Implementing Health Promotion Programs: A Module 6 Guide

by Herman Bailey | Jan 23, 2025 | Essays | 0 comments

Budgeting for program implementation

Budgeting according to Kemper (2015) is the process of designing a plan on how the funds will be spent. The importance of developing a realistic budget for the health program will allow the health educators to get to know in advance whether the project will have enough money for performing the things that are needed to be done or those that the health educator wishes to do. Developing a realistic budget for this health program will also be important since it will allow the health educators to come up a plan for spending the money, and also ensure that enough money will be available for the needed things and for the most important things. Similarly, the realistic budget will and following it will keep the program out of running into debts or out of funds.

Lastly, developing a realistic budget for the program will be helpful for the long term financial planning for the program. This will be also significant in making realistic assumptions about the whole projects income and expenses and plan for the program goals. Below is a detailed overview of the anticipated program costs for the proposed health program. The program will run for two months and will cover the entire district.

		First Month Amount in $	Second Month Amount in $	Total
Revenue & support
Contributions		989.25	1200	2189.25
Grants		1745	1600	3345
Participation fee		450	400	850
Sale of curriculum material		800	600	1400
Gifts		150	400	550
	Total Revenue & Support	4134.25	4200	8334.25

Expenditures
*Direct Costs*
Personnel
	salary and wages	1200	1000	2200
	Fringe Benefits	300	250	550
	Consultants	350	300	650

Operating Expenses
	Supplies	90	60	150
	Instructional materials	40	40	80
	Incentives	35	35	65
	Meeting costs	105	75	180
	Equipment	300	150	450
	Travel	900	700	1600
	Postage	25	20	45
	Advertising	250	200	450
*Total Direct Costs*		*3595*	*2830*	6425

*Indirect Costs*
	(Include insurance, telephone and other utilities)
*Total Indirect Costs (rate 15%)*		*539.25*	*424.5*	*963.75*

Total Expenditure		4134.25	3254.5	7388.75

Net Surplus or deficit		NIL	945.5	945.5

Based on the anticipated costs, there are some changes that will be made to the program. Some costs may be adjusted when it will be forecasted that that some weeks coming ahead the finances may be tight or even if the finances will be extra. If these scenario will be forecasted, the health educators will look for ways to readjusting the budget to even the lows and thighs in the finances for easier management of the project

Budgetary concerns can impact the implementation strategy of a health program in several ways. Budgetary concerns cause the health educators to frequently revisit their deadlines and task lists. According to Kemper (2015), cost overruns in a programs implementation stage makes the administrators to see their programs or projects getting out of control.

budgetary concerns can also lead to unexpected budget cuts during the implementation stage of the program. A program with a strong project goals with a scope that has strong statements such as “good to have” “should have” can be disadvantaged in this scenario. The health educators whose duty is to ensure that the project is on course despite constraints in the budget may opt for eliminating the non-critical budgetary allocations before considering staff cuts.

Project evaluation plan

The program will entail working with the communities of the elderly population who are at risk of falling, and therefore it will be imperative to involve them in all the program evaluation phases. Community self-assessment according to Minkler (2012) is the process where the communities identify their resources and need perception. Through self-assessment, the community of the elderly persons strengthens their resources and can help itself to improve on their wellness. The strengths of the community include health determinants such as coping skills, knowledge, education and supportive environment. The health educators will be stimulated with the holistic wellness approach when doing evaluation. This will be helpful in shaping the design and evaluation of the program amongst all the stakeholders involved

Minkler (2012) indicated that a representative of a community of the elderly population who are at a risk of falling can initiate a community self-assessment. However, if it is unlikely, the health educators may opt for approaching the leaders of the community as this will ensure inclusive and active participation by members. Minkler (2012) discussed the significance of being committed to self-assessment by making community leaders and coalitions get involved. Involving every member provides an excellent opportunity of building partnerships

Given that partnerships is integral in community self-assessments, the health educators will look for ways to partnering that supports the whole community is the process of self-assessment and also in identification of the priorities for planning, implementation and evaluation of the health program

The evaluation findings will be utilised by different entities and stakeholders. First, the evaluation findings will be utilised by the policymakers in coming with policies that will be integral in reducing falls among the elderly population. These may include policies of improving facilities in parks and recreational areas and also nursing homes for the elderly people. Similarly, the evaluation findings will be utilised by different institutions and entities to improve on their facilities and also to put in place mechanisms that can helpful in reducing falls among the elderly population. The rational applied in selecting the entities and stakeholders that will utilise the evaluation findings was based upon how related or associated a stakeholder or an entity is associated with the elderly populations.

Evaluation plan

State the evaluation question you are evaluating, and explain why it is important.

“Will the proposed program succeed in preventing falls among the elderly? Which aspects of the program can be modified to make it more effective?”

The outcome evaluation question above will be evaluated in this section of the project. The evaluation question above is important because it questions whether the proposed program will be successful, and also gives a room for modification of the program for it to be more effective. The following are the reasons why the paper chose the question above for evaluation

The evaluation question above will be helpful in understanding the effects of different facets of the program are having. The question has been carefully framed and it can evaluate different parts of the program. Furthermore, if an element is added, or modification is done after the commencement of the program, its effects will be evident from the initial program. Therefore, it will be possible to look at different possible program effects entirely.
The above question is also important because it shows the program educator clearly define what they will be trying to do. What the program educator will decide to evaluate will define what he will hope to accomplish at the end of the program. The question is well framed and will it clear for the program educator to understand what he will be trying to evaluate and the what the results are desired
The question is also important since it shows the program promoter on where changes need to be made. The question is specific and is real and is real to the to the program objectives. Furthermore, the question tells the program promoter exactly where the program will be going on well and where the health program will not be having the effect intended
Since the question generally covers the purpose of the proposed health program, the question is important because it also highlights the consequences that are unintended. In a scenario where the program educator will find unusual answers to the evaluation question above, t will mean that the program had some effects that were not expected. Sometimes the effects will be positive such that the elderly people under the program not only will they reduce their incidences of fall, but majority will change their way of living to live healthy lifestyles. However, sometimes the effect will be negative such that the elderly people under the program increased their incidences of falling even though they were trying new methods from the education program. Just like the medication side effects, the unintended program consequences can be of great importance to the program itself
The evaluation question above will also guide the future choices of the program educator. For instance, if the program will be particularly successfully in some areas unlike other ways, the program educator will may decide to lay more emphasis on the areas that were more successful or even to make some modifications or even change completely the approaches that were applied in the areas that were unsuccessful
Given that the program will involve many stakeholders in designing, and the participants will be subjects that will be evaluated, the evaluation question above will have a higher likelihood of meeting the needs of the community
The evaluation question above is also important because it provides the focus for the program evaluation. The question has been carefully chosen and laid out to keep the program promoters from going astray or even to try to do many things at ago. The question is based on whether the program will prevent the elderly people from falling. A very straight forward evaluation question, focussed and on point
Lastly, the evaluation question used is important because it determined the factors that need to be recorded during the process of data collection. The question has been clearly chosen and it will make data gathering much easier since it has made obvious the kind of records and data that need to be kept and the areas needing examination.

Discuss which evaluation design you use and why

Control group design

The evaluation design that will adopted by the paper will be control group design. This design is a common way of evaluating the effects of an independent variable using a control group. In this program, there will be two similar groups, the control group and the participants group. Using this design, the control group receives a different intervention or no intervention at all with the main goal being similar to the participant group. In the proposed health program, the eligible population would be randomized to receive either the proposed fall prevention intervention (intervention/participant group) or usual care (control group). In the intervention group, multifactorial intervention entailing a comprehensive assessment of the risk factor reduction. In the case of usual care, this would involve the provision of the community-based elderly primary care in which a standard care from family physician is to be followed by a letter summarizing the self-reported risk factors from the participants to the physician to establish their level of awareness

The main purpose of evaluation for the program educator in evaluating their efforts is to get the most accurate and reliable possible information given their program nature, their questions for evaluation, the time constraints, what the participants will agree with, and the available resources. The vital thing for the proposed program is not to set up a research study that is perfect but to design the evaluation that will be helpful in getting realistic information and to be able to separate the external factors effects and the program effects. There are several factors that prompted the program promoters to choose the control group design and they include:

Consideration of the evaluation questions

The evaluation question asked whether the proposed program will succeed in preventing the falls among the elderly patients, and whether some program aspects can be modified to be effective. Control group design was chosen because the intent of evaluation was to see whether some changes happened. The program educators will want to know whether any change took place, and if it occurred, whether it was caused by the program. Therefore, the design was used help in screening out the external influences effects and also the backgrounds of the participants.

