Driving Economic Growth and Innovation through Business Process Management in UAE

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Abstract

One of the most known practices considered fundamental in economic growth underpinning is innovation. It has a great capability in the development of solutions for challenges we face socially and economically. It is the key responsible for commercial firms in market environments and businesses of today‘s survival. Most current research on the management of innovation has majorly focused on large enterprises and economies of developed markets ignoring small medium-sized enterprises that have great contributions to the growth of economy and innovation. The main purpose of this work is to make contributions to the literature on innovation management and businesses on Business Process Management (BPM) and their behaviors in the context of socio-economic in Dubai and countries all over the world. The market Dubai can be considered as one of the quickest upcoming economies and markets in the Middle East. With proper government support, it has managed to achieve substantial industrialization and modernization levels.

Introduction

The most profitable business market and innovative economy in the region of the Arabian Gulf in comparison to all the other Arab nations are The United Arab Emirates. It has been noticed by the World Economic Forum’s report of Global Competitiveness among the other 37 countries as an economy that is driven by innovation (Schwab, p.17). This indicates that 30 percent and above of the activities in this economy is contributed by innovation. As much as the country is considered as a country rich in hydrocarbons, the government of the United Arabs Emirates in collaboration with Vision 2021 of the country has made recognition in the urge to change the economy from where it is to an enlarged knowledge-based to maintain the economic growth that is long term and to create more job opportunities for the upcoming youths and the enlarging population An economy that is considered innovation-driven does not only depend on expenditure but also on investments that are efficiently allocated and their innovation strategies. However, innovation does not only generate from very large corporations but it also comes from Small and Medium Enterprises which in most cases give contributions that are original and positive to the domain of innovation. SMEs have been found to result as main actors in markets that are global chasing their special strategies in innovation (Naidoo, p.1313). It has been noted that there has been a change in the roles of small businesses because the comparative advantages have moved towards knowledge-based activities. In UAE, Small and Medium Enterprises explains almost 92% of the summation of all companies and grants almost 50% of the GDP from the economy. In addition to all these, almost 200000 of the United Arab Emirates SME based are currently offering almost 85% of jobs in the private sector (United Arab Emirates Ministry of Economy p.66).

The benefits that a company enjoys when they have adopted BPM may include the following; first and foremost it is cost-efficient. Most companies have stated that to increase the efficiency of costs, one needs more than slashing budgets. There is a requirement of strategic investment so that an organization can get more material savings. Most companies have also recognized that to achieve savings that are considered efficiently significant in terms that are medium, they have to implement effective techniques and technologies of Business Process Management (Bhagwat et al p.47). When we take a look at countries that research was done on before, most of them are planning on launching initiatives of process management whereby the largest proportion had the belief that the project was going to have a big positive effect to maximize the efficiency of costs. When BPM thinking automates complicated processes and technology is applied, there is a reduction of manual work and duplication of effort elimination. Companies that have launched the initiatives of BPM with the hope of manual work reduction have so far so good given positive results on the business. It has therefore been noticed that one can get similar output with lesser resources or adjust the output amount with the same amount of resources. Therefore, BPM can be considered a fundamental part of the strategy in the intelligent management of cost which gives the business a chance to reduce costs instead of cutting business growth. The Dubai Financial Market is responsible for a value worth 82% of shares that are traded in the capital markets of the UAE.

Secondly, we have business agility. In surveys and researches that have been done before, most people from different organizations expressed that their organizations would take a step in increasing the investments in their capabilities to act to various marketing conditions that are changing in a period of 12 months. Brighter organizations notice bigger margins on the services and goods they have by taking advantage of the opportunities in the markets. Most business people have recognized time to market optimization as a very crucial business driver. BPM has been found to enhance the ability of various businesses for to react to differences that are available in the environment of business. 78% of people who have introduced BPM to increase the organization’s flexibility have so far given positive feedbacks on the effects it has on the business. For a company to achieve business agility, it requires three major concepts (Dumas et al., p.2). These are; process management, Integration and automation, and lastly Rule management. In process management, the organization must be in charge of its process assets to be agile. The processes must be understood well and documented. Their visibility is a must and should be measured in real-time and continue to have compliance with regulatory objectives and the shifting market. In this case, BPM offers modeling capability solutions that ensure processes are very explicit. It is possible for these models to be updated by users and that is a very important factor as Information Technology’s recourse is not needed.

In rules management, organizations are in the management of the interactions they have with the outside world via procedure and policies that they have agreed on and documented. These rules can easily be adapted to follow the market pressures and therefore can be labeled as a competitive advantage source. Organizations that are aware of rule values in most cases use decision engines to find, deploy, update, and maintain rules all over processes in life. BPM on the other hand is moving towards collaborative and unstructured age. For an organization to stay well-governed compliant and visible, as it keeps dynamical processes on track despite the changing outcomes and goals, rules management will be the only way to do so. For a company to be able to manage BPM for it to acquire increased agility, it is very important to have rules. In cases of premium on uncertainty management, and better decision making on rules of businesses, optimization and simulation techniques can be put into practice and the use of responses and analysis of real-time.

The adoption of BPM enhances the innovation capability and productivity of MNEs by helping MNEs play a major role in innovation technologies, patenting, and investment in research and development. When MNEs adopt BPM policies, they can provide services of different kinds to the markets available despite their sizes. When these markets are served, they have a lot of benefits from scope and economy of scale and enable them to build a stronger capacity of finances for them to have investments in innovation which includes projects considered risky. It puts them in better and greater positions than smaller firms when attracting talents, adopting management tools for technologies considered comprehensive, acquiring equipment that is regarded as sophisticated, and building innovation networks with their strategic partners, suppliers, customers, research institutes of the public and universities. It has helped in the modification of spatial organizations and strategies in MNEs. When we take a look at how changes are happening, research currently done is indicating that there is an evolution of innovations in MNEs from hierarchical and centralized functions in the direction of one that originates from geographically disperse network center.

Firms with high innovation have been found to have the potential of turning into high growth firms. However, only 12.2% of Emirati entrepreneurs are expected to introduce or use new forms of technology as a major strategy in their growth (El-Sokari et al., p.76). In a survey done by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, it was found that there can only be two ways of assessing innovation and these are; business competitiveness degree and product originality. The table below will show the technology of product level for a few years 2006, 2009, 2007, and 2011 in the UAE.

Year	No/Low Technology (%)	Med technology/ High Technology (%)	Total (%)
2006	96.9	3.1	100
2007	99.3	0.7	100
2009	99.0	1.0	100
2011	97.6	2.4	100

This table indicates that in2011, almost every new business that was started in UAE had none or very little levels of technology with only 2.4% as medium or high technology. This was found as the second least rate when compared to other economies that are driven by innovation and when separated from countries that perform the best a good example is Norway which is at 14.3% (El-Sokari et al., p.81).

In recent years, MNE has come to play a very active role in collaboration with BPM in innovation networks that are global and involve innovations defined as incremental. It also takes part in the development of multi-technology products. However, as the number of R&D supply-driven centers increase, MNEs only work with a few global labs in locations that they select carefully and have a historical core unit. In the last decade, international innovation networks are increasingly becoming multipolar and on the other hand, MNEs are locating an increase in the number of selected centers in emerging countries. On the contrary to internalization, the innovative activities of MNE as an organization is what they rely on when it comes to acquiring knowledge from external sources. In a situation where R&D activities are increasingly internationalized, there is a rise in competition in the regions and countries so that these corporation activities attract R&D (OECD, p.15). The innovations can also result in spillovers and indirect effects in the country which can lead to improvements in productivity. It can be recommended that policies of national innovation should consider ways of attracting MNEs innovative activities and find ways of encouraging current affiliates of MNE so that they can have domestic innovations.

Yes, the elements of BPM have a positive relationship with innovation capability and productivity. Innovations tend to have an incremental and radical relationship which has interestingly contributed to various performances in the firm. It is a very important business performance determinant despite the upheaval of markets which is conducted by the firm. The process of innovation can be seen as effective drivers that assist in innovation enhancement and performance of trade in an organization (Alpkan, p.740). To have expansions of new services and product quality, newness, exceptionalities, and reliability coming from their competitors lead to innovations of services instead of enhancing the overall performance of organizations inclusive of financial and marketing. The research was done in Taiwan in the determination of the relationship between service innovation, market orientation, and innovation performance shows that innovation has mediating results in the performance of innovation. This study showed that the innovation of products increases the profit rates while the innovation process increases both efficiency and profits. Product implementation, the innovation of institutions, and process enable flexibility of organizations in their various operations and it enables companies to improve the product quality and the competitiveness of the technology.

A handful of research has shown that innovation from the organization is associated positively with performance innovation and assists in understanding best which capabilities have the potential ability to affect competitive advantage that can give economic rent. Other research indicates that either organization or administrative innovation has a significant and positive impact on the performance of a company in terms of growth, financial, internal process, and customers. Furthermore, the innovation of process and product has been found to have a very important role in the performance of an organization. Generally, innovation is taken as an important factor that can help in the generation of lots of benefits for an organization for it to get a competitive advantage.

