptions (30).

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According to Gale, protecting bike lanes is vital in reducing the risks of fatal road accidents involving motor vehicles (29). It is important to note that Central Tucson faces a significant amount of bike traffics, due to the numerous people who commute as well as ride recreationally daily. Therefore, ensuring the safety of the bike riders should be a priority to the local authorities. In the year 2014 alone, about seven cyclists all in Pima County were victims of tragic accidents involving motor vehicles. Moreover, the number of reports in the total of car crash victim cyclists was two hundred and seven. Tucson’s history of a rising number of crashes as well as fatalities should be a number one reason the government to take the initiative and focus on protecting bike lanes.

Furthermore, the impacts of the significantly increasing cyclists’ safety program should be embraced far beyond the reduction of the bike-automobile accidents.

According to Orange County Transportation Authority, a protected bike lane holds various definitions and can be in the form of many creations (35). However, there are three primary characteristics they all share as per the Green Lane Project. First of all, there is a physical separator that is put in place between the motor vehicles traffic and the cyclists (Orange County Transportation Authority 36). The separator is presented in a number of forms such as vertical plastic posts, parked cars, curbs, bollards, amongst others. Secondly, Orange County Transportation Authority states that a lane preserved only for the cyclists, in the exemption of the non-avoidable mixing zones. Thirdly, and last among them is the adjacent lane that runs parallel, which is located adjacently to all roadway (36).

Moreover, a proposal to building protecting bike infrastructure is not alien, Tucson has brief segments in existence of the protected bike. Nevertheless, Orange County Transportation Authority points out that, numerous cities within the United States alone are already in the commitment of the instalment of well established protected bicycle routes (40).

Moreover, the building of the bike lane protection will reduce stress to a significant percentage of the people of Tuscon. Studies show that at least forty-three percent of the Tuscon people agreed that there is the much higher likelihood of them riding a bicycle if a physical protective barrier was built between the automobiles and the bikes. Thus, showing the significant number of potential riders who have their focus and choice to cycling in a comfortable environment rather than the latter (Orange County Transportation Authority 45). Orange County Transportation Authority mention that it is vital to note that the bikeways that have physical protection separating them from the motor traffic carry the least level of the stress caused by traffic between intersections (36). Therefore, the creation of an environment which encourages and attracts riders, would as a whole rise the total population riders. Noting that an increase in ridership portrays the numerous of positive impacts on the Tuscon community.

Nevertheless, increased cyclists will, in the long run, lead to the development and encouragement of a healthier population of Tuscon. Pucher and Ralph state that, cycling for recreational purposes as well as for transportation enables people to exercise at least half an hour daily. Such a routine ensures lower risks of obesity, as well as high blood pressure (55). Moreover, Pucher and Ralph further state that, individuals who are daily commutates of cycling experience enormously minimal levels pollutants exposure in comparison to the motorists (56).

Besides the general safety of the Tuscon population, the apartments by the cycling paths as well as the pedestrian paths in New York City had their rent increased significantly. Many of the residents wholly supported the protection of the cycling lanes (Pucher and Ralph 65). Thus, all in all, initiating the protection of the bike lanes protection will lead not only to the increased safety of the people but also to the reduction of stress, encouragement of cycling, growth in business as well as public desirability.

Works Cited

Gill, A. (January 01, 2012). Bike Transportation System Design.
Orange County Transportation Authority (Calif.). (2015). OC bike: Orange County bikeways guide.
Pucher, John, and Ralph Buehler. City Cycling. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press, 2012. Print.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Enhancing Efficiency through Cellular Layout and Group Technology

by Herman Bailey | Mar 10, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Process flow diagram

1. 3*3*3*3 = 81 different meal combinations can be chosen since they have 3 different choices for every module. This is why I multiplied 3 four times.
2. Brad Marlow, I suggest to use delayed differentiation because we can have everything prepared but not cooked until we know the customer’s preferences. Since the items within every module are easy to replace, we can give these choices and have them ready to finish it. Successful companies such as Dell have done it and succeeded. This will be easy to diagnose and fix failure, easy to repair and it will simplified giving customers different choices. However, the possible product configurations are limited, and the all the entire modules need to be scrapped pretty often.

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Draw the process flow diagram. What are predecessors and immediate predecessors of D? What are descendants and immediate descendants of D?