The proposed health program of preventing a fall among the elderly population will incorporate two groups, having different interventions but working towards a common goal. The comparison across the groups will allow the program promoter to screen out the factors that may cause different results.

The nature of the program

The proposed program work with many participants in two groups and begin and end on specific dates. Moreover, the program is designed on a two month time limit where all the participants are expected to undergo through all at once. Control group design was chosen for the project because the work involved working in groups. Moreover, the program will have a clear and well elaborated beginning and end.

Consideration to what the staff and the participants will consent to

He control group design will be chosen after making deliberations and agreeing with the participants. Evaluation design is significant because of the effect that it might have on the evaluation results of the program. CTB (2015) indicated that an evaluation design might raise protests during the process of observation from the participants who may feel that their privacy are infringed. Similarly, the staff who are already overworked may see an evaluation as an additional burden to them. Therefore, control group design will be considered as a compromise and also to overcome these potential obstacles. Moreover, control group design is less intrusive and has different kinds of observations when collecting data among the elderly people who are at risk of falling.

Given that the evaluation will be majorly be based on observation, there are other reasons that can raise objection from the participants. For instance, desire for secrecy, potential for embarrassment or even self-protection. These factors can contribute to a participant’s unwillingness to participate in the evaluation. These concerns can also be raised among the staff members. Therefore, to deal with these issues when control group design shall have been adopted, the program educator will inform the participants from onset about what the program promoters and other staff are hopping to do, meet with the, listen to the participant’s objections and finally come up with an inclusive and satisfactory approach. CTB (2015) noted that staff members in the proposed health program have a lower likelihood of complaining if they are involved in the program evaluation planning, and this is also true to the participants.

Time constraints

The important thing for the proposed health program for reducing fall among the elderly people is to select an evaluation design that will give the program promoters reliable and reasonable information. According to CTB (2015), an evaluation design should be good enough for the program promoter to see reasonable indication that actually changes are taking place and they are because of the program results. The limits of time can only control an evaluation program based on the program considerations, funding and other factors.

Control group design will considered because of the imposed time constraints to the health program. The design fitted well with the program structure which corresponds with the regular program cycle. Time constraints also depended on the funding sources and that is another reason why control group design was preferred. The health program will be conducted within the timeframe of funding to show to the funders that it is successful and to be eligible for refunding. Evaluation time schedule will be part of the grant and it will be shown to the funders within the allocated time frame

Available resources

Control, group design was also favored for the proposed health program because of the available resources. Resources from the program include money, personnel, equipment, material, space, skills and expertise. Despite the fact that the program will work with the available resources, some of these resources will substitute one another. For instance, an experienced staff during the evaluation program will substitute money that would have been used for hiring a consultant. Moreover, the proposed health program will also consider partnering with the local universities to get the much needed expertise and also equipment. With the available resources, control group design will be the best option for the proposed evaluation program

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the design used. Identify any threats to measurement reliability and validity that you might encounter when collecting data, and discuss what you would do to reduce these threats.

Strengths

The core strength of control group design is that it is the most reliable design. In most evaluation designs, control, group design is essential and allow the researchers to isolate and eliminate variable

The design also provide a baseline from factors that can skew evaluation data such as environmental variation, researcher bias and other normal variation. The design also helps the program promoter to show that the experimental deign design used has capability of generating results from evaluation

Weakness

According to CTB (2015), control group design is the most difficult evaluating design to set up since the program evaluator need to find the groups that are appropriate, observe the groups regularly. CTB (2015) elaborated that the randomised control groups are the gold standard, and it should be totally selected randomly either among the program population of the intervention, or even the larger population if it’s appropriate. Rando groups eliminates the selection problems in addition to other issues such as differences in race, culture or other factors that might arise.

Threats to measurement reliability and validity during data collection

Reliability in the techniques was determined by the experiments producing consistent results. Validity, on the other hand, is the extent to which a measurement, conclusion or concept corresponds accurately or is well founded to the real world. Some of the threats to measurement of reliability and validity that the program may encounter when collecting data two. They are referred to as validity threats and reliability threats

Validity threats

These are threats to the program promoter’s claims that what was done caused changes in the direction the program promoter was aiming for. Validity and reliability threats are posed generally by factors that operate at the same time as the intervention or the program that may have an effect on the issues the program will be trying to address. Some of the validity threats that the program promoter might encounter when collecting data include the following:

History– the personal histories of the participant such as their background, cultures, education, experience among others, and other external events that may occur during the evaluation period such as conflict, election, disaster or even a new law may influence the data collection process. For instance, some cultures may not permit a participant to disclose some information or a conflict in the area of research may hamper data collection process

Maturation-these are social, psychological and physical processes that occur as time goes by. The elderly participants may develop arthritis, or they can get tired during the period of learning activities and this may hamper data collection

The effect of observation or testing to the participants-the presence of the program itself or the participants taking part may affect the attitude or behavior of the participants, or even the experience that they are being videotaped, tested or even measured or observed

Regression toward the mean– this refers that with time every low or high scores from a test or measurement often tend to drift to the average of the group hence resulting to validity threats

Participants selection– this may occur when the program promoter slant his selection of the participants towards a particular group that has a lower likelihood or recording some changes than across the population where the group was selected. For example, the program promoter may select the elderly populations who already has knowledge and skills about preventing falls and leaving out those who does not have the skills, and who need the knowledge. Similarly, participant’s selection can also results to validity threats when the participants chose to enroll themselves into the program. Since the self-selected participants are motivated already to make changes

Loss of participants/data- if too many participants drop out in the middle of the evaluation or too little information is collected. This creates unreliable results especially if they compared to another group of participants

Reliability threats

These are factors that affects a program promoter’s ability of applying the results in other data collection processes. That is to increase the chances of the program promoter’s data collection process to be reproduced somewhere else using other different participants. Reliability threats may be due to other factors interaction with the intervention or the program or may be because of specific program conditions. For example;

Data collection interaction with the intervention or the program– the initial observation during data collection might change the way the subjects will perceive or react to the whole program, and this may make different in the end results. Because it cannot be assumed that another participants group will also have a similar reaction or achieve same final outcomes, reliability becomes questionable

selection procedures interaction with the intervention or program-if the selected participants are sensitive to the purpose or methods of data collection, it cannot be assumed that it will be effective with other participants who are ready for the program and are particularly less sensitive

Ways of reducing the threats

Some of these threats may be beyond the control of the program promoter like history and maturation of the participants. However, to reduce these threats, the program educator will discuss the procedures before with the participants for them to understand and be ready and comfortable during the data collection process. Moreover, one type of instrument will be used to prevent regression towards the mean. Selection will also be broad to avoid selecting a particular group of participants with a similar characteristics. Full cooperation will also be expected from participants till the end to prevent dropping out or loss of data

Describe the methods you would use to collect data to answer the evaluation question.