The new BPM approach suitable to enhance the innovation and productivity of MNEs in Abu Dhabi, considering that BPM is dependent on the different contexts, cultures, and nature of the organization may include; first and foremost we have the creation of clusters fostering linkages and around MNEs. As MNE seeks to rationalize the various activities they have, decisions in regards to local linkages are never made at the lowest level but the headquarters by having comparisons of available options globally. Therefore, regarding this, governments are required to come up with incentives for MNE to put local partners into considerations and not have expectations for this to occur naturally. In most countries, there are existing organizations that do not meet the reliability and quality requirements needed for MNE. As a result of this, policies that help local firms and organizations in the upgrade of quality and reliability are regarded as very important. Apart from building the required technical capacity to benefit from externalities that come from MNE activities, the government always put ready programs to help investors from foreign countries to get the best local partners and suppliers. This shows that, for outsiders to familiarize with local institutions and firms and become members of the club of the system of innovation, they are required to make greater efforts for this to happen. This approach will help in productivity in every country that puts it into practice as relationships will be built and unbreakable bonds too.

The second approach is upgrading demand-oriented public R&D and human capital. When talking about construction in the public sector as a research capacity, one must consider two major aspects. The first aspect is the availability of an investment in the R&D generation supply side. This majorly comprises research of long-term investment projects in given areas for example national laboratories and laboratories. These provide an academic publication as outputs which are important knowledge sources for bigger establishments of research by domestic organizations and MNEs. These public institutes also help in the provision of technical services and as services of consultancy to organizations as infrastructure part for standards and testing. The second aspect is demand-driven institutes for the public which work in various sectors with the primary aim of developing innovations that are specific and majorly focuses on meeting the different needs of a group of organizations or a particular sector. When we take a look at the current development stage of systems of national innovations, it can be suggested that BPM should put their focus on the second aspect. When this is done and followed from a perspective of technology foresight and intelligence gathering by government strategies and actions, there will be a better enhancement of innovation and productivity.

The challenges faced for not adopting BPM may include the following; first, without Business Process Management, an organization will be extreme slowness in an organization. This is because; organizations in almost all cases always experience the need to constantly change. These changes mostly are caused by market demands, new regulations, or the introduction of new working ways. One major importance of BPM is its aid in the facilitation of processes of designs considered flexible. When BPM is applied, one can get the chance to make changes to give minimal costs. Therefore without the adoption of BPM, the facilitation of processes will be slower and processes will not be customized easily for them to suit an organization’s requirements. The second challenge is low productivity. BPM aids the automation of different elements in workflows which are repetitive. It assists in improving processes for example bottlenecks removal, elimination of steps that are redundant and parallel processing. This gives employees enough time to spend on other organizational activities as the main activities are already handled. This in return gives good productivity and reduces wastes. Without BPM adoption, the employees will spend most of their time doing things that would have been handled easily by this management and therefore productivity will go down.

The third challenge faced by organizations is inefficiencies and an increased number of risks. BPM offers organizations an opportunity to efficiently engage in work and this helps in saving the organization’s resources (Prugsamatz & Raphaella, p.252). It also allows an organization to come up with better designs and processes monitored to help in the reduction of fraud. It can therefore be stated that, without BPM, the risk of fraud will go higher and those inefficiencies. Another challenge faced by organizations in failure to adopt BPM is hostility and vaguely in an organization. Every organization is required to be compliant with the regulations of the industry. With the help of BPM, it makes sure that every organization can put into action regulatory requirements and hence helps in delay prevention in compliance and fines associated with it. When an organization adopts BPM, it puts together compliance into the life process. Without this application, the processes of organizations cannot be visible and transparent enough to the employees, and therefore cases of hostility and vaguely will be high in the organization. Lastly, I will talk of reduced customer focus as a challenge. With increased services and goods produced, employees have it easy when it comes to focusing on clients. This causes increased despondence capacity and better ways of problem-solving. BPM has the capability of bringing technology and people together and this aid in customer satisfaction. Therefore, it can be noted that without the adoption of BPM, customer satisfaction will go done as the employees will have to focus on what it would have done already. They will not have time to come with better and greater ways of satisfying their stakeholders and customers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, organizations and companies should adopt Business Process Management to offer the very best services in a given country. This is due to its many advantages over disadvantages which include high productivity and customer satisfaction. This is all an organization requires to do well in various businesses and be in a position to maximize the profits. For a company to be able to manage BPM for it to acquire increased agility, it is very important to have rules. Rules will keep the company on toes and keep it running and will help deliver good results to the customers.

Acknowledgments

This research paper has been done with the help of various sources acquired from the internet and the library. The work of these authors cited down here has assisted me in this work and I would like to give them lots of appreciation for the good work they did.

Works Cited

Alpkan, Lutfihak, et al. “Organizational support for intrapreneurship and its interaction with human capital to enhance innovative performance.” decision 48.5 (2010): 732-755.

Bhagwat, Rajat, and Milind Kumar Sharma. “Performance measurement of supply chain management: A balanced scorecard approach.” .

El-Sokari, H., Van Horne, C. Huang, Z., & Al-Awad, M. Entrepreneurship. An Emirati Perspective, Abu Dhabi (2013).

Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development & Zayed University. (PDF) Innovation in Small and Medium Enterprises in the United Arab Emirates. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280836945_Innovation_in_Small_and_Medium_Enterprises_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates [accessed Oct 01 2018].

Dumas, Marlon, et al. Fundamentals of business process management. Vol. 1. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

Naidoo, Vikash. “Firm survival through a crisis: The influence of market orientation, marketing innovation, and business strategy.” Industrial marketing management 39.8 (2010): 1311-1320.

OECD (2011) “Location factors for international investment in innovation: Attractiveness for innovation.” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.

Prugsamatz, Raphaella. “Factors that influence organizational learning sustainability in non-profit organizations.” The learning organization 17.3 (2010): 243-267.

Schwab, Klaus. “The global competitiveness report 2010-2011.” Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2010.

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Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Minimum Viable Innovation System: Advantages and Implementation

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p.1) came up with steps that employees are supposed to implement in order to design the innovation engines which In this case are processes that enhance the development of ideas that are innovative in nature and the contribution of the employees in the same activities (Sobelman, 2018). The steps were short to implement as it requires a timeline of only 90 days. Scott, Duncan and Siren were simply looking at steps which will make innovation a responsibility of every employee in the organization from the top manager to the bottom as it was the best way to guarantee the success of the innovative projects.

When coming up with the steps Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p.1) were of the view that in most cases, when the top managers decide to inject innovation through employment innovative minded employees, the very initial step that they need to consider it should be about the changing the structures that are currently existing in the organization, the next phase would be allocating resources which include manpower, tools and machinery. According to Olsen (2016, p.1), this resources would enhance the teamwork and specialization of the process adding innovation in it and finally, on the process, the substantial amount that the organization has generated is supposed to be reinvested back so that it supports the above process.

However, a step by step mechanism was offered by the authors that when utilized it will develop an innovative engine at a lower cost as compared to the above process. This steps takes a considerable amount of time therefore enabling the organization time to relook at the process and rectify it within the shortest time possible.

Evaluation of the four steps in the study

Fig 1: steps for MVIS retrieved from Scott, Duncan, Anthony and Siren (2018). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/InnosightConsulting/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days-webinar [Accessed 29 Oct. 2018].

. The steps for the evaluation of minimum variable innovation system are:

Step 1: defining the innovation bucket: the authors were at the point of view that there are two types of attempts that are channelled towards the development of innovative ideas: Olsen (2016, p.1) stated that it’s either that a new dimension is being added to the already existing methods or ideas or a totally brand new idea is being developed. In the case of Manila watercompany regardless of any dimension, the teams that are a task to work on the ideas should be in a position to recognize the correct bucket which their project belongs to (Scott, Duncan &Siren, 2014, p.1).

Step 2. Narrowing down on some of the strategic ideas. According to Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p.1) in this step a number of prospective ideas which has a likelihood of being a successful innovation might come in plenty, it’s up to the team that works on the project to ensure they prioritize only a few projects that will have a great impact on the organization.

Step 3: Forming a dedicated team which is small and would be operating on the innovative ideas: having a small dedicated team to take over the projects would be essential not only for helping the organization to conduct a research which is organized but also essential in ensuring the effectiveness of the human resource (Sobelman 2018, p. 1).

Step 4: develop an apparatus is capable of being used to instil a sense of discipline in the organization operation activities of the innovation projects: while it’s a fact that sometimes innovative projects often appear to lead organization into a chaotic situations, it is important to maintain the discipline in any project that the team handles as this would ensure the employees operate in an effective way (Sobelman 2018, p. 1).

Fig 2: 90 days steps for Minimum viable innovation system retrieved from

Scott, Anthony, Duncan, Pontus and Siren (2018). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/12/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days [Accessed 29 Oct. 2018].