• The predecessors of D are A, B and C
• The immediate predecessors of D are B and C
• The descendants of D are G and H
• The immediate descendent of D is G

3. What are the advantages of cellular layout? How is group technology used in cellular manufacturing?

Cellular layout is a layout in which machines are grouped into a cell that can process items that have similar processing requirements. Meaning that machines with similarities are grouped together to increase efficiency. .” By doing this, multiple items can enter the manufacturing process simultaneously, which in turn, helps to optimize efficiency. Because group technology is seeking to improve productivity cellular manufacturing goes successfully together with group technology to improve operations everywhere

4. According to a study by the Alliance of American Insurers, it costs more than three times the original purchase price in parts and labor to reconstruct a wrecked Chevrolet. Explain the reasons for this large discrepancy in terms of the processes used to assemble the original car and those required to reconstruct the wrecked car.

The original car was relatively cheap to purchase because thousands of this specific car were being produced which decreases the unit cost since there is not high customization required because the process of producing a car is repetitive. On the other hand, to fix one of these cars is more expensive because this needs an especial attention to fix something that has been massively produced. reconstructing a car essentially is a cross between job shop processing and a project, with none of the economies of repetitive processing.

5. (a) [10 pts] Describe De Mar’s competitive strategy. Identify De Mar’s product as service package–service and tangible parts.

A) They are stepping up from their competitors because they are providing features such as no extra charge 24/7 service that the other companies don’t offer using layout strategy. The main strategy is putting customer satisfaction as their main priority instead of money. Besides these services offered, they also offer guarantee which makes their customers feel confident about the products. As a result, they are able to pay a higher price for their products and services. The tangible aspects are the air conditioners, heaters and the products themselves going together with the services and values provided as a package.

B) How should De Mar’s marketing function support its competitive strategy? How should De Mar’s personnel be hired and trained?

The marketing function should support the competitive strategy by showing a total differentiation from its competitors since they are offering something that no one else does in this industry which is not the best one. Reviews and experiences from customers would help the marketing strategy to prove the value given by De Mar. This will increase this value and the market will be wider as well. Hired personnel should have high customer satisfaction skills just as the company as a whole does. New employees need to understand that customers go before anything and the goal to achieve is to give them what they want at any given time, even when they are not scheduled to, customers need to be satisfied.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Improving Airbnb’s Marketing Strategy: Key Issues and Recommendations

by Herman Bailey | Mar 10, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Abstract

Currently, Airbnb is the available solution for home renters on a short-term basis worldwide. Since being in operation in 2008, the organization has become a leader in the marketplace giving different accommodation options across the world. Importantly, as of 2014, it had attracted approximately 25 million visitors and more are anticipated to join the industry in many cities and countries in almost all the states with the exceptions of Cuba, Vatican, Syria, Iran, and North Korea. For a fact, Airbnb is known for its leading pioneer-ship in the collaborative consumption burgeoning trend to its peer-to-peer rental model of business accommodation. This was and still is an innovative model in business that was powered through the 2.0 Web technologies, which was a disruption of the original business sector hospitality and economy, showing a huge potential growth chance and worldwide adoption.

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1. Brief Summary of the Main Marketing Strategy Issues in the Airbnb Case

Partnership with advertisement websites

Main marketing strategy issues in the case of Airbnb that are yet applicable today are that the growth of the organization can be on its high investment in infrastructure and marketing, For example, in the U.S. Airbnb started by incorporating a strategy in online marketing that involved two giants in digital marketing, which are Google and Craigslist. Notably, establishing a partnership with Google was a form of a clear way of growth, although its inclusion of Craigslist, which is a highly employed classified website for advertisement in the U.S. was the most remarkable step the organization incorporates. This growth was achieved because Craigslist was by then being in use as people’s platform for looking and offering housing solutions on a short term basis. Hence, in attracting users from Craigslist to the organization, Airbnb used a reverse-engineered platform in matching with Craigslist thus making Airbnb and Craigslist compatible in such a way that an individual listed on Airbnb can automatically develop a post on Craigslist (Capizzani, 2015).

Besides, through the Google partnership, Airbnb was in a position to expand to geographically reach all its target customers. This partnership with Google was a step that went past the traditional marketing search engine. Since the website of Airbnb was earlier not optimized for direct conversations and transactions but was meant to inspiring trust, which made Airbnb devote many resources on the display network on Google advertisement, having an attractive banner campaign that involved images from real offered housing solutions. Thus, this made Airbnb make introductions of its services as a way of traveling across the world, as an approach of inspiring travel habits to change from searching to discover.

Rebranding Campaign

In 2014, Airbnb discovered a key rebranding campaign that included a new logo brand. As stated by Brian Chesky, the advanced branding changed the expression and identity of the organization as well as helping the firm take steps to its target as the Airbnb ubiquitous offline; in essence, of making a common sharing symbol to pave an expanding way to an economy service sharing platform to be offered in the future, maybe to involve ridesharing or cleaning services.