Focus groups

These are small groups of people possessing a distinctive insight into the resources and health needs of the elderly population who are at risk of falling. This method of program, evaluation will consist of about 8-12 elderly participants who will come together and then discuss their common concern of falling. During focus groups, field notes will be taken for ensuring validity of contents. The moderator of the focus groups will influence the quality and nature of the information to be collected during these sessions

key informant interviews

These will be interviews with the persons who work or lie with the elderly persons who are at risk of falling and also who possess the special insight into the resources and the needs of the elderly. These interviews will be done either face to face, over the telephone or even tapping during evaluation of the program

surveys

This evaluation method will also be used especially with the participants using either open ended questions and asking for specific answers, or close-ended questions and requesting the participants to choose from given choices. This method will also be adopted after designing easily understood, simple and good questions. The survey questions will be structured to collect information on barriers to access to healthcare, satisfaction with their elderly homes, and their health status among others. When the programs will be evaluated, a representative random sample of the elderly participants who have undergone intervention or have used the program will be evaluated

Describe any modifications needed to an existing instrument, an instrument that would need to be developed, and/or existing records to access and provide your rationale.

The existing instrument that will need modification will be the questionnaire. Questionnaires will be modified with close-ended questions in order to get structured information from the respondents. A Likert scale will be used for designing the questionnaires. The answer choices in the Likert scale range from one extreme to another, therefore revealing the degree of opinion of respondents. Numerical values will be assigned for each scale point such as 5 for strongly agree, 4 for agree, 3 for neutral, 2 for disagree and 1 for strong disagreement.

The instrument that would need to be developed for the program is Morse Fall scale. This instrument is used for measuring risk of falls for the residents of the long term care homes, and hospitalized patients. This instrument was chosen to be developed its specific, sensitive and has high predictive values. This will be helpful to the program educator to make informed choices when collecting data

Summarize the ways in which your evaluation results might be used to improve the program’s quality, utility, and impact on the priority populations, and provide an explanation for why you think the results might be used in these ways.

The evaluation results that will be gotten from the proposed program/intervention will be used me improving the programs quality, utility and impact on the priority of the elderly population in risk of falling in several ways. Positive results from the evaluation will indicate that the program is successful and can be applied among the older population. The evaluation findings can also be used to detect where there were internal errors, where there is need for change both in methods of data collection, selection of instruments and the participants to improve the quality and utility of the program

The results will indicate that education on behavioral change to the elderly patients by the health care providers will be key in giving knowledge and skills to the elderly people to prevent them from having falls. The behavioral therapy works on specific environments and actions that either maintain or change behaviors (Schildmann et al, 2010). For instance, the patient trying to feel positive of his or her condition, the patient can be encouraged to change his or her habits that may deteriorate their health condition and increase chances of falling. Therefore, the patient will be encouraged to change behavior to practice activities that can promote healthy living in accordance to his condition and reduce chances of falling. Schildmann et al (2010) observed that replacement of negative behaviors with behaviors that are positive is the best strategy that helps in changing of behaviors, especially when reinforcement of new behaviors is done.

References

CTB,. (2015). Chapter 37. Op threats to measurement reliability and validity erations in Evaluating Community Interventions | Section 4. Selecting an Appropriate Design for the Evaluation | Main Section | Community Tool Box. Ctb.ku.edu. Retrieved 6 August 2015, from http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/evaluate/evaluate-community-interventions/experimental-design/main

Schildmann, J., Gordon, J.-S., & Vollmann, J. (2010). Clinical ethics consultation: Theories and methods, implementation, evaluation. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.

Kemper, B. (2015). Budgeting, spending and saving.

Minkler, M. (2012). Community organizing and community building for health and welfare. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press.

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Herman Bailey

With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.

Funding and Roles in English Legal System: Lawyers, Judges, and Lay People

by Herman Bailey | Aug 5, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

The Uses of Courts in Civil and Criminal Court Hierarchies

The United Kingdom courts can have both trial and appellate jurisdiction, similar to criminal and civil jurisdiction. Civil courts deals with civil cases that arises when a business or individual believes their rights have been overstepped. Most easy cases go to council courts while substantial cases tot eh high court. Criminal courts deal with cases that come after the decision has been reached by the crown prosecution service, to prosecute an individual for alleged crime. The magistrate in the Magistrate’s court hears the presented evidence as a panel and reach of a decision of guilty or not guilty.

Hierarchy of Civil Courts

Country Courts

The work of these courts on the civil side incorporates dealing with civil disputes, such as claims fro damages and injunctions and claims fro reasonable provision out of the estates of a dead person among others. The county course jurisdiction is first instance and final it has limited powers to hear appeals from local authorities within the housing law area.

High Court

This is divided into three:

The Queen’s Bench

They are referred as such because there is presently a queen on the throne, however, when a king is on the throne they are called King’s Bench Division. It handles actions associated to numerous kinds of tort (civil wrongs in a contract breach). The QBD also handles appeals from the Magistrate’s Court and Crown Court, both criminal courts. It also acts as a supervisory jurisdiction over cases coming from Magistrate’s Court and Crown Court under its judicial review role.

Chancellory

It act on personal and corporate insolvency, trade, business, mortgage enforcement, industry disputes, intellectual property rights, contentious probate actions, and copyrights and patents.

Family Division

The family division acts on cases of divorce and custody of children.

Criminal Courts

Magistrate’s Courts

They are essential in the criminal justice system as it deals with major complicated criminal cases. It can also deal with civil cases, such as public health, anti-social behaviour. However, they have limited jurisdiction over civil matters.

Crown Courts

These are courts that deal with more serious criminal cases such a rape, murder, and robbery, either on appeal or referred from Magistrate Courts. The trials are heard by a 12 person jury and a judge. Besides, they have limited jurisdiction over civil cases, including limited powers to hear appeals from Magistrate on civil cases.

Supreme Court and European Courts

Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the entire UK for both criminal and civil cases. Supreme Court can hear appeals from Court of Appeal civil and criminal divisions, High Courts, and leapfrog appeals from High Court that may bypass the Court of Appeal. The European Court of Justice interprets and enforces the law of EU and it outranks national Supreme Courts.

The Role of Lay People and Lawyers in Criminal Cases

Lay people refer to magistrates within the English legal system that are appointed, interviewed and trained on handling criminal cases. Lay people hands less serious crimes that their hearings start in the Magistrate’s courts and most of them are concluded there. Therefore, lay people work to provide summary of offences and hearing cases in Youth Court. The magistrates are responsible for timetabling, hearing evidence, deciding bail, and provide ruling on the whether the accused is innocent or guilty. Besides, magistrates begins the initial hearing f all serious crimes, however, they are later referred to the Crown Court. Also, magistrates decide whether the defendant can be bailed out and impose conditions on the bail that is usually given to attend the next hearing. Meanwhile, criminal lawyers work within the criminal justice system to prepare cases for their clients as such; he or she acts as a legal representative. The lawyer assesses the strength of evidence provided when compiling the case and advices the client on the chances of success.

Role of Judges and Lawyers in Civil Cases

Judges often preside over a civil trial and functions to interpret and uphold the law. The law governing civil cases is laid down in statutes by Parliament. Besides, the English court system is adversarial and the judge has a role akin to a referee, between the defence and prosecution. As such, they spend much of their ruling on law points, especially when the jury is absent. In civil cases, the judge is entitled a wide degree of latitude in a procedure used to conduct proceedings in the court. Judicially, he or she deals with cases justly and in accordance with the overriding objective as expressed in the civil proceeding rules. Civil lawyers represent clients within the lawsuit. Overall, civil lawyers present cases and argue in a civil court in support of the client. Civil lawyers mainly emphasizes on cases involving trusts, wills, child custody, and divorce.

Compare and Contrast the Roles of Lawyers, Judges and Lay People in English Legal System

Judges predominantly presides over the trial in the English justice system. As such, the judges fulfill their roles by ensuring that all parties adhere to the rules and procedures of trials necessary for both civil and criminal cases. Overall, judges ensure that both parties are accorded fair treatment and judgment in either criminal or civil convictions. Lawyers functions to prepare cases for clients and in the process acting as an advocate. The lawyer is responsible for assessing the depth of evidence and advice the client on the chances of succeeding. Meanwhile, lay people, juries and magistrates is to adjudicate in the case of a summary trial and listen to presented evidence respectively.