Advantages and Disadvantages Associated With Technological Innovation and Its Management

Pros (Advantages)

According to Sobelman (2018, p.1) the model just as it is used in Google does not create a scenario whereby only a specialized teamwork at the early stages of the innovative process but it gives employees the freedom to participate in the innovative process and in the long run this would ensure positive energy in the team is maintained mostly towards innovative ideas.
Melnick(2018, p.1) stated that the model gives employees liberty when working on the innovative project by eliminating the bureaucracy that requires the approvals of managers which can immensely contribute to the tainting of the positive attitude that employees should haveto.
The model also plays a big role in reducing the stress level of employees, as every employee is given a chance to work on their individual innovative ideas and the employee is at liberty of spending up to 20% of his/her time working on innovative project that they feel comfortable with (Olsen 2016, p.1). According to Melnick(2018, p.1) besides reducing the stress level the same factor encourages efficiency and effectiveness as they work on the projects that they are willing to work and are more comfortable in.
By allowing the employees to participate in the innovative projects, without looking at the employees designation, the employees will have a sense of belonging and will be interested in knowing what the management thinks about the project, in the long run, the model will ensure that employees are prepared and ready to face the failure of the projects with much efficiency if it occurs (Sobelman2018, p. 1).
According to Sobelman (2018, p.1) if the model is implemented successfully will ensure the organization maintains its competitive edge by continuing to assess what the market needs and offering the exact solution. Olsen (2016, p.1) also emphasized on this point by stating that with the resources and the support that is accorded the project and not forgetting a sense of belonging which in itself acts as an incentive create a tight bond in the teams, reduces the turnover rate in the organization and every individual will focus on the long-term well-being of the projects hence they give 100%.
The minimal viable innovation model is also cheap to implement considering the organization will not have to hire experts but use the available human resource as well as the budgeted financial resources for the model. Though small firms may find it difficult in terms of cost the model is actually cost-effective for big firms with adequate resources. It is also worth the risk as the returns from the innovative projects inject into the organization another bill of health increasing the rate of sustainability(Olsen 2016, p.1).
Though the model leads to more upfront work, the risk which is often associated with wasted efforts, as well as high cost, is ultimately reduced. I believe this is the major reason why the model has been tested by various big companies a month them including, Samsung, the Google Inc., Facebook and Apple (Olsen 2016, p.1).
According to Sobelman (2018, p.1), the model also strengthens the teamwork in an organization. This is due to the fact that every member will feel respected and appreciated, as the model encourages free sharing of innovative ideas which will inspire individuals in the team to feel part of the system and strive to deliver to remain relevant in the team and in return come up with more vibrant innovative ideas.
The model is also faster to implement. According to Olsen (2016, p.1), the model only takes 90 days to implement, this saves time, as the team will be able to make amends where there might be an error within a short time hence ensuring the innovative projects have more chances of succeeding(Olsen 2016, p.1).
There is a reduction of risk to the investors when the model is implemented. This is due to the fact that the implementation takes less time, therefore, any innovative product prototype can be tested by the target audience within a short period of time,make additional changes that the target market need before the final release, present the final product to the investors to prove viability before finally releasing it in the market(Sobelman2018, p. 1)..
It adds flexibility into the innovative projects. This is based on the fact that the projects can be tested before the final release. This gives flexibility as it would be changed or redesigned to meet the target market expectation. For instance, if it’s a new product or an additional feature in an existing product, the fact that the product would be released in the market for testing and getting the customer feedback gives the model flexibility as it adapts through the market needs(Sobelman2018, p. 1).

Cons (Disadvantages)

The model has more pros than cons. The major con is that it the model minimizes the scope of the individual employee’s innovations (Sobelman2018, p. 1). This is due to the fact that the innovation is customized into a specified path that limits the employee’s mind to think outside the box.
Another con that comes about with this particular system is that is demands for a significant amount of upfront work to obtain reliable and consistent consumer feedback. Thus demanding for development efforts towards the vast range of product release, thus requiring revisions on the complete basis on feedback.
Amongst the key objectives of the minimal viable innovation system is the validation in learning. The product however stands not as a proposal; therefore a fit in the productmarket occurs in a situation when the set value proposition is efficiently proven by a significant percentage of the total market transactions which creates business momentum. Therefore, having a product market fit, shows that you have already proven viability of a particular product and therefore there is no longer a requirement or need to be minimal henceforth.
Another disadvantage of the minimum viable innovations system is the tendency to have minimal to no limit of precautions when it comes to time and funds managements. Thus indulging in time as well as funds wastage.
The liberty that the innovation team have is usually a blessing in disguise in the sense that. The employees might lose track of the innovation that would be relevant to the vision and mission of the organization due to freedom that the project team is giving.
The time given for the implementation of the innovative project is less as it might interfere with the productivity or the output of the employees. The time should not be restricted to 90 days considering also the fact that some innovative projects may experience some technicalities which will need a gradual implementation.
The model tends to work well in bigger firms. Small and medium enterprises might find it difficult to implement the model, due to the limitation in the number of staff and lack of flexibility for the staff.
Finally, there are many factors which might influence the innovative project and the model does not factor the external factors in. this factors might be political or economic and might hinder the proper implementation of the model as desired.

Comparison between MVIS and Rick Eager’s innovation management concept

FIG 3: INNOVATION MANAGEMENT retrieved from

Brits, D. (2018). Elements of a Successful Innovation Roadmap | Innovation Management. [online] Innovation Management. Available at: http://www.innovationmanagement.se/2014/11/10/elements-of-a-successful-innovation-roadmap/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2018].

Innovation management is a model which focusses on the future, and use innovation to ensure that in future the organization maintains its competitive edge by slicing a new niche before the competitors (Leiblein&Ziedonis 2011, p.31). According to Goffin (2016, p. 60)Just like MVIS model innovation management ensures the business has a longevity in terms of a competitive edge as the innovation strategy is meant to create new products and services for new market and in the long run, ensuring it helps the business generate more tangible profits.

Under innovation management, the management or the leaders supports individual or teams as they come up with ideas and innovation that is core to the management of the organization goals and activities which drive innovation (Chen& Wang2005, p.47). In other words, Innovation Management is initiated by the top management and employees in the companies try to come up with ideas. According to Rhodes and Wield (2001, p. 79) this is based on the agenda of the top management this is contrary to MVIS where the employees are free and ideas can come from bottom up in the sense that it’s not driven by the management but the employees are at liberty of coming up with the ideas which can make the organization competitive under innovation management it’s the management initiative to support the innovative teams. It’s upon the management to provide an enabling environment that favours ultimate innovation (Huang 2009, p. 64).

According to Rhodes and Wield (2001, p. 81) by exploiting the tools for innovative management, the management is capable of triggering and deploying the creative proficiencies of the workforce for the continuous development of the business. Both the MVIS and the innovation management use the same tools in order to boost creativity in their projects, the tools include, prototyping, brainstorming, ideation, product line planning among others. Manilla water company should use this tools as it would guarantee the company efficiency in the production process with limited.

Innovation management is significant in promoting institutional innovation as well as technological innovation. One of the major goals of innovation management in the organization is to foster a suitable environment that would encourage innovation. The favourable environment enables the business to get more cooperation projects and give business ventures the platform for take-off. With this in mind Minimum, viable innovation system model also can thrive in the same environment, it also relies on the goodwill and full support of the senior managers for the innovation to be successful. The innovative team needs to get full endorsement and support from the top managers as this would inspire individual to think out of the box and come up with incredible innovative ideas (Leiblein & Ziedonis 2011, p.31).

Both MVIS and Innovation management requires the employees who are talented at all aspects of the organization, the once that understanding the vision and the strategies that the organization has, and are dedicated and focused to ensure their ideas turn into an innovation which would generate more profit for the organization and also accelerate the speed at which the organization moves towards its set vision and objectives (Leiblein&Ziedonis 2011, p. 77).

On considering the liberty of the team that is spearheading innovation both the Innovation management and MVIS allows the team to be independent, to make independent decisions without being influenced by the management, they are allowed to think outside the box. this is further made possible under innovation management due to the fact that the innovative projects are separated from the existing business which allows the innovative team to be flexible and give it all for the sake of coming up with new innovative ideas (Huang2009, p. 66).

According to Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p. 1) minimum viable innovation system and innovation management both falls under two buckets. They are either an improvement of the existing business, offering or internal operation or they focus on reaching new segment and customer or even market with their innovation the same applies with Innovation management concept which is categorized into either pushed and pulled which just like in MVIS a pushed process is based on the new invented technology while a pulled is based on finding a new area or new segment or market and come up with innovative projects to satisfy the need of the newly acquired segment (Chen& Wang2005, p.50).

Minimal viable innovation system model has a timeline of 90 days (Scott, Duncan & Siren 2014, p. 1). When the model is accurately followed the project should take a maximum of 90 days this is contrary to innovation management whose time is not actually defined or standardized and as a result some projects might take longer time than others.

Finally, there is a thin line between minimal viable innovation system and innovation management. The only notable difference is the fact that in minimal viable innovation system entails steps which when implemented will guarantee success for the success of the innovative project while innovation management has no outline steps to follow but they converge at appoint where every employee has a responsibility of coming up with ideas which will keep the organization afloat in the future and maintain its competitiveness (Chen& Wang2005, p.50).

Innovation management tends to lean on building an innovative culture in the organization. Innovation management model influences the structure of the company in a way that it would dictate the innovative culture that will drive innovation amongst the employees in the organization. This is contrary to MVIS where the organization structures have got less impact on the innovation project as employees are set free and they can come up with their own ways of doing things. The culture in here comes from the teamwork and it is not therefore dictated by the top management (Huang 2009, p. 69).

Evaluation of the three advice given in MVIS by the authors

“Remember, the “S” in MVIS stands for the system. You can’t pick and choose between the four elements described above. Do everything, or do nothing.”

The authors’ first advice was about the system. All the four elements in the initial of MVIS are cemented by the system (Scott, Duncan and Siren 2014, p.1). They all have to work in unison and they cannot be disintegrated. According to this case, the success of the model simply relies on the organization system as a whole, which involves the managers, the resources, other employees and stakeholders. This are different entities that need to work as one, the ‘do everything or do nothing’ statement by the author shows the kind of bond or teamwork that is required for the model to function it signifies the unanimity required where every aspect of the system should be designed to work in a way that it would ensure the success of the model.