Furthermore, as part of the company’s rebranding marketing strategy, it has introduced a Create tool, to allow the guests and hosts to have access to the basic service of Photoshop-style in personalizing their logo, For instance, in the U.S. the firm established a partnership with Zazzle that is an online dealer allowing customers to upload pictures in creating personalized merchandise(Capizzani, 2015). Through this, guests and hosts were persuaded in creating tangible items like apparel and mugs with their personalized unique Airbnb logo that can be subsequently shared as stay mementos, hence developing an experience that is worthy of remembrance.

Story-doing policy strategy

Remarkably, Airbnb is among the largest world platform for story-doing as depicted by the main marketing officer, Jonathan Mildenhall. This statement is based on the company’s extensive content marketing use that crowd-sourced the user-generated content emphasizing storytelling as the main tool for customer connection.

Contemporary marketing strategy issues at Airbnb

Content Marketing Strategy Matters

This involves making appealing spaces on the firm’s website that results in a higher rank on search results on the website. Again, Airbnb offers a mutual professional photo beneficial service of the listed spaces on the guidelines and site for images that are user-generated leading to visuals with better space and content that are more attractive to their users in looking for a place to stay.

2. Thorough Recommendations on handling the key marketing plan issues

The above key marketing plan issues should be handled most appropriately to ensure that Airbnb gets the best of their customers. This will involve being particular in the firm’s sectors, the typical consumers, and the geographical areas that the business will serve. This will be achieved by a strategic document that will give clear market segmentation on different criteria like products offered, socio-economy, and geographic location. Furthermore, the factors that impact the buying behavior of the customers like psychological, personal, cultural, and social factors must be stated because a clear understanding of the aspects results in the company emphasizing the most important issues (Capizzani, 2015).

Also, Airbnb should differentiate its strategy through stating its competitive advantage and what it offers different from its competitors like distribution channel, emotional, personnel, service, product or the nation of origin since, without a clear differentiation that is often communicated, the organization will be subjected to higher competition.

Finally, Airbnb should always keep a good brand image that involves the required company perception that is needed to be created in customer minds. Markedly, the image is created with time-based on the theme that is always communicated in various marketing initiatives.

3. Justifications for the stated Recommendations

Every company is supposed to develop key marketing strategies mainly for the organization as well as its brands to be on the highest priority. This process, which will fully benefit the company, will involve the entire business goals, weaknesses, and strengths, the customer profile, and competition. This is because a well-defined strategy gives a clear path to achieving success as well as making the process of execution easy.

References

Capizzani, M. (2015). Airbnb: what’s next? Prioritizing opportunities in Southern Europe. IESE Business School University of Navarra, Spain.

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

The Judiciary System and Crime Rates in Peru: An Overview

by Herman Bailey | Mar 9, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Overview of the Criminal Justice system

Peru is a South American civil law country. It is a democratic country with a decentralized republic which has the political system of multiparty. The president in Peru is the head of state as well as the government, he/she represents the country’s ongoing interest and directs the policies of government (Hammergren, 1998). Under the present constitution, the president terms limit is set as five years and he/she is forbidden to seek for an immediate re-election. According to Hammergren (1998), the president designates the Prime minister and the entire council of ministers. Peru’s structure of government includes Central government, Regional government as well as the Local government. The central government is structured into a three-tier system in accordance with the separation of power principle with ever wing of the central government being independent and autonomous of each other.

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The first branch of the government is the executive, that consist of the president and council of ministers, this wing of goverment is tasked with directing and executing the country’s policies, the legislative wing of the government consist of unicameral Congress which has 130 members who are elected for a term of five years (Lambright, 2015). Their role is to make laws which are inferior to the constitution the third wing of the government is the Judiciary which is in charge of administering justice in the entire country.

According to Cerrón (2005), Royal Audiencia of Lima was the predecessor of Peru Judiciary, during the Viceroyalty of Peru when she got independence, there was a resolution made by, José de San Martín that Audencia of Lima would function as a national court pending the establishment of the permanent judicial system. Far ahead, Simón Bolívar established the present judicial system, with the formation of supreme courts of justice in Lima, Huamanga, Cusco and La Libertad.

The Judiciary of Peru can be translated as a wing of the government that interprets a well as applies the laws to guarantee justice that is equal and in accordance with the law and also to offer an instrument for the resolution of disputes (Landa, 2001).