Significance of Lay People in English Legal System

Firstly, magistrates are usually unpaid, and as such lowers the cost of providing justice. As such, most criminal cases are tried without the need of a judge that would have a salary of over 90,000 pounds. The lay people also have local knowledge that is necessary when it comes to understanding where an offence took place. Also, in the Crown Court, a lot of time can be spent explaining the location of crime and where the witness was standing. Magistrates can also offer sentencing taking into consideration local problems that can be assisted by sensitive sentencing. In most criminal trials, nearly 90 percent of defendants plead guilty, as such, magistrates are suited for presiding over cases of conflicting evidence rather than the question of law. The magistrate is thus has a perfect ability to decide on who is telling the truth and decide on a reasonable behaviour in the situation.

Funding of Advice and Representation Leaflet

Private Agreements

The method is traditionally based in which the fees are calculated grounded on the duration of the entire legal battle

Conditional Fee Agreements

Commonly known as ‘No win no fee’ agreements, however, may be widely understood
If an individual has not won a case then no fees are paid, but the individual pays the payments made by the third parties
If the entity wins the case, the legal fees is paid in addition to the increased percentage on top of the normal fees (success fees)

Legal Expense Insurance

People take legal expense insurance cover coupled with household insurance cover
The insurance company pay the legal expenses when the individual is involved in a judicial case

Damage Based Agreements

Entities enter into agreements in which fees are paid on the condition that the entity wins the claim and the fees is calculated in terms of percentage of damage recovers

Soliciting funds from family, fund solicitors, well wishers

Make a list of family and friends and reach them for legal aid

Court Sponsorship

An individual can apply for legal funding from the court settings and the court evaluates the request and sponsors the case.

Ways of Funding Advice and Representation

Court sponsorship
Lawsuit Loans
Private sponsorship
Insurance legal funding
Fund solicitation aid
Advocacy assistance that covers the costs f cases

Evaluation of Financing advice and representation

Legal advice and representation funding is a significant asset for the lawyers and the plaintiffs involved in the judicial processes. Legal and advice funding provides staying power for individuals entangled in the judicial process. Legal advice and representation funding are offered by various legal market fund institutions. The financing of legal and representation has provided great assistance to lawyers, investors and plaintiffs. Primarily, legal advice and representation funding provides the meaning of the law profession as the law counsels relies on legal funding for rewards. Besides, legal funding has enabled investors and plaintiffs to process their cases and get compensated or get the deserved justice in the judicial system. Finally, legal advice and representation funding provides the entities with the required time on the judicial process and get the best trial results.

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Herman Bailey

Unveiling Yoruba Art Sculptures: Honoring Women and Culture

by Herman Bailey | Aug 5, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

African art has become one of the most sought after, from sculptures, to written art and even painted art forms. African art is based on rich traditions and culture of the continent. Perhaps of greater interest are the western art forms which have taken precedence in terms of African finds. This is because these art forms hold meaning even in today’s world. Modern African artists have been found to duplicate the same traditional art forms sometimes with the use of modern materials. The art forms continue to hold a vital place in the traditions of the continent even as such continent becomes modernized.

One of the most important aspects of African culture is that it is often gender focused. From traditional to modern times, western African tribes have continues to be concerned and to generate art around the issue of fertility. Fertility plays a major role in ensuring the continuation of the tribe, ensuring that the families have legacy and so on. Women who were infertile were often banished and frowned upon. They were considered cursed and in some cases even killed so that they would not shame their families and tribes any more. The Yoruba people especially have often used various art forms to explain and show the issues plaguing the community. A quick study of these art forms reveals the concern for fertility in addition to the underlying factors. There are several art forms from this tribe which pay homage to the women of the community, their fertility and their ability to bring newer generations to the tribe. The visual art from this tribe is especially telling, showing similarities in nature as well as differences.

Iyaibeji sculpture

This sculpture pays tribute to the Yoruba tribe’s fascination and indeed obsession with twins. (Harris 1996) shows that the tribe is not only fascinated with twins but in the recent past has become the centre of attention for the high rate of twin births in the rural village. The sculpture is made of soft wood and depicts a mother holding her two twin babies. The woman in the sculpture appears to be smiling though not at her babies. There are many analysis and explanations for this sculpture. Twins in Yoruba land have an exceptional level and standard. The community goes as far as worshipping the twins.

Based on this assumption, there are those art critics such as (Lawal 2012) indicates that the sculpture shows the standing of the artist with regard to the twin worship by the Yoruba. In this tribe the twins are not only given a high standing, they are in fact considered a good omen. Often women seek out twins to call on their fellow twins. A woman who wants to have twins for example could rub a win baby on her womb hoping that said baby will bring her luck of the twins. This sculpture therefore could have nothing to do with the woman but rather the babies. The twins themselves are the focus of the art with the woman being a by stander. Evidence of this can be found in the details that the artist has given to the babies. While the woman seems not to have intricate detail, the babies she is holding are closely designed with intricate patterns for their hair, even their eyes seem to be lifelike.

The tradition surrounding the twins is strong in this small village. In fact (Abiodun 2014) cites that twins may not be as big celebrities as their own mothers. He disagrees that the focus of the artist is on the twins but insists that the sculpture is a tribute to the woman herself. Often tribe members appease the mother of twins by bringing her gifts including animals and farm produce. It is believed that the mother of twins can sue her babies to harm anyone and bring disaster upon the village. As such she should be well taken care of, and granted her every wish. Her husband lives by appeasing her. In some clans, the women become like small gods appeased to use their powers for healing, and even brining riches and wealth. (Harris 1996) says that the plain nature of the woman in the sculpture is because of the respect granted to her. She does not need patterns or an intricate design to bring out her beauty comes from the simple fact that the gods have favored her because of her pure heart.

Gelede masquerade

The sculpture is one of the many often featured in the gelede festival. The gelede festival is a festival honoring the women folk in Yoruba. This is an especially unique culture considering the African traditions. Majority of the rural African tribes have relegated the role of the women and girls to one of not being seen. Whenever folksong and stories mention women they are either being evil or as witches holding their tribes hostage. It is therefore surprising to find a sculpture celebrating a woman similar to the Iyaibeji . The genelede sculpture is quite different from other art forms depicting women from Africa. In these sculptures, the woman is often naked and exposed. In this sculpture, she appears to be warm and decent. The sculpture done by local Yoruba artists shows the respect for women.

The sculpture itself shows the woman carrying a traditional woven tray used for carrying goods and performing tasks in the home. (Thompson 1974) is quite impressed with the talent of the artist and his skills which brings out the traditional tray in a unique manner. The tray seems to be a natural extension of the woman’s body. Perhaps in his own way, the artist was trying to show the Yoruba woman as he understood her. She is seen as a hardworking woman, often carrying her tray from one place to another sometimes with a child on her back. The tray is a symbol of her hard work and desire to feed her family. She is never without it, for she knows not where she will find some yams, beans or even fruit for her children.

This sculpture is from the 20th century and includes some modern material including the modern treatment of the wood. The base of the sculpture seems to be made from a different material than the sculpture. However, this cannot be proven by simple observation. The sculpture is less than five feet high and can be decoratively placed in offices and/or houses. However majority of the people purchasing the sculpture do so from the desire to interact with the unique and rich Yoruba culture. The sculpture is seen as the birthplace, the guardian of the tribe, the community and legacy of the tribe.

Similarities and Differences

The similarity of both sculptures is not just the fact that they come from one tribe. In fact the main similarity comes from the focus of both sculptures that is the woman. The sculptures are both centered on the woman and her unique ability to carry on the community through her hard work and womb which nurtures the future generations. Using traditional wood, the sculptors and artist bring out aspects of the woman that are to be celebrated rather than ignored. The artists are also focused in the face of the woman giving special attention to her smile. The smile is important for the joy of the woman is often translated as the joy of the community. The most basic of similarities however comes from the material used in making the sculptures that is carved wood from the traditional Yoruba culture.