In regards to the system, the organization needs to be looked as a whole, any disintegration affects the success of the model and so is the innovation projects the vision of the organization should be the blueprint that would guide the organization on the innovative projects that they need to give priority. Teamwork and resources are paramount and the system does not only involve the innovative project team but every individual who is working towards the organization vision and considering the fact that the Minimal viable innovation system does not limit innovation to the specific team as anyone is allowed to come up with viable ideas, every individual as important as they determine the success of the projects.

“One area that absolutely cannot be shortchanged is personnel. If you have no one fully focused on new growth, you’ve decided not to focus on new growth”

The authors in this statement illustrates the importance of involving the employees at all the stages, the organization should be responsible to instill a sense of belonging to the employees instead of looking at ways of shortchanging them and bringing new ones that would focus on the new projects in the organization (Scott, Duncan and Siren 2014, p.1). It’s upon the organization to ensure the employees are motivated about the new innovative projects, welcome their opinions and ideas and put them into consideration during the implementation of the project. Every personnel should be brought to the table. The statement also touches on the teamwork, in the sense that when you don’t have the confidence of the whole team or when the team does not function as one there is a higher probability that the project is going to fail and it would rather be abandoned.

The growth or the success of the organization is greatly influenced by the level of motivation the employees have. The most successful company like Google and Facebook are successful mostly because they are constantly innovative a contribution which is highly linked to the staff who are motivated. Organization are often affected by the turnover, therefore, replacing employees can never act as a solution for the growth of the organization the solution is with the motivation and sense of belonging in which is achieved through openness, cohesiveness in the team and enabling environment where employees can feel free to share ideas and opinions.

The Minimal viable innovation system model recognizes the need of every employee to contribute to the innovation process. It’s clear that this model does not necessarily approve for the additional employees to drive the innovative projects but just to ensure the existing ones that have walked and worked towards the set goals and vision enjoy their work, get fully motivated to enable them focus fully on innovative projects which would benefit the organization and maintain its competitive edge.

“How you treat failure is more important than how you reward success. Hiding or fearing failure spawns projects that never die and that suck up all your capacity for innovation.”

The organization should be very careful about how they treat the failure of the project (Scott, Duncan and Siren 2014, p.1). If handled in a wrong way it will interfere with the productivity of the employees and even affect their confidence making them scared of making a decision, coming up with ideas, avoiding the risks but promising ideas and in the long run affect the innovative power of the organization making it less competitive in the market.

Failure in the market should be made as a stepping stone, and the employees and managers should take it as a challenge and a lesson rather than look at it as inefficiency. Fear of failure would make organization stagnant as nobody would want to go out of the book and think about ideas as the fear would have overridden any other thing. Innovation is all about risk, and failure is just a step up as rather than a step-down. It’s a lesson that would give the employees experience they would learn from it and avoid the errors made that resulted into a failure.

A thorough analysis of the failed projects should be shared across the organization, to enable every individual to know why the project failed. This will inspire the employees to make them be persistent and ensuring that most of the new projects are handled with precision it requires to avoid failure. This will minimize the failure rate, employees will be encouraged and still give it all, be efficient and effective in the new projects and in the long run ensure it is successful.

Persistence is gained when the organization stand together on the low moments like a failure in a project, the employees become more determined and focused, they become more knowledgeable, come up with feasible ideas which would result into new successful projects. When an organization makes employees look down upon themselves due to failure in a project that’s a lethal injection that would slowly kill the dreams that the organization had.

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a clear sign that the minimum viable innovation system model if implemented has a ma ore positive impact in the organization and has a higher chance of being successful than any other previous model. The fact that the leading companies in the world are using it is enough to give it credibility and eliminate any doubt. The central point of convergence in the model is the fact that it guarantees employees satisfaction and motivation a factor which is key to innovation as a motivated employee is usually more creative and has more innovative ideas as compared to unmotivated and unsatisfied one.

The minimum viable innovation system advantages outweighs Rick Eager’s Innovation management concept as it gives more liberty to the project team and the timeline given enables the organization to absorb any negative issues pertaining the project at s shorter time therefore making it more viable as compared to Eager’s concept.

Minimum viable innovation system is employee driven and the management work will only to ensure the employees are motivated enough and create an enabling environment whereby every employee will be encouraged to be innovative. The model works best in a place where employees are fully motivated and are able to work with no supervision nor is incentive, as the innovative projects they handle an equal motivation.

Based on the study it is projected that the minimum viable innovation system concept will be used for quite a long period of time and the companies that need to stay afloat and retain their competitive edge need to adapt the concept. This concept will gradually override the Eager’s concept due to its systematic steps that can be easily implemented in the organization.

Reference list

BURGELMAN, R. A., CHRISTENSEN, C. M., & WHEELWRIGHT, S. C. (2009). Strategic management of technology and innovation. Boston, McGraw-Hill Irwin.

CHEN, J., & WANG, Z. (2005). Technology innovation and HRM. Bradford, England, Emerald Group Pub. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=254023.

GOFFIN, K. (2016). Innovation management. [Place of publication not identified], Palgrave Macmillan.

Hamel, G. (2018). The Why, What, and How of Management Innovation. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2006/02/the-why-what-and-how-of-management-innovation [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

HEMMERT, M., & OBERLÄNDER, C. (2003). Technology and innovation in Japan: policy and management for the twenty-first century. London, Routledge. http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9780203194720.

HUANG, L. K. (2009). The Contingent Role of Innovation between IT Management Sophistication and Strategic Alignment. Journal of Global Information Management. 17, 60-92.

LIEBLEIN, M. J., & ZIEDONIS, A. A. (2011). Technology strategy and innovation management. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Pub.

MELNICK, L. (2018). 90-day plan to increase your company’s innovation. [online] The Business of Social Media. Available at: https://lloydmelnick.com/2014/12/04/90-day-plan-to-increase-your-companys-innovation/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].

OLSEN, D. (2016). The lean product playbook (summary): how to innovate with minimum viable products and rapid customer feedback. https://www.overdrive.com/search?q=53ABBCC6-7433-4FBC-A9EB-9D2D60288F40.

RHODES, E., & WIELD, D. (2001). Implementing new technologies: innovation and the management of technology. Oxford, NCC Blackwell.

SCOTT, DUNCAN AND SIREN (2014). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days | Innosight. [online] Innosight. Available at: https://www.innosight.com/insight/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

SOBELMAN, N. (2018). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days – Commentary – Innovation Excellence. [online] Innovationexcellence.com. Available at: https://www.innovationexcellence.com/blog/2015/03/23/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days-commentary/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

TREAT, T. (2011). Technology management. [San Francisco], [Wiley]. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10510449.

5/5 - (11 votes)

Herman Bailey

Navigating Environmental Challenges in the American Auto Industry

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Background

The auto industry in America has thrived since the early 1900s when the industry started, even though it’s in Germany and France where the design of the modern automobile came from in the late 1800s, the first half of the 20th century was dominated by the American(May 3). According to May, Henry Ford came up with mass production of the designs that became a universal standard; the three automobiles group in us by the year 1920 was Ford, General Motors as well as Chrysler (9). However, the auto industry has proven to be among the top industries that are faced with environmental issues and risks around the globe and more precisely in the United States.

Analysis

There are numerous emissions and other environmental hazards that have massively been contributed by the auto industry. According to Golinska, the industry faces issues like dealing with brake debris, painting, tire particles as well as gas emissions (19). The noxious impacts of brake debris, as well as tire particles, demonstrate the need for a broader capacity of consideration for the environmental effects of automobiles. Golinska further stated that these elements increase the toxicity levels in the surrounding soil and, on the other hand, tire particles, result in the creation of black carbon (20). Together it has been proven that the pollutants cause lung toxicity as well as it is responsible for a substantial proportion of particle matter in the urban areas. Such effects have a considerable implication in both the design and the use of the automobile.

Painting and coating are responsible for 62% or the biggest share of environmental effects during the built-up of automobiles. Davies highlighted the fact that the mechanism used like “in-mold painting” can minimize discharges of dangerous toxic material like nickel, hexavalent chromium, and copper in the atmosphere (120-125). According to Gallagher, the progressions in paint and coating chemistry and the decreasing in the level of the toxic elements used may lead to a considerable reduction in the negative environmental effects that currently exemplify the auto manufacturing industry (61).

Captivatingly, the gas emission effect from the US‘s reliance on foreign oil as well as the fact that the many regimes have not fully popularized the electric car options like Tesla. Fossil fuel alone controls the economy to a larger extent as the oil business remains to be among the richest businesses in the world. New regulations were made by EPA which required American-cars together with the lightweight trucks to 34.5 mpg average as by the year 2016 (Golinska 157), and by 2012, this got a major boost from the Obama administration as they announced a new standard which was a bit strict and required the new vehicle to have a fuel efficiency of 54.5mpg by the year 2025. This demonstrates the fact that the government is responding to the critical issues of environmental concern. Therefore the less pollution we have, the better, this will equally resonate with the customers in the sense that they will need a higher fuel efficiency vehicle to save the gas and in doing this they will be reducing the gas emission in the environment (Golinska 108).

The conventional argument against these standards is that if the markets demand efficient low-emission cars, the market will drive the manufacturers to produce them, but on the flip side, to a larger extent, the government holds the critical role of making facilitation on this, with the innovation channeled towards the speedy production of the critical elements needed in the market and also for the future as innovation would bring the sense of pro-activeness. The need and demand for innovation that would meet the dynamic standards will enhance the organization’s support within the automobile industries for the engineers to build something new and efficient and also environment-friendly (Domansky 49-54).