The Judiciary in Peru is a tiered series of courts, with Supreme court sitting at the top of the hierarchy, followed by the second level which consists of twenty-eight superior courts with every single of this having jurisdiction over a judicial district which is similar to the 25 regions of Peru. The third level court consists of one hundred and ninety-five each with a jurisdiction over a province while finally, the fourth court level consists of 1838 courts each with a jurisdiction over a single district (Mariluz, 2011).

According to Mariluz (2011), the 1993 constitution of Peru acts as the supreme law of the country, followed by legislation made locally as well as the international treaties. As mentioned earlier the Supreme Court is the highest court in the country, followed by seven courts with each having five judges in numbers. The orders go as follows, the Supreme Court, mixed court and finally the peace courts.

Crime in Peru

Crimes is a consistent issue in Lima and other parts of Peru. According to Aguirre (2005), Crime in the street is predominant mostly in urban centres, particularly in Lima. Purse snatching, pickpocketing the theft of cars parts, smash-and-grab robberies are among the popular crimes that happen in Peru. Garrido (n.d) added that the electronic device like laptops, smartphones, cameras and iPod are items that the criminals highly target.

Peru is among the highly ranked in regards to the rate of crime in Latin America. Serious crimes like Kidnappings, armed robberies, burglaries, assaults and petty theft are very popular in a day to day life of Peru (Garrido, n.d). There has been a steady increase in violent crime in the country over the last few years, particularly the crimes of opportunity which include Robbery, Kidnapping and the theft of vehicles. Whereas complimentary violence committed against the outsiders is occasional, based on the statistics by Peruvian National Police, there has been an increase in robberies as well as assault involving violence over the last few years (Aguirre, 2005).

According to Refugees (1995), all the US and foreigners are prone to crime based on the public perception that the foreigners are wealthier than the locals and there is a higher likelihood that they could be carrying a larger sum of cash and other valuables. While the staff of the US embassy and other foreigners stay in well-off areas with private security all over, this does not take away the vulnerability as they can still find themselves being victims of violent crimes (Garrido, n.d).

According to the Peru World Prison Brief. (2018), there has been an increase in the rate of murder in Peru has been recorded from 1,533 in 2014 to 1,749 in 2015. Cases relating to incapacitating agents have been frequently reported in the area of Lima. This scheme is used by criminals to incapacitate the victim, providing them with an opportunity to steal the victims belonging or even to sexually assault them.

Residential burglaries are the most popular over the weekends, during the day and on holidays when most of the houses have been vacated. The thieves often get entry to the houses by exploring unsecured entryways, forcing access through perimeter door or even tricking the domestic employees (Aguirre, 2005). Residential burglaries also occur at a higher rate in single-family homes. Theft of vehicle parts and carjacking in general from parked vehicles happen regularly throughout the country. The criminal often target sports utility vehicle and sedan with the upgrades they deem expensive.

According to Zevallos (2016), though the government has played a bigger role in the fight against crime and domestic terrorism, the threat still persists in most part of the country. On December 15th 2015, a state of emergency was declared by the Peru government in the district of Callao with the intention of curbing the gang violence that was linked to drug trafficking, homicide as well as extortion. Peru National Police improved the number of foot patrols to within a hundred and sixty officers. According to the law of the land under the state of emergency, the police are allowed to make an arrest as they deem proper without the judicial order as well as the constitution allow them under this circumstances to conduct a search without a warrant (Landa, 2001). Peru government had the pleasure of extending the state of emergency at their pleasure, and this they did for the next 45 days till January 2016.

There is also a criminal network with a speciality in illicit business, piracy as well as counterfeit products. According to Aguirre (2005), the item manufactured and distributed by the counterfeit criminals are often cheaper and substandard endangering the lives of the citizens by exposing them to life-threatening illness. These products are widely available in. counterfeit currency is a substantial problem in the country, this includes the counterfeit of currency such as Euros, Pesos Chileno, Nuevo Soles and Bolivianos. According to Garrido (n.d), US Secret Service report puts Peru among the highest ranked countries in the world that produces counterfeit currency. In 2015 approximately $2,630,200 of fake US currency were seized by the Peru National Police. In addition, the fraud that involves credit card is equally rampant and it has frequently been reported mostly by foreigners who travelled to Peru.

Domestic terrorist, as well as other criminal activities, have rendered travelling at night in many areas of Peru dangerous. As a result of this, the US Embassy restricted its citizen from travelling at night even after the state of emergency was called off in June 2015. The upper region of Huallaga possesses a major threat to the night travellers due to the drug lords, and other criminals who are keenly controlling the region. The rates of carjacking and kidnapping at night are also high (Garrido, n.d).