The main difference of the sculpture comes of course from the aspects that the artist wishes to highlight. The first sculpture is focused on the mother of twins, the main issue being that she has twins. The twins are therefore given special attention and detail. On the other hand, the second sculpture focuses not on any specific accomplishment but rather celebrates the existence of the woman herself. Both sculptures however are a testimony to the Yoruba culture where women are greatly celebrated and daughters are thought to be a man’s good omen in his home, (Okediji 2002). The gelede sculpture is important to note is mostly used in the form of a head dress, while the mother of twins is simply just a sculpture. For this reason, the Gelede could be much lighter than the other.

Work Cited

Abiodun, Rowland. Yoruba Art and Language: Seeking the African in African Art. , 2014

Harris, Michael D. Contemporary Yoruba Art in Ile-Ife: History, Continuum, Motive, and Transformation. , 1996.

Lawal, Babatunde. Yoruba. Milan, Italy: 5 Continents, 2012

Okediji, Moyosore B. African Renaissance: New Forms, Old Images in Yoruba Art. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002

Thompson, Robert F. Black Gods and Kings: Yoruba Art at Ucla. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976

5/5 - (10 votes)

Herman Bailey

Exploring the Depths of Moral Theory: Unveiling Ethical Observations

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

A moral theory is a structured principle that is based on recurrent observations that attempt to describe and rationalize a range of ethical judgments about certain cases (Timmons 3). Timmons states that moral theory is set to explain why a certain action is wrong or right and why we ought to act in a certain way. In other words, it’s a theory of how wrong and right is determined (3).

According to Timmons the theoretical aim of the moral-ethical theory is to discover the fundamental nature of what is wrong and what is right to be able to clarify in regards to the action that makes something right or wrong, good or bad( 4).

Works Cited

Timmons, M. (2013). Moral theory: An introduction. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

5/5 - (11 votes)

Herman Bailey

Driving Economic Growth and Innovation through Business Process Management in UAE

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Abstract

One of the most known practices considered fundamental in economic growth underpinning is innovation. It has a great capability in the development of solutions for challenges we face socially and economically. It is the key responsible for commercial firms in market environments and businesses of today‘s survival. Most current research on the management of innovation has majorly focused on large enterprises and economies of developed markets ignoring small medium-sized enterprises that have great contributions to the growth of economy and innovation. The main purpose of this work is to make contributions to the literature on innovation management and businesses on Business Process Management (BPM) and their behaviors in the context of socio-economic in Dubai and countries all over the world. The market Dubai can be considered as one of the quickest upcoming economies and markets in the Middle East. With proper government support, it has managed to achieve substantial industrialization and modernization levels.

Introduction

The most profitable business market and innovative economy in the region of the Arabian Gulf in comparison to all the other Arab nations are The United Arab Emirates. It has been noticed by the World Economic Forum’s report of Global Competitiveness among the other 37 countries as an economy that is driven by innovation (Schwab, p.17). This indicates that 30 percent and above of the activities in this economy is contributed by innovation. As much as the country is considered as a country rich in hydrocarbons, the government of the United Arabs Emirates in collaboration with Vision 2021 of the country has made recognition in the urge to change the economy from where it is to an enlarged knowledge-based to maintain the economic growth that is long term and to create more job opportunities for the upcoming youths and the enlarging population An economy that is considered innovation-driven does not only depend on expenditure but also on investments that are efficiently allocated and their innovation strategies. However, innovation does not only generate from very large corporations but it also comes from Small and Medium Enterprises which in most cases give contributions that are original and positive to the domain of innovation. SMEs have been found to result as main actors in markets that are global chasing their special strategies in innovation (Naidoo, p.1313). It has been noted that there has been a change in the roles of small businesses because the comparative advantages have moved towards knowledge-based activities. In UAE, Small and Medium Enterprises explains almost 92% of the summation of all companies and grants almost 50% of the GDP from the economy. In addition to all these, almost 200000 of the United Arab Emirates SME based are currently offering almost 85% of jobs in the private sector (United Arab Emirates Ministry of Economy p.66).

The benefits that a company enjoys when they have adopted BPM may include the following; first and foremost it is cost-efficient. Most companies have stated that to increase the efficiency of costs, one needs more than slashing budgets. There is a requirement of strategic investment so that an organization can get more material savings. Most companies have also recognized that to achieve savings that are considered efficiently significant in terms that are medium, they have to implement effective techniques and technologies of Business Process Management (Bhagwat et al p.47). When we take a look at countries that research was done on before, most of them are planning on launching initiatives of process management whereby the largest proportion had the belief that the project was going to have a big positive effect to maximize the efficiency of costs. When BPM thinking automates complicated processes and technology is applied, there is a reduction of manual work and duplication of effort elimination. Companies that have launched the initiatives of BPM with the hope of manual work reduction have so far so good given positive results on the business. It has therefore been noticed that one can get similar output with lesser resources or adjust the output amount with the same amount of resources. Therefore, BPM can be considered a fundamental part of the strategy in the intelligent management of cost which gives the business a chance to reduce costs instead of cutting business growth. The Dubai Financial Market is responsible for a value worth 82% of shares that are traded in the capital markets of the UAE.

Secondly, we have business agility. In surveys and researches that have been done before, most people from different organizations expressed that their organizations would take a step in increasing the investments in their capabilities to act to various marketing conditions that are changing in a period of 12 months. Brighter organizations notice bigger margins on the services and goods they have by taking advantage of the opportunities in the markets. Most business people have recognized time to market optimization as a very crucial business driver. BPM has been found to enhance the ability of various businesses for to react to differences that are available in the environment of business. 78% of people who have introduced BPM to increase the organization’s flexibility have so far given positive feedbacks on the effects it has on the business. For a company to achieve business agility, it requires three major concepts (Dumas et al., p.2). These are; process management, Integration and automation, and lastly Rule management. In process management, the organization must be in charge of its process assets to be agile. The processes must be understood well and documented. Their visibility is a must and should be measured in real-time and continue to have compliance with regulatory objectives and the shifting market. In this case, BPM offers modeling capability solutions that ensure processes are very explicit. It is possible for these models to be updated by users and that is a very important factor as Information Technology’s recourse is not needed.

In rules management, organizations are in the management of the interactions they have with the outside world via procedure and policies that they have agreed on and documented. These rules can easily be adapted to follow the market pressures and therefore can be labeled as a competitive advantage source. Organizations that are aware of rule values in most cases use decision engines to find, deploy, update, and maintain rules all over processes in life. BPM on the other hand is moving towards collaborative and unstructured age. For an organization to stay well-governed compliant and visible, as it keeps dynamical processes on track despite the changing outcomes and goals, rules management will be the only way to do so. For a company to be able to manage BPM for it to acquire increased agility, it is very important to have rules. In cases of premium on uncertainty management, and better decision making on rules of businesses, optimization and simulation techniques can be put into practice and the use of responses and analysis of real-time.

The adoption of BPM enhances the innovation capability and productivity of MNEs by helping MNEs play a major role in innovation technologies, patenting, and investment in research and development. When MNEs adopt BPM policies, they can provide services of different kinds to the markets available despite their sizes. When these markets are served, they have a lot of benefits from scope and economy of scale and enable them to build a stronger capacity of finances for them to have investments in innovation which includes projects considered risky. It puts them in better and greater positions than smaller firms when attracting talents, adopting management tools for technologies considered comprehensive, acquiring equipment that is regarded as sophisticated, and building innovation networks with their strategic partners, suppliers, customers, research institutes of the public and universities. It has helped in the modification of spatial organizations and strategies in MNEs. When we take a look at how changes are happening, research currently done is indicating that there is an evolution of innovations in MNEs from hierarchical and centralized functions in the direction of one that originates from geographically disperse network center.

Firms with high innovation have been found to have the potential of turning into high growth firms. However, only 12.2% of Emirati entrepreneurs are expected to introduce or use new forms of technology as a major strategy in their growth (El-Sokari et al., p.76). In a survey done by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, it was found that there can only be two ways of assessing innovation and these are; business competitiveness degree and product originality. The table below will show the technology of product level for a few years 2006, 2009, 2007, and 2011 in the UAE.