The fact that the entire world is fighting the devastating effects of climate change, as well as safety regulation, has offered opportunities for engineers to assess every feature of the automobile as well as the result the technology has made it possible to auto-fill electronic and making material lighter and durable. According to Domansky, The production of a self-driving car can be seen as a major step towards the safe and environment-friendly production of the vehicle, and with that technology is viewed as an effective tool in fighting negative environmental impact (83).

A business that is constructed with environmental consideration has the likelihood of wealth as well as creation, as well as the interests of the human population, is higher. Nevertheless, when enterprises choose to minimize the significance of this relationship by not considering it, it often hurts the organization, and in return; it will affect the economic gains due to the cost of recovering the natural environment. For instance, Gallagher states that according to the economic specialist, Chinese GDP is consumed due to the costs of pollution that amount to 4 to 8% of the total GDP (13).

Options

One of the options that the automobile industry has is turning to green practices. Though some companies have started implementing the green initiative for the last five years, this initiative will involve incorporating recyclable materials into the manufacturing of the vehicle as well as choosing the fuel options that would decrease their intake of fossil fuels as well as making the vehicle parts which are not only reliable but also eco-friendly (Davies 32). The use of aluminum is recommended as it lightweight as well as malleable hence it can be used in the production of any vehicle. Although due to safety measures a vehicle cannot be manufactured solely on aluminum, it is projected that by 2025, vehicles will consist of approximately 550 pounds of aluminum (Golinska 37). This will result in a far more efficient, environmentally friendly as well as cheaper mode of transportation and the fact that it can be easily recycled makes it even more ideal.

The air conditioning devices in both our homes and the cars emit a despicable amount of carbon which piles up into the atmosphere and in return destroys the ozone layer daily. The reduction of heat levels in the city will surely reduce carbon emissions drastically. The auto industry has got an option of backing the reduction of heat level by encouraging and coming up with campaigns to paint the tarmac streets completely white to decrease the amount of heat buildup on the streets. It has been proven that the white streets reduce the temperature of a city by approximately over 44 degrees Fahrenheit, which simply implies the fact that record heat could easily be compared to a considerably warm day (Davies 92).

Thirdly the automobile industry should support the initiative of GPR on risk assessment. This initiative entails having ground-penetrating radar that provides accurate information of what is beneath the earth. This is essential as it allows the scientists to evaluate the landfill confines, draw the level of contamination plumes as well as establish the bearing of contaminant migration. This will give the automobile industry a clear indication about what they need to recycle the most to reduce the number of vehicles found on landfills as well as minimize the total amount of carbon emissions created by the landfills (Gallagher 16).

Recommendation for the automobile industry

Reducing the environmental impact that the automobile industry has caused will take more than just the industry to bring the environment to its natural state. The government has a major role to play by coming up with strict policies that would guarantee a clean environment. Among the measures that the government needs to take is to invest in providing resources in the design of the vehicles in a way that the vehicle would accommodate less poisonous elements and also reduce wear on tires and breaks.

There should also be strict policies by the government agencies that would restrict the company precisely to be using recyclable materials in the production. This would encourage the industry to set more funds for research with the consideration of the demand and the regulation that has been set hence coming up with efficient eco-friendly vehicles.

Work cited

Davies, Geoffrey. Materials for Automobile Bodies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Butterworth Heinemann, 2003. case study is a website owner but has violated several copyright laws. In the website YouRule.com he finds copy protected mp3 music files and downloads them. Furthermore, through his Internet resource.

Domansky, Leon R. Automobile Industry: Current Issues. New York: Novinka Books, 2006. case study is a website owner but has violated several copyright laws. In the website YouRule.com he finds copy protected mp3 music files and downloads them. Furthermore, through his Internet resource.

Gallagher, Kelly S. China Shifts Gears: Automakers, Oil, Pollution, and Development. , 2006. Print.

Gallagher, Kelly SimsKS, (2003). Foreign Technology in China’s Automobile Industry: Implications for Energy, Economic Development, and Environment. China Environment Series Nº 6. pp. 1-18

Golinska, Paulina. Environmental Issues in Automotive Industry: Design, Production, and End-of-Life Phase. , 2016. Print.

May, George S. The Automobile Industry, 1896-1920. New York: Facts on File, 1990. Print.

Newman, Peter, and Jeffrey Kenworthy. “Overcoming Barriers to the End of Automobile Dependence.” (2015). Print.

5/5 - (12 votes)

Herman Bailey

The Impact of Mural Art on Mental Health Education

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

To: Loyalist College Principal

From:

Date:

Subject: Summary Report: The advantages of using Mural art in learning mental health and Loyalist College response

Introduction

The purpose of this report is to summarize the advantages of using mural arts to enhance the learning of mental health courses by students of Loyalist College. There are many mural paintings in the school building, however, the report will determine if their location has enhanced the promotion of mental health awareness.

Facts and Findings

This section will examine the relationship between mural art and mental health. Additionally, it will scrutinize how effective it is to place them in a strategic position for public viewing. This will be done through a review of previous studies done and observation on how students of Loyalist College use mural paintings in the school’s building.

The problem of placing mural painting inside the building rather than outside.

Even though mental issues are common, it is difficult to talk about them. However, mural painting can be used to spread mental health awareness. This awareness should be spread in the public and not to specific people in a given segment. Placing mural art outside the school building will add more value to the school and the public. For instance, the art will enhance mental health awareness to people who visit the school. Apart from promoting awareness, it will brighten individuals and provide information one may need to help others. Moreover, paintings and drawings help promote the welfare of an individual in addition to improving mental and emotional awareness. Research has shown that people who use mural art have the ability to think critically, be original, and innovate. The world needs better thinkers; however, if the painting is placed inside the school’s building, only a few people will have access to it. Precisely only a few of those who have access to it will use it. This is because many people perceive art as a means of entertainment and they would prefer to look at it in their free time. Therefore, the problem of placing mural painting inside the school building is that it will only serve as a decoration material but not an educational purpose.

Conclusion

Mural arts play a role in education and it can be used to spread mental health awareness. Whereas Loyalist College uses mural painting inside the school building, Mohawk College has posted mural art both inside and outside its building as shown by observation research. Therefore, Mohawk College has advanced in spreading mental health awareness as compared to Loyalist College.

Works Cited

Clift, Stephen, and Paul Marc Camic, eds. Oxford Textbook of Creative Art, Health, and Wellbeing: International Perspectives on Practice, Policy, and Research. Oxford University Press, 2016, pp.1-343.

Melcher, Katherine, Barry Stiefel, and Kristin Forest, eds. Community-Built: Art, Construction, Preservation, and Pace. Taylor & Francis, 2016, pp.1-224.

5/5 - (11 votes)

Herman Bailey

Enhancing Maternal and Reproductive Health in Kwazulu: Strategies and Indicators

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

According to the World Health Organisation (2012, p.5), management of information management is vital to the foundation of substantially understanding the maternal and reproductive sector as per the goals of the millennium development. World Health Organisation (2012, p.5) states that the primary aim is enabling a decrease in child mortality, neonatal as well as a significant improvement in maternal health. Furthermore, they focus on the reduction of the menacing HIV/AIDS spread as well as great supporting the empowerment of women together with equality in gender World Health Organisation (2012, p.5).

It is undeniably important to have exemplary data as well as information that is statistical and disaggregated in management and even strategic planning. Pillitteri (2009, p.12) points out that enabling improvement of the processes involved in the management of information in the reproductive as well as maternal health sector enhances data interpretation as well as collection. Moreover non- governments together with governmental firms which are the main stakeholders can do data analyzing and then utilize the data in the processes of decision making (Pillitteri 2009, p.12).

Goals of the Programme

The maternal and Reproductive Health program in Kwazulu will have a particular aim as well as objectives that will drive the program to effectively achieve its strategized goals.

Aims

• Contributing towards significant enhancements of maternal as well as reproductive health in Kwazulu district, by substantially educating and involvement of both men and women in the process of the healthcare decision-making process.

• Strengthening the district’s human resource as well as institutional resource capabilities of the major components such as the health centers, local governments, local communities, as well as the women and even men who are involved in the reproductive health sector. Thus, strive towards making significant steps towards quality growth in the reproductive as well as the maternal health sector.

Objectives

To efficiently enable a significant improvement in the accessibility of substantially quality services in the maternal as well as reproductive health facilities within the Kwazulu district.
To significantly enable growth as well as development in strength in volumes in consideration of the change in attitude, upgrading of skills, growth in knowledge, gathering of data as well as information, dissemination and analyzing of major factors related to reproductive health i.e. women together with men, and lastly, maternal as well as needs in child health.
To efficiently enhance and widen the disease prevention methods; particularly diseases that pose a threat to general maternal health, such as HIV/AIDS together with STDs by efficiently increasing the involvement of the entire community of Kwazulu in the activities and processes of support, care as well as prevention.
To significantly back the government policing process, a process involved in decision making, UN SDG 3, as well as standard quality maintenance by providing thorough empirical research data together with the relevant information to enhancing reproductive and even maternal health.
To efficiently back the agencies of; both; the local and central government, local communities, as well as the organizations that relate with the civil society to ensure assessments and the mobilization of the resources both external and local for the enhancement of the material as well as reproductive health.

Targets of the Programme

At Kwazulu the reproductive and maternal health program has set particular targets. As per the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2006, p.16), the appropriate target outputs include;

1. HIV as well as STD prevalence decrease

2. Practising contraceptive increase

3. Universal standard child immunization as well as prenatal care

4. Management of obstetrical complications increase by the healthcare staff

5. Complete maternal mortality elimination

It is important to note that a program run on measurable goals exhibits substantial potential risks (Gold and Richards 1996, p.36). According to Gold and Richards 1996, p.36), the amount of pressure that may be placed on employees with aim of achieving targets that are simple within a given period of time potentially leads to clients’ coercion as well as significant fundamental objectives distortion of fundamental objectives.