Peru Prison

According to Peru World Prison Brief (2018), the current prison population in Peru is 88,423 and this includes the pre-trial detainees and the prisoners in remand, the female take 5.6% of the prison population while the rest are male. The Juvenile under 18 takes 0% while under 20 take-ups 1.0%. The foreign prisoners amount to 1.8% of the prison population. The country has 69 prisons as at 2018 with the official capacity of 39156. There has been a steady rise in the population of prison from 2004 to 2016.

According to Zevallos (2016), the main challenge of the Peru prison system is overcrowding. Aguirre (2005), stated that it is important to note that from August 2011 to June 2016 the population in the prison grew by approximately 30,000 people, this can be translated to 60.9% increase. Zevallos (2016), stated that this means that the Peruvian Prison System was forced to accommodate an extra 6000 inmates every single year. Considering the government has also tried to increase the prison capacity it still falls short of the growth of prison capacity. A study done by Peruvian National Penitentiary Institute indicated that to manage the menace of overcrowding in the Prisons, the prison would be forced to build a five hundred bed capacity prison every single month, an amount which would be unsustainable considering the staff requirement necessary to deal with security and administration issues in prison (Garrido, n.d).

According to Cerrón (2005), based on article 8 of Peru’s constitution, the government has an obligation of fighting and punishing drug trafficking. Similarly, it is responsible for regulating the use of intoxicants. The intake of drugs in Peru is not punished and possession of drugs in small quantities is permitted by the government. However, the production, as well as the distribution of drugs, are illegal.

In 1993, Peru, together with Ecuador, signed an agreement with the Andean Trade Preference Agreement together with the US, later substituted the agreement with Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act. Columbia and Bolivia had already agreed to ATPA earlier in the year 1991 and had started reaping its benefits a year after signing the agreement in 1992 (Hammergren, 1998). Hammergren (1998), further stated that by agreeing to the terms of the agreement and signing it, Peru assented to partner with the US and other countries who were part of the treaty to fight drug trafficking and the production right from its source.

According to Lambright (2015), the Act intended to replace the production of coca plant with other agricultural cash crops. In response to their effort in combating the eradication of coca plant, Peru among other countries was allowed U.S tariff exemptions on particular products including a certain type of fruits. In 2012, it was unfortunate that Peru Breached the ATPA agreement and stopped complying with the terms hence it terminated the agreement and in return the country lost all the tariff exemptions she previous let enjoyed in the US and as a result by the end of 2012, Colombia was overtaken by Peru as the World’s major grower of the coca plant.

In conclusion, several studies have been conducted on Peru criminal justice system, with Murray (2001), doing a comparative study of Peru criminal Procedure where he gives a deep insight about the prosecution process and other aspects of law in comparison to other countries. Murray highlights the issues of corruption in the judiciary and how powerful people can easily bribe their way to justice, just like most of the countries in Latin America.

References

Aguirre, C. (2005). The criminals of Lima and their worlds: The prison experience, 1850-1935. Durham [N.C.: Duke University Press.

Cerrón, M. (2005). Justice of the Peace in Peru: An efficient Justice Service. Retrieved from https://www.law.ufl.edu/_pdf/academics/centers/cgr/7th_conference/Justicia_de_Paz_en_el_Peru__Eng

Garrido, R. Legislation on drugs and the prison situation in Peru. Retrieved from https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/tni-systems_overload-peru-def.pdf

Hammergren, L. A. (1998). The politics of justice and justice reform in Latin America: The Peruvian case in comparative perspective. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.

Lambright, A. (2015). Andean truths: Transitional justice, ethnicity, and cultural production in post-shining path Peru.

Landa, C. (2001). The Scales of Justice in Peru: Judicial Reform and Fundamental Rights. Retrieved from http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/peru-The%20Scales%20of%20Justice%20in%20Peru%20Judicial%20Reform.Landa.pdf

Mariluz, L. L. P. (2011). Judicial corruption in the Peruvian judicial system: Ways to resolve the problem by applying the economic analysis of law.

Murray, D. (2001). A Comparative Study of Peruvian Criminal Procedure. Retrieved from https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3092&context=umlr

Peru | World Prison Brief. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/peru

Refugees, U. (1995). Refworld | Peru: The Two Faces of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a7ed4.html

Zevallos, J. (2016). Overcrowding in the Peruvian prison system. International Review Of The Red Cross, 98(903), 851-858. doi: 10.1017/s1816383117000649

Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.