Year	No/Low Technology (%)	Med technology/ High Technology (%)	Total (%)
2006	96.9	3.1	100
2007	99.3	0.7	100
2009	99.0	1.0	100
2011	97.6	2.4	100

This table indicates that in2011, almost every new business that was started in UAE had none or very little levels of technology with only 2.4% as medium or high technology. This was found as the second least rate when compared to other economies that are driven by innovation and when separated from countries that perform the best a good example is Norway which is at 14.3% (El-Sokari et al., p.81).

In recent years, MNE has come to play a very active role in collaboration with BPM in innovation networks that are global and involve innovations defined as incremental. It also takes part in the development of multi-technology products. However, as the number of R&D supply-driven centers increase, MNEs only work with a few global labs in locations that they select carefully and have a historical core unit. In the last decade, international innovation networks are increasingly becoming multipolar and on the other hand, MNEs are locating an increase in the number of selected centers in emerging countries. On the contrary to internalization, the innovative activities of MNE as an organization is what they rely on when it comes to acquiring knowledge from external sources. In a situation where R&D activities are increasingly internationalized, there is a rise in competition in the regions and countries so that these corporation activities attract R&D (OECD, p.15). The innovations can also result in spillovers and indirect effects in the country which can lead to improvements in productivity. It can be recommended that policies of national innovation should consider ways of attracting MNEs innovative activities and find ways of encouraging current affiliates of MNE so that they can have domestic innovations.

Yes, the elements of BPM have a positive relationship with innovation capability and productivity. Innovations tend to have an incremental and radical relationship which has interestingly contributed to various performances in the firm. It is a very important business performance determinant despite the upheaval of markets which is conducted by the firm. The process of innovation can be seen as effective drivers that assist in innovation enhancement and performance of trade in an organization (Alpkan, p.740). To have expansions of new services and product quality, newness, exceptionalities, and reliability coming from their competitors lead to innovations of services instead of enhancing the overall performance of organizations inclusive of financial and marketing. The research was done in Taiwan in the determination of the relationship between service innovation, market orientation, and innovation performance shows that innovation has mediating results in the performance of innovation. This study showed that the innovation of products increases the profit rates while the innovation process increases both efficiency and profits. Product implementation, the innovation of institutions, and process enable flexibility of organizations in their various operations and it enables companies to improve the product quality and the competitiveness of the technology.

A handful of research has shown that innovation from the organization is associated positively with performance innovation and assists in understanding best which capabilities have the potential ability to affect competitive advantage that can give economic rent. Other research indicates that either organization or administrative innovation has a significant and positive impact on the performance of a company in terms of growth, financial, internal process, and customers. Furthermore, the innovation of process and product has been found to have a very important role in the performance of an organization. Generally, innovation is taken as an important factor that can help in the generation of lots of benefits for an organization for it to get a competitive advantage.

The new BPM approach suitable to enhance the innovation and productivity of MNEs in Abu Dhabi, considering that BPM is dependent on the different contexts, cultures, and nature of the organization may include; first and foremost we have the creation of clusters fostering linkages and around MNEs. As MNE seeks to rationalize the various activities they have, decisions in regards to local linkages are never made at the lowest level but the headquarters by having comparisons of available options globally. Therefore, regarding this, governments are required to come up with incentives for MNE to put local partners into considerations and not have expectations for this to occur naturally. In most countries, there are existing organizations that do not meet the reliability and quality requirements needed for MNE. As a result of this, policies that help local firms and organizations in the upgrade of quality and reliability are regarded as very important. Apart from building the required technical capacity to benefit from externalities that come from MNE activities, the government always put ready programs to help investors from foreign countries to get the best local partners and suppliers. This shows that, for outsiders to familiarize with local institutions and firms and become members of the club of the system of innovation, they are required to make greater efforts for this to happen. This approach will help in productivity in every country that puts it into practice as relationships will be built and unbreakable bonds too.

The second approach is upgrading demand-oriented public R&D and human capital. When talking about construction in the public sector as a research capacity, one must consider two major aspects. The first aspect is the availability of an investment in the R&D generation supply side. This majorly comprises research of long-term investment projects in given areas for example national laboratories and laboratories. These provide an academic publication as outputs which are important knowledge sources for bigger establishments of research by domestic organizations and MNEs. These public institutes also help in the provision of technical services and as services of consultancy to organizations as infrastructure part for standards and testing. The second aspect is demand-driven institutes for the public which work in various sectors with the primary aim of developing innovations that are specific and majorly focuses on meeting the different needs of a group of organizations or a particular sector. When we take a look at the current development stage of systems of national innovations, it can be suggested that BPM should put their focus on the second aspect. When this is done and followed from a perspective of technology foresight and intelligence gathering by government strategies and actions, there will be a better enhancement of innovation and productivity.

The challenges faced for not adopting BPM may include the following; first, without Business Process Management, an organization will be extreme slowness in an organization. This is because; organizations in almost all cases always experience the need to constantly change. These changes mostly are caused by market demands, new regulations, or the introduction of new working ways. One major importance of BPM is its aid in the facilitation of processes of designs considered flexible. When BPM is applied, one can get the chance to make changes to give minimal costs. Therefore without the adoption of BPM, the facilitation of processes will be slower and processes will not be customized easily for them to suit an organization’s requirements. The second challenge is low productivity. BPM aids the automation of different elements in workflows which are repetitive. It assists in improving processes for example bottlenecks removal, elimination of steps that are redundant and parallel processing. This gives employees enough time to spend on other organizational activities as the main activities are already handled. This in return gives good productivity and reduces wastes. Without BPM adoption, the employees will spend most of their time doing things that would have been handled easily by this management and therefore productivity will go down.

The third challenge faced by organizations is inefficiencies and an increased number of risks. BPM offers organizations an opportunity to efficiently engage in work and this helps in saving the organization’s resources (Prugsamatz & Raphaella, p.252). It also allows an organization to come up with better designs and processes monitored to help in the reduction of fraud. It can therefore be stated that, without BPM, the risk of fraud will go higher and those inefficiencies. Another challenge faced by organizations in failure to adopt BPM is hostility and vaguely in an organization. Every organization is required to be compliant with the regulations of the industry. With the help of BPM, it makes sure that every organization can put into action regulatory requirements and hence helps in delay prevention in compliance and fines associated with it. When an organization adopts BPM, it puts together compliance into the life process. Without this application, the processes of organizations cannot be visible and transparent enough to the employees, and therefore cases of hostility and vaguely will be high in the organization. Lastly, I will talk of reduced customer focus as a challenge. With increased services and goods produced, employees have it easy when it comes to focusing on clients. This causes increased despondence capacity and better ways of problem-solving. BPM has the capability of bringing technology and people together and this aid in customer satisfaction. Therefore, it can be noted that without the adoption of BPM, customer satisfaction will go done as the employees will have to focus on what it would have done already. They will not have time to come with better and greater ways of satisfying their stakeholders and customers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, organizations and companies should adopt Business Process Management to offer the very best services in a given country. This is due to its many advantages over disadvantages which include high productivity and customer satisfaction. This is all an organization requires to do well in various businesses and be in a position to maximize the profits. For a company to be able to manage BPM for it to acquire increased agility, it is very important to have rules. Rules will keep the company on toes and keep it running and will help deliver good results to the customers.

Acknowledgments

This research paper has been done with the help of various sources acquired from the internet and the library. The work of these authors cited down here has assisted me in this work and I would like to give them lots of appreciation for the good work they did.

Works Cited

Alpkan, Lutfihak, et al. “Organizational support for intrapreneurship and its interaction with human capital to enhance innovative performance.” decision 48.5 (2010): 732-755.

Bhagwat, Rajat, and Milind Kumar Sharma. “Performance measurement of supply chain management: A balanced scorecard approach.” .

El-Sokari, H., Van Horne, C. Huang, Z., & Al-Awad, M. Entrepreneurship. An Emirati Perspective, Abu Dhabi (2013).

Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development & Zayed University. (PDF) Innovation in Small and Medium Enterprises in the United Arab Emirates. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280836945_Innovation_in_Small_and_Medium_Enterprises_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates [accessed Oct 01 2018].

Dumas, Marlon, et al. Fundamentals of business process management. Vol. 1. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

Naidoo, Vikash. “Firm survival through a crisis: The influence of market orientation, marketing innovation, and business strategy.” Industrial marketing management 39.8 (2010): 1311-1320.

OECD (2011) “Location factors for international investment in innovation: Attractiveness for innovation.” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.

Prugsamatz, Raphaella. “Factors that influence organizational learning sustainability in non-profit organizations.” The learning organization 17.3 (2010): 243-267.

Schwab, Klaus. “The global competitiveness report 2010-2011.” Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2010.

5/5 - (11 votes)

Herman Bailey

Minimum Viable Innovation System: Advantages and Implementation

by Herman Bailey | Aug 3, 2023 | Essays | 0 comments

Introduction

Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p.1) came up with steps that employees are supposed to implement in order to design the innovation engines which In this case are processes that enhance the development of ideas that are innovative in nature and the contribution of the employees in the same activities (Sobelman, 2018). The steps were short to implement as it requires a timeline of only 90 days. Scott, Duncan and Siren were simply looking at steps which will make innovation a responsibility of every employee in the organization from the top manager to the bottom as it was the best way to guarantee the success of the innovative projects.

When coming up with the steps Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p.1) were of the view that in most cases, when the top managers decide to inject innovation through employment innovative minded employees, the very initial step that they need to consider it should be about the changing the structures that are currently existing in the organization, the next phase would be allocating resources which include manpower, tools and machinery. According to Olsen (2016, p.1), this resources would enhance the teamwork and specialization of the process adding innovation in it and finally, on the process, the substantial amount that the organization has generated is supposed to be reinvested back so that it supports the above process.

However, a step by step mechanism was offered by the authors that when utilized it will develop an innovative engine at a lower cost as compared to the above process. This steps takes a considerable amount of time therefore enabling the organization time to relook at the process and rectify it within the shortest time possible.

Evaluation of the four steps in the study

Fig 1: steps for MVIS retrieved from Scott, Duncan, Anthony and Siren (2018). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/InnosightConsulting/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days-webinar [Accessed 29 Oct. 2018].

. The steps for the evaluation of minimum variable innovation system are:

Step 1: defining the innovation bucket: the authors were at the point of view that there are two types of attempts that are channelled towards the development of innovative ideas: Olsen (2016, p.1) stated that it’s either that a new dimension is being added to the already existing methods or ideas or a totally brand new idea is being developed. In the case of Manila watercompany regardless of any dimension, the teams that are a task to work on the ideas should be in a position to recognize the correct bucket which their project belongs to (Scott, Duncan &Siren, 2014, p.1).

Step 2. Narrowing down on some of the strategic ideas. According to Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p.1) in this step a number of prospective ideas which has a likelihood of being a successful innovation might come in plenty, it’s up to the team that works on the project to ensure they prioritize only a few projects that will have a great impact on the organization.

Step 3: Forming a dedicated team which is small and would be operating on the innovative ideas: having a small dedicated team to take over the projects would be essential not only for helping the organization to conduct a research which is organized but also essential in ensuring the effectiveness of the human resource (Sobelman 2018, p. 1).

Step 4: develop an apparatus is capable of being used to instil a sense of discipline in the organization operation activities of the innovation projects: while it’s a fact that sometimes innovative projects often appear to lead organization into a chaotic situations, it is important to maintain the discipline in any project that the team handles as this would ensure the employees operate in an effective way (Sobelman 2018, p. 1).

Fig 2: 90 days steps for Minimum viable innovation system retrieved from

Scott, Anthony, Duncan, Pontus and Siren (2018). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/12/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days [Accessed 29 Oct. 2018].

Advantages and Disadvantages Associated With Technological Innovation and Its Management

Pros (Advantages)

According to Sobelman (2018, p.1) the model just as it is used in Google does not create a scenario whereby only a specialized teamwork at the early stages of the innovative process but it gives employees the freedom to participate in the innovative process and in the long run this would ensure positive energy in the team is maintained mostly towards innovative ideas.
Melnick(2018, p.1) stated that the model gives employees liberty when working on the innovative project by eliminating the bureaucracy that requires the approvals of managers which can immensely contribute to the tainting of the positive attitude that employees should haveto.
The model also plays a big role in reducing the stress level of employees, as every employee is given a chance to work on their individual innovative ideas and the employee is at liberty of spending up to 20% of his/her time working on innovative project that they feel comfortable with (Olsen 2016, p.1). According to Melnick(2018, p.1) besides reducing the stress level the same factor encourages efficiency and effectiveness as they work on the projects that they are willing to work and are more comfortable in.
By allowing the employees to participate in the innovative projects, without looking at the employees designation, the employees will have a sense of belonging and will be interested in knowing what the management thinks about the project, in the long run, the model will ensure that employees are prepared and ready to face the failure of the projects with much efficiency if it occurs (Sobelman2018, p. 1).
According to Sobelman (2018, p.1) if the model is implemented successfully will ensure the organization maintains its competitive edge by continuing to assess what the market needs and offering the exact solution. Olsen (2016, p.1) also emphasized on this point by stating that with the resources and the support that is accorded the project and not forgetting a sense of belonging which in itself acts as an incentive create a tight bond in the teams, reduces the turnover rate in the organization and every individual will focus on the long-term well-being of the projects hence they give 100%.
The minimal viable innovation model is also cheap to implement considering the organization will not have to hire experts but use the available human resource as well as the budgeted financial resources for the model. Though small firms may find it difficult in terms of cost the model is actually cost-effective for big firms with adequate resources. It is also worth the risk as the returns from the innovative projects inject into the organization another bill of health increasing the rate of sustainability(Olsen 2016, p.1).
Though the model leads to more upfront work, the risk which is often associated with wasted efforts, as well as high cost, is ultimately reduced. I believe this is the major reason why the model has been tested by various big companies a month them including, Samsung, the Google Inc., Facebook and Apple (Olsen 2016, p.1).
According to Sobelman (2018, p.1), the model also strengthens the teamwork in an organization. This is due to the fact that every member will feel respected and appreciated, as the model encourages free sharing of innovative ideas which will inspire individuals in the team to feel part of the system and strive to deliver to remain relevant in the team and in return come up with more vibrant innovative ideas.
The model is also faster to implement. According to Olsen (2016, p.1), the model only takes 90 days to implement, this saves time, as the team will be able to make amends where there might be an error within a short time hence ensuring the innovative projects have more chances of succeeding(Olsen 2016, p.1).
There is a reduction of risk to the investors when the model is implemented. This is due to the fact that the implementation takes less time, therefore, any innovative product prototype can be tested by the target audience within a short period of time,make additional changes that the target market need before the final release, present the final product to the investors to prove viability before finally releasing it in the market(Sobelman2018, p. 1)..
It adds flexibility into the innovative projects. This is based on the fact that the projects can be tested before the final release. This gives flexibility as it would be changed or redesigned to meet the target market expectation. For instance, if it’s a new product or an additional feature in an existing product, the fact that the product would be released in the market for testing and getting the customer feedback gives the model flexibility as it adapts through the market needs(Sobelman2018, p. 1).

Cons (Disadvantages)

The model has more pros than cons. The major con is that it the model minimizes the scope of the individual employee’s innovations (Sobelman2018, p. 1). This is due to the fact that the innovation is customized into a specified path that limits the employee’s mind to think outside the box.
Another con that comes about with this particular system is that is demands for a significant amount of upfront work to obtain reliable and consistent consumer feedback. Thus demanding for development efforts towards the vast range of product release, thus requiring revisions on the complete basis on feedback.
Amongst the key objectives of the minimal viable innovation system is the validation in learning. The product however stands not as a proposal; therefore a fit in the productmarket occurs in a situation when the set value proposition is efficiently proven by a significant percentage of the total market transactions which creates business momentum. Therefore, having a product market fit, shows that you have already proven viability of a particular product and therefore there is no longer a requirement or need to be minimal henceforth.
Another disadvantage of the minimum viable innovations system is the tendency to have minimal to no limit of precautions when it comes to time and funds managements. Thus indulging in time as well as funds wastage.
The liberty that the innovation team have is usually a blessing in disguise in the sense that. The employees might lose track of the innovation that would be relevant to the vision and mission of the organization due to freedom that the project team is giving.
The time given for the implementation of the innovative project is less as it might interfere with the productivity or the output of the employees. The time should not be restricted to 90 days considering also the fact that some innovative projects may experience some technicalities which will need a gradual implementation.
The model tends to work well in bigger firms. Small and medium enterprises might find it difficult to implement the model, due to the limitation in the number of staff and lack of flexibility for the staff.
Finally, there are many factors which might influence the innovative project and the model does not factor the external factors in. this factors might be political or economic and might hinder the proper implementation of the model as desired.

Comparison between MVIS and Rick Eager’s innovation management concept

FIG 3: INNOVATION MANAGEMENT retrieved from

Brits, D. (2018). Elements of a Successful Innovation Roadmap | Innovation Management. [online] Innovation Management. Available at: http://www.innovationmanagement.se/2014/11/10/elements-of-a-successful-innovation-roadmap/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2018].

Innovation management is a model which focusses on the future, and use innovation to ensure that in future the organization maintains its competitive edge by slicing a new niche before the competitors (Leiblein&Ziedonis 2011, p.31). According to Goffin (2016, p. 60)Just like MVIS model innovation management ensures the business has a longevity in terms of a competitive edge as the innovation strategy is meant to create new products and services for new market and in the long run, ensuring it helps the business generate more tangible profits.

Under innovation management, the management or the leaders supports individual or teams as they come up with ideas and innovation that is core to the management of the organization goals and activities which drive innovation (Chen& Wang2005, p.47). In other words, Innovation Management is initiated by the top management and employees in the companies try to come up with ideas. According to Rhodes and Wield (2001, p. 79) this is based on the agenda of the top management this is contrary to MVIS where the employees are free and ideas can come from bottom up in the sense that it’s not driven by the management but the employees are at liberty of coming up with the ideas which can make the organization competitive under innovation management it’s the management initiative to support the innovative teams. It’s upon the management to provide an enabling environment that favours ultimate innovation (Huang 2009, p. 64).

According to Rhodes and Wield (2001, p. 81) by exploiting the tools for innovative management, the management is capable of triggering and deploying the creative proficiencies of the workforce for the continuous development of the business. Both the MVIS and the innovation management use the same tools in order to boost creativity in their projects, the tools include, prototyping, brainstorming, ideation, product line planning among others. Manilla water company should use this tools as it would guarantee the company efficiency in the production process with limited.

Innovation management is significant in promoting institutional innovation as well as technological innovation. One of the major goals of innovation management in the organization is to foster a suitable environment that would encourage innovation. The favourable environment enables the business to get more cooperation projects and give business ventures the platform for take-off. With this in mind Minimum, viable innovation system model also can thrive in the same environment, it also relies on the goodwill and full support of the senior managers for the innovation to be successful. The innovative team needs to get full endorsement and support from the top managers as this would inspire individual to think out of the box and come up with incredible innovative ideas (Leiblein & Ziedonis 2011, p.31).

Both MVIS and Innovation management requires the employees who are talented at all aspects of the organization, the once that understanding the vision and the strategies that the organization has, and are dedicated and focused to ensure their ideas turn into an innovation which would generate more profit for the organization and also accelerate the speed at which the organization moves towards its set vision and objectives (Leiblein&Ziedonis 2011, p. 77).

On considering the liberty of the team that is spearheading innovation both the Innovation management and MVIS allows the team to be independent, to make independent decisions without being influenced by the management, they are allowed to think outside the box. this is further made possible under innovation management due to the fact that the innovative projects are separated from the existing business which allows the innovative team to be flexible and give it all for the sake of coming up with new innovative ideas (Huang2009, p. 66).

According to Scott, Duncan and Siren (2014, p. 1) minimum viable innovation system and innovation management both falls under two buckets. They are either an improvement of the existing business, offering or internal operation or they focus on reaching new segment and customer or even market with their innovation the same applies with Innovation management concept which is categorized into either pushed and pulled which just like in MVIS a pushed process is based on the new invented technology while a pulled is based on finding a new area or new segment or market and come up with innovative projects to satisfy the need of the newly acquired segment (Chen& Wang2005, p.50).

Minimal viable innovation system model has a timeline of 90 days (Scott, Duncan & Siren 2014, p. 1). When the model is accurately followed the project should take a maximum of 90 days this is contrary to innovation management whose time is not actually defined or standardized and as a result some projects might take longer time than others.

Finally, there is a thin line between minimal viable innovation system and innovation management. The only notable difference is the fact that in minimal viable innovation system entails steps which when implemented will guarantee success for the success of the innovative project while innovation management has no outline steps to follow but they converge at appoint where every employee has a responsibility of coming up with ideas which will keep the organization afloat in the future and maintain its competitiveness (Chen& Wang2005, p.50).

Innovation management tends to lean on building an innovative culture in the organization. Innovation management model influences the structure of the company in a way that it would dictate the innovative culture that will drive innovation amongst the employees in the organization. This is contrary to MVIS where the organization structures have got less impact on the innovation project as employees are set free and they can come up with their own ways of doing things. The culture in here comes from the teamwork and it is not therefore dictated by the top management (Huang 2009, p. 69).

Evaluation of the three advice given in MVIS by the authors

“Remember, the “S” in MVIS stands for the system. You can’t pick and choose between the four elements described above. Do everything, or do nothing.”

The authors’ first advice was about the system. All the four elements in the initial of MVIS are cemented by the system (Scott, Duncan and Siren 2014, p.1). They all have to work in unison and they cannot be disintegrated. According to this case, the success of the model simply relies on the organization system as a whole, which involves the managers, the resources, other employees and stakeholders. This are different entities that need to work as one, the ‘do everything or do nothing’ statement by the author shows the kind of bond or teamwork that is required for the model to function it signifies the unanimity required where every aspect of the system should be designed to work in a way that it would ensure the success of the model.

In regards to the system, the organization needs to be looked as a whole, any disintegration affects the success of the model and so is the innovation projects the vision of the organization should be the blueprint that would guide the organization on the innovative projects that they need to give priority. Teamwork and resources are paramount and the system does not only involve the innovative project team but every individual who is working towards the organization vision and considering the fact that the Minimal viable innovation system does not limit innovation to the specific team as anyone is allowed to come up with viable ideas, every individual as important as they determine the success of the projects.

“One area that absolutely cannot be shortchanged is personnel. If you have no one fully focused on new growth, you’ve decided not to focus on new growth”

The authors in this statement illustrates the importance of involving the employees at all the stages, the organization should be responsible to instill a sense of belonging to the employees instead of looking at ways of shortchanging them and bringing new ones that would focus on the new projects in the organization (Scott, Duncan and Siren 2014, p.1). It’s upon the organization to ensure the employees are motivated about the new innovative projects, welcome their opinions and ideas and put them into consideration during the implementation of the project. Every personnel should be brought to the table. The statement also touches on the teamwork, in the sense that when you don’t have the confidence of the whole team or when the team does not function as one there is a higher probability that the project is going to fail and it would rather be abandoned.

The growth or the success of the organization is greatly influenced by the level of motivation the employees have. The most successful company like Google and Facebook are successful mostly because they are constantly innovative a contribution which is highly linked to the staff who are motivated. Organization are often affected by the turnover, therefore, replacing employees can never act as a solution for the growth of the organization the solution is with the motivation and sense of belonging in which is achieved through openness, cohesiveness in the team and enabling environment where employees can feel free to share ideas and opinions.

The Minimal viable innovation system model recognizes the need of every employee to contribute to the innovation process. It’s clear that this model does not necessarily approve for the additional employees to drive the innovative projects but just to ensure the existing ones that have walked and worked towards the set goals and vision enjoy their