For instance, employees assigned to family planning assignments may be delegated particular targets that are method-specific targets, or even number targets in terms of recipients of all methods being offered, chances are they may be oblivious of the direct incentives that may be required to satisfy the various needs of the clients; as well as educate on the various options available. The drive to achieve assigned targets may lead them to be pervasive when it comes to incentives leading to fraud or even inappropriately aggressive methods of promotion for the contraceptives (Gold and Richards 1996, p.36).

Indicators

Fonn et.al (1998, p.45) defines indicators as the markets and determinants of health status, availability of resources as well as the provision of services; which have a design to specifically enable the process of service performance monitoring and even the goals of the program (Fonn et.al 1998, p.45).

According to the World Health Organisation (2012, p.34), seventeen set indicators determine and covers the major areas in reproductive health; they are also the representation of agreement of the agencies globally.

The primary purpose of indicators is effectively having an essential overview of reproductive health issues globally as well as regionally (World Health Organisation 2012, p.34). World Health Organisation (2012, p.34) further states that the information gathered as well as reported on the indicators is highly essential in the management level of the program.

The seventeen indicators include;

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Defining the total amount in numbers of children an individual woman can have from the beginning to the end of reproductive age; particularly if the woman has an experience of the present utilized fertility rates that are age-specific during her life of childbearing (World Health Organisation 2012, p.35).

2. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)¹

Defines the percentage of women population within the reproductive range age group of fifteen to forty-nine years old utilizing individual or with their significant other a particular method of contraception within a defined time length.

3. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

World Health Organisation (2012, p.35) refers to it as the deaths through maternal issues as per 100,000 live births yearly.

4. Antenatal Care Coverage

This is the percentage of women who have been attendance minimal of once pregnancy process, through the assistance of trained healthcare employees for pregnancy-related reasons; with the exclusion of birth assistance individuals who are untrained as well as trained.

5. Percent of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel

With the exclusion of birth assistance individuals who are untrained as well as trained, this is the percentage of the births that were under the attendance of well trained and therefore skilled healthcare employees.

6. Availability of Basic Essential Obstetric Care

World Health Organisation (2012, p.36) defines this as the total number of health facilities per half a million which function with the basic primary, standard essential obstetric care.

7. Availability of Comprehensive Essential Obstetric Care

This refers to the facilities number as per a population of half million which functions with an essential as well a relatively comprehensive obstetric care.

8. Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR)

World Health Organisation (2012, p.36) describes this as the total number of perinatal deaths within every total of one thousand births.

9. Low Birth Weight Prevalence

This the percentage of births weighing a maximum of 2,500g that were live (World Health Organisation 2012, p.36).

10. Positive Syphilis Serology Prevalence in Pregnant Women

World Health Organisation (2012,p.36) refers to this as the percentage of the women who are pregnant, ranging between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four years old who are in antenatal clinic attendance; who have their syphilis screen and turn up positive.

11. Prevalence of Anemia in Women

This is the percentage within the population of women who are in their reproductive ages ranging from fifteen to forty-nine years old; who have had done their hemoglobin screening and turn up with 110g/l when pregnant, when not pregnant results to 120g/l (World Health Organisation 2012, p.36).

12. Percent of Obstetric and Gynecological Admissions Owing to Abortion

This describes the percentage admitted case scenarios to their service delivery time, thus effectively provides the obstetrics that is in-patient as well as gynecological services, resultant to the abortion procedures; these procedures are either induced or impromptu; however, this excludes any form of pregnancy termination that is planned(World Health Organisation 2012, p.36).

13. Reported Prevalence of Women with FGC

This refers to the percentage within the women populations that faced an interview during a planned survey in the community and have reported that they faced FGC.

14. Prevalence of Infertility in Women

According to World Health Organisation ( 2012, p.36), this is the percentage within the population of women within the defined reproductive ages of fifteen to forty-nine years old who all face the pregnancy risk and have reported their individual pregnancy trials that have lasted for a length of at least two years.

15. Reported Incidence of Urethritis in Men

World Health Organisation (2012, p.36) defines this as a percentage of the men’s population that range between the ages of fifteen to forty-nine who faced an interview in a survey that was carried out in their community who reported experiences within the previous year of urethritis.

16. HIV Prevalence among Pregnant Women

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2012, p.36) describes this as the percentage in the population of women who are pregnant, ranging between the ages of fifteen to twenty-four years old who are in antenatal facilities attendance; who have HIV screening and turn up positive.

17. Knowledge of HIV-related Prevention Practices

This pertains to the percentage within the population of individuals who have clearly identified the three primary means of preventions from HIV through sexual transmission as well as those who rejected the three primary HIV transmission misunderstandings as well as the prevention methods(World Health Organisation 2012, p.36).

Sources of data

The sources of the data for the numerator and the denominator in reproduction, as well as maternal health program, includes;

Vital Records
Hospital Records
Formal Surveillance Systems
Community Identification of Deaths

Limitations

The primary issues that may cause limitation in data quality as well as the data collection and information gathering process include;

Reporting Errors

Black et.al ( 2016, p.52) argue that it is critical for the quality of data quality to be strategically assessed before they are interpreted or even calculated. Black et.al (2016, p.52) emphasizes that having bias awareness that may result from the occurrence of common reporting errors in the particular surveys as well as consensus; thus more likely to affect the accuracy of their calculations.

Underreporting

According to Black et.al (2016, p.52), the births that have been underreporting are at a higher rate amongst the older women; as well as for the occurrence of births that have taken place a significantly long period of time back. Black et.al (2016, p.52) explains that may be seen as a minimal issue, unfortunately, this drastically affects the quality of data collected about the particular population under study.

Birth Displacements

Alden et.al (2014, p.46) points out that a major error discovered in the data survey is the issue of birth displacements. Alden et.al (2014,p.46) further state that the expected pattern is a distinctive peak within a four to nine-year period before the survey is carried out; as well as a period of five-year length trough displaying a definite decrease in the fertility rates. Moreover, census data remain exposed to the bias extreme.

Misreporting of women’s ages

Black et.al (2016, p.53) states that it is highly recommended to effectively examine all the potential misreporting possibilities of the ages of the women during the survey as well as by the census respondents.

Sampling errors

According to Alden et.al (2014, p.46), an estimated derivation from community surveys remains exposed to the risk of significant errors in sampling. Alden et.al (2014, p.46) argue that is then critical in providing error samplings.

Factoring Indicators

Glassman and Temin (2016, p.56) points out that the total fertility rate; remains the highly utilized demographic indicator. Glassman and Temin (2016, p.56) explains that it’s relatively in association with the prevalence of contraceptives; together with other reproductive health indicators; for example the ratio of maternal mortality. Thus, standing as an essential population momentum indicator; as well as an essential proxy measurement for the services of family planning failure as well as success levels. Glassman and Temin (2016, p.58) also mention that it may be utilized in the wanting physical reproductive health measurement because the parity is high and thus portrays the greater risks involved in mortality as well as morbidity.

According to Fonn et.al (1998, p.42), it is highly essential for global comparisons, as well as to effectively monitoring the trends within a longer period of time.

Furthermore, it is highly important to reflect the occurring fertility in the age patterns; particularly when dealing with the category classified at higher risks; for instance the older women as well as the adolescents.

Quality Maintenance

For the program in Kwazulu to achieve maintenance of good and quality data it may require to implement the following steps;

Assessment of quality
Holtz (2008, p.55) mentions that it is vital to be in substantial comprehension of the level of data quality available, to enable the determination of potential limitations.
Integration of data
According to Holtz (2008, p.55), any firm should have a high level of insights quality, and therefore the integration of disparate data to portray a client’s perspective combines all data.
Discovering an appropriate match
Exploration of data will have consequential interaction of systems, and thus showing how to collaborate a client’s records with more precision, accuracy, and completion.
Management of current as well as ongoing changes
The program will require a continual assessment of data that ay path it to its potential level of success. Holtz (2008, p.55) says that with the incoming of different and new clients, address changes as well as the firm’s system change it is crucial to put in place the appropriate technology as well as process that will put this into account.
Optimization of data
When there is the utilization of internal data only, chances are that the quality levels will be capped. Therefore, the utilization of a reference of a third-party set a company is enabled to enhance its data quality. A third party will assist through:

Information verification
Information enrichment
New information accessing

Downstream sharing of Information
To efficiently determine the quality level of your data; it is vital to pass the information attained back through the system’s source of the firm.

Planning and Monitoring

An action plan that will enable the monitoring work to be less time-consuming and at the same time easy to implement. The focal point would be ensuring the process produces information needed for decision making. The information gathered is a reflection of what happens not only to Kwa Zulu but the entire country will enable the government to come up with policies that would boost the health sector and narrow down to reproductive and maternal health.

Conclusion

In conclusion, with this information planning and tracking of reproductive health and maternal health program will be efficient and the stakeholders including the government will be able to make constructive decisions that would improve the current status of maternal and reproductive health in the Kwa Zulu district. This will be facilitated by the indicators used as it would be made it easier for making comparisons and continuous improvement in the reproductive health sector.

References

ALDEN, K. R., LOWDERMILK, D. L., CASHION, M. C., & PERRY, S. E. (2014). Maternity and Women’s Health Care. London, Elsevier Health Sciences. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=2074458.

BLACK, R. E., LAXMINARAYAN, R., TEMMERMAN, M., & WALKER, N. (2016). Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health. Washington, DC, World Bank.

FONN, S., XABA, M., SAN TINT, K., CONCO, D., & VARKEY, S. (1998). Reproductive health services in South Africa: From rhetoric to implementation. Reproductive Health Matters. 6, 22-32.

GLASSMAN, A., & TEMIN, M. (2016). Center for global development: millions saved: new cases of proven success in global health. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/novanet/detail.action?docID=4518888.

GOLD, R. B., & RICHARDS, C. L. (1996). Improving the fit: reproductive health services in managed care settings. New York, NY, Alan Guttmacher Institute. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35158570.html.

HOLTZ, C. (2008). Global health care: issues and policies. Sudbury, Mass, Jones, and Bartlett Publishers.

NATIONAL HEALTH INFORMATION, LLC. (1998). Women’s reproductive health: disease management strategies & programs. Atlanta, GA, National Health Information, LLC.

PILLITTERI, A. (2007). Maternal & child health nursing: care of the childbearing & childrearing family. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

RICCI, S. S. (2017). Essentials of maternity, newborn, and women’s health nursing.

TIMMERMANN, M., & KRUESMANN, M. (2009). Partnerships for women’s health: striving for best practice within the UN Global Compact. Tokyo, United Nations University Press. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=728598.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2006). Reproductive health indicators: guidelines for their generation, interpretation, and analysis for global monitoring. Geneva, World Health Organization.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2012). WHO recommendations: optimizing health worker roles to improve access to key maternal and newborn health interventions through task shifting. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148518/.

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Herman Bailey

Labeling Theory and Its Effects on Deviance and Delinquency

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

Labeling theory is a perspective based on how individuals’ interests and behaviors can be swayed by the terms society uses to classify them, enabling the self-fulfilling prophecy which perpetuates further deviance and delinquency. Deviance describes actions and behaviors that go against formal rules that have been enacted and informal social norms. Deviance is separated into two sections, which are: one, being formal deviance which is a crime that whereby there is a transgression of enacted laws that are formal. The disobedience of norms that have not been structured in the law is another type of deviant behavior and it is called informal deviance. Belching loudly is one example of an informal norm.

Background of Labeling Theory

This theory is deeply connected to the framework of reality. The social framework of self is a continuous activity that involves conversations with others. Nevertheless, its ideas can be seen in the work of a sociologist called Emile Durkheim. Others that put their input in the advancement of this theory and the conducting of research that is connected to it involve Edwin Lemert, Frank Tannenbaum, Erving Goffman, and David Matza, Albert Memmi.

This theory ended up emerging as the perspective that was dominating when it came to the learning of deviance. It ended up changing the domain by reconsidering what deviance was constituted by and what is actually considered important. For a quarter of a century, it actually dominated the study of deviance. Zenith passed it, and it has ended up remaining to be one of the aspects of societal reaction theory, an enduring view that has not stopped to produce research that has been extending and reviewing it to new domains such as stigma.

A statement on deviance that’s is very crucial is seen in the following quotation from Howard S. Becker, being one of the early exponents of the interactionist approach. Becker

mentions that “social’s group creates deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute

deviance and, by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as an outsider.” Labeling theory looks at the social responses to crime and deviance and does not tolerate questions of etiology.

Through different kinds of streams of inﬂuence, the study of deviance has been molded over the years. One of the origins of the learning of deviance that has been there from the beginning, over a century ago can be seen in Emile Durkheim’s (1897), who is a pioneering investigation of suicide, in which a relationship was established between the rates of suicide and organization of society. A perspective where we see deviance is viewed as norm transgressing behaviors, such as crime, suicide, etc., a dominant influence was developed. Research had started being conducted toward identifying the social causes of the norm-violating behavior plus the consequences that the larger society would have to face.

This theory cannot be recognized if not for its connection to the reaction theory that is from society and that it can be seen as another branch of that reaction theory. The different levels are intertwined.

There are three sections to these theories. (A) macroanalysis, focuses on inter-connections of labeling stages to the bigger social systems, (B) Studies that deal with larger focuses and Labeling Theory, is called Mesoanalysis, (C), the studies that deal with the all traditional worries of labeling theory. On the micro aspects of societal reaction theory, labeling theory would end getting into a narrow focus.

Edwin Lemert developed the ideas of secondary and primary deviance in his work Social Pathology which he published in 1951. Lemert described primary deviance as the initial deviant act, in which society saw the act as bad, but the individual’s character was still good. Simply put the behavior in which was acted out was against the grain of what was the norm, however, there were no long-term consequences of a permanent label from external observers or to a deviant self-identity on the part of the individual. Secondary deviance, Lemert described as the continuance of the deviant before in which the individual has become on the deviant self-image. Within the context of secondary deviance, the now truly deviant individual has realigned their self-concept to actively violate social norms with more deviance themselves or within a sub-group of the alike (Lemert, 1951). Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, labeling theory was brought to the forefront of criminologists such as Howard Becker, Kai Erickson, and John Kitsuse, where they affirmed that people’s behavior is often based on the perception of a deviant act, and manipulated by the social reaction to the deviant act.

An approach to understanding behavior that is considered is what is referred to as labeling theory. An assumption is made that there isn’t any intrinsically criminal act. Those in power define criminality by the making of laws.

Strengths and Weakness of the Labeling Theory

Strengths

Attempts at the control can often backfire in labeling theory. It also demonstrates the in a discriminatory way law is normally enforced. One can see the reasons for the difference in deviance between cultures. And it also highlights the weakness of official statistics. Identify possible criminogenic effects of criminal sanctions, also useful in assessing corrections methods.

Weakness

Labeling theory can give the offender-victim status and ignores the real victims of crime, which is very unfortunate is not a victim. Labeling theory is in fact the first theory to identify the role of power in creating deviance but it ends up failing to analyze this source, instead of focusing on ‘middle-range officials’, such as the police officers. This theory also normally ignores the people who actively pursue deviance. Plus it’s often deterministic- not all those who are labeled continue on a deviant career.

Another disadvantage of labeling theory is that it frequently encourages individuals to act in a way that is not themselves. Also, it can result in an individual having a criminal lifestyle, and yet that is not who they truly are. Moreover, stereotyping associated with labeling theory adamantly affects younger people, more than older people because they are more malleable. An advantage to this is that it can be used on young people especially those coming from a bad background to help them grow to be better people and adopt positive characteristics.

An observation of this theory is that it is still not very clear whether or not labeling has the impact of adding deviant behavior. Hard to say, since several things may be actually tangled, including increased conversations with other wrongdoers and actually adapting to new criminal chances.

Another observation of this theory is that it highlights the communicative stage of labeling and ends up ignoring the activities and stages that lead to deviant acts. Such stages might actually involve the difference in attitudes, and opportunities, and how the structures of the economy and social forms impact these.

Case Study

Criminal justice looks into the rapid growth of awareness that music substantially contributes to the understandings of law-breaking. Additionally, the steady increase of studies scrutinizing music effects on crime in society as a whole. Through examining the criminological significance in the growth of literature of music on crime in society to endorse and encourage inquiries by specifying criminal talk in music and its connection to educational criminology (Ferrell & Sanders, 1999). Evaluating different songs on murders, drugs, racism, wars, poverty, and various crimes, allow relevant authorities to investigate, the perceived and heard to the actual and seen. As well as, demonstrate the vital connection of music to criminology illustrating that crime-related music constitutes a form of widespread criminology, a dissertation comparable to practical criminology together with the identical social implications. Ferrell and Sanders (1999) illustrate that this is used in showing the processes that crime-related music nurture one’s thoughts regarding crime. It shows how crime-related music studies gain power and strength by concentrating on the criminological significance of (Ape& Gary, 2010).

Music is commonly seen as a positive social-cultural element as it exposes diverse phenomena affecting society, making it a significant tool to illustrate and practice the concept of labeling theory. Music has been used as a method of inflicting pain and suffering in conflict circumstances as well as healing within communities who feel injustice. For instance, it has been used to chastise or deter the least powerful in society, unwelcome groups of young people or others looked upon as contrary to society. Zhang and Messner (2000) look into the use of music in crime regulation, deterrence, and punishment by investigating the utilization of music for harmful ends, many of which disregard people’s civil rights. The labeling theory also looks at the reality of things in the world and how the world operates through the artist’s eyes and by the use of their words, classifying society in the diverse social categories.

Tupac”2Pac” Shakur was a prolific African American rap star, poet, martyr, revolutionary, and thug. His lyrics actually energized the hopes and dreams of inner-city youth. His lyrics “presented an idealistic vision of the ’90s, “thus, along with many other rappers, establishing rap music as America’s creative and most influential music form /speech community today (George143). 2Pac was one of the most influential and controversial voices to emerge from hip-hop’s genre of so-called gangster rap, which brought him so much criticism. 2Pac and many gangster rappers were criticized for their violently misogynistic claims. Gangster rappers became symbols of the best and worst of American musical creativity.

“Changes” is a song by 2Pac. The song talks about drugs, how black people are treated by the police at the time.

Tupac has so many songs that talk about aspects concerning labeling theory.

In his popular song Changes (Shakur, Evans, & Hornsby,1998, track 5), for example, Tupac raps:

I’m tired of bein’ poor & even worse I’m black

my stomach hurts so I’m lookin’ for a purse to snatch

Cops give a damn about a negro

pull the trigger kill a nigga he’s a hero

Give the crack to the kids who the hell cares

one less hungry mouth on the welfare

First ship ‘em dope & let ‘em deal the brothers

give ‘em guns step back watch ‘em kill each other

Several subjects are discussed extensively and one can see the relevance of the topics in one’s day-to-day lives and their effects on society. This demonstrates how much Tupac, as an individual, was affected by this theory as he shows immense social degradation which subjects the minority into intense discrimination and marginalization due to negative labels spearheaded by the majority Native white Americans. Through “Changes,” Tupac reveals how labeling theory has promoted police brutality, increased drug abuse, violence, and social crime like murder due to the brainwashing philosophy that labeling theory inspires. It turned him into a person that he wasn’t resulting in his early demise. The subjects exposed in Tupac’s “Changes” are directly related to criminal justice in the contemporary world as he tackles the labeling theory aspect and its adverse effects that have driven many youths into criminal activities in society. This song demonstrates the aspect of how when people are labeled by police as drug offenders have a harder time integrating into the society, and would not focus on the acquisitive crimes that these persons committed to getting money to buy drugs,….etc. This reflects how it emphasizes the deviant, and ignores the real social harms that crime causes.

Applying Labeling Theory to a Case Study

Tupac’s “Changes” significantly reveals the negative stereotype that the dominant white supremacists have accorded to the minority people of color. Through constantly associating the African American communities with antisocial behaviors such as crime, violence, and drug abuse, the community has adamantly conformed to the description and regretfully accepted their deplorable social position. With the consistent promotion of social inequality, Tupac exposes massive poverty affecting the black community and how negative labeling has consequently deterred them from elevating themselves from the adverse effects of poverty like crime, internet also promotes establishment of illegal pharmacies that may be dealing in unapproved or recalled drugs. Besides, online drug abuse, and violence. Additionally, despite the adamant misconception that labeling theory results in anti-social conduct among the African American communities, it is acknowledgeable that the white supremacy notion and massive racial profiling and discrimination have extremely repressed people of color leading to unequal distribution of socioeconomic resources. In a more contemporary application of informal labeling theory, one may be on the receiving end of the label based on the notions and perceived label or stereotype. The lines show how many black people in America are caught up in poor conditions and don’t get because they are labeled or stereotyped by so they continue to be deviant just to get by.

Further, according to the song “Changes,” this state of being poor and being given a label according to that is greatly reflected in the disorganized and underprivileged communities. Thus crime and violence are present in such communities. Pager et.al. (2009) point out that the upbringing of a child in low-income neighborhoods can affect crime. An observation has been made that there is often inequality in the arrests made among those from low-class neighborhoods and noble neighborhoods. Hence, socio-economic labeling and prejudice that encompasses the aiming of low-class neighborhoods significantly influence crimes. For instance, the unprivileged people in the community who are unable to access necessities thus go-ahead to do activities that are unlawful and illegal to be able to provide for themselves (Pager et.al.2009). It can thus lead to inefficiency and negative public beliefs in a person or a community. This makes some people perform unlawful deeds to be able to access necessities.

Nevertheless, labeling individuals in society promote significant connections to understand societal classes. Society often has the thoughts that the dependent users of income taxes and personal revenues. However, as much as the healthcare system in Canada is social and universal, the plan does not cater for drugs such as crack cocaine and heroin are those committing acts such as burglary and larceny to obtain funds to buy the drugs (King &Fliegal, 2011). Apart from that crime and drugs have other connecting grouping that deems labels on individuals in the social influence of drugs specifically alcohol are caught committing aggravated offenses (King &Fliegal, 2011). A great portion of stabbings, killings, homicides, and part of the domestic assaults are greatly associated with drunkenness and drug abuse.

Lastly, Tupac repeats that he actually does not notice and see any change and would like to see each individual doing something to change. Somewhere in the song, he gives a moving speech over the beat, “It’s time for us as a people to start makin’ some changes. Let’s change the way we eat, let’s change the way we live, and let’s change the way we treat each other. You see the old way wasn’t working so it’s on us to do what we gotta do, to survive(Shakur et al., 1998, track 5).” From a theoretical standpoint, one can correlate the way we treat each other as a way of enabling or solving the continued deviance of labeled individuals. If society could look at deviance or delinquency as an act and not as the characteristics of the actor, then there is still hope for a recovery social structure. A social structure where people aren’t known as bad, when they still have a sliver of good in them, that individuals who make mistakes can still be brought back into the fold and restored, rather than scrutinized.

Other Theories that Can Explain the Case Study

Social Disorganization Theory

This theory states where a person resides in an important factor when it comes to whether that person will be involved in illegal activities. This theory mentions that a person’s location is more important in determining whether he or she will be involved in illegal activities rather than even the person’s characteristics. For example, youth in a particular area are pronto doing drugs and caring services and hands decontaminated after the glove have been removed. Lastly, gloves should be changed when soiled and should not be decontaminated or washed with alcohol if they are surrounded by so many clubs, and drug selling stores, etc.

When you decide to listen to the lyrics of a song you will notice that several songs have key messages to them. One of the examples of this is such lyrics of the song “Changes” by Tupac Shakur.

Throughout the song, Tupac talks about problems affecting Factors influencing job satisfaction among public sector employees: an empirical exploration. South African-Americans and gives possible ways on how to solve them. He also observes why his communities have a hard time dealing with these problems, which is linked to social issues. He says in the song “First ship ’em dope & let ’em deal the brothers. Give ’em guns, step back, and watch ’em kill each other.”

Social Control Theory

Using the internal method of social control is what is referred to as social control theory. The beliefs one has and what he/she values plus the relationships that one has made him/her conform to them. When one internalizes morals and individuals are put together into larger communities, people will willingly restrict deviant acts. This proposes the significance of internal methods of control through one’s own consciousness, sensibilities, and self-esteem about what is wrong what is right are strong enough to mitigate the probability that one will stray from social norms. This is extremely different from external methods of control, in which people listen and obey because an authority threatens to punish should the individual choose not to submit.

Social control theory assumes that all the choices that one makes are mannered by social interactions and agreements between parties. According to social control theory, what is moral and immoral to an individual is established within a social order and has consequences to actions that are marked as deviant.

Conflict Theory

When deviant behaviors come from political, or social, or material differences in a social group that is referred to as conflict theory. Different groups can decide to do something, or “act out” against the people oppressing them to change their circumstances. An example of conflict theory would be how the 2Pac song, “Changes” and several different songs by him would speak out, bring conflict, and bring awareness on how they were being mistreated and how they were being labeled. He acted out through his music and caused people in his area to act out and protest. His actions and point of view show how conflict theory can be used to explain social deviance. This is also another theory that can be used to explain more about the case study on 2Pac

Conclusion

Conclusively, negatively labeling people as deviant, aggressive, anti-social, drug addicts, robbers, and murders substantially engulf their identity and they acquire the self-concept version rather than the original prior-to-deviant-self. Frequently restoring such individuals into default status is greatly difficult. For instance, due to the predominant negative stereotype, African Americans and other people of color have accepted their minority position without much resistance. A great number of people involve themselves in criminality to acquire essentials such as food, housing, and clothing for not only themselves but also their families due to the adverse effects of negative stereotype and labeling that leads to inequality and unequal distribution of resources (Ape & Sweeten, 2010).

When someone is referred to as a deviant person it becomes a hard task to remove that label. The individual remains to be referred to as a criminal and society view him as being untrustworthy. That person, in turn, takes in that label that has been given to him and starts viewing himself/herself as that deviant individual and then proceeds to do deeds that portray the expectations of that label. Even when that person does not do any other deviant act than the one that made him get that label it will start to be a very long and hard process to get rid of that label. When labeling theory is applied to an individual publicly for doing a bad thing that person will forever be treated with a lot of suspicions.

References

Apel, R., & Sweeten, G. (2010). The Impact of Incarceration on Employment during the Transition to Adulthood. Social Problems, 57(3), 448-479. doi:10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.448

Ferrell, J. (1999). world as an American woman married to a Muslim. Boundaries are often based on norms of Cultural Criminology. Annual Review of Sociology, 25(1), 395-418. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.395

King, A. G., & Fliegel, R. M. (2011). Conviction records and disparate impact. ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law 26:405–26.

Pager, D., Bonikowski, B., & Western, B. (2009). Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment. American Sociological Review, 74(5), 777–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400505

Shakur, T., Evans, D., & Hornsby, B. (1998). Changes [Recorded by Tupac Shakur]. On Greatest Hits [CD]. Santa Monica, CA: Interscope.

Thornberry, T. P. (1973). Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Sentencing in the Juvenile Justice System. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-),64(1), 90. doi:10.2307/1142660

Zhang, L., & Messner, S. F. (2000). The Effects of Alternative Measures of Delinquent Peers on Self-Reported Delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,37(3), 323-337. doi:10.1177/0022427800037003004

Desmondtwsa. Labeling Theories of Crime. Slideshare.net. https://www.slideshare.net/desmondtwsa/labelling-theories-of-crime

Social Disorganization Theory.End. Wikipedia.org.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_disorganization_theory

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Herman Bailey

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Introduction

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

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Pros (Advantages)

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Aims

Objectives

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Birth Displacements

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Sampling errors

Planning and Monitoring

Conclusion

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Background of Labeling Theory

Strengths and Weakness of the Labeling Theory

Strengths

Weakness

Case Study

Applying Labeling Theory to a Case Study

Other Theories that Can Explain the Case Study

Social Disorganization Theory

Social Control Theory

Conflict Theory

Conclusion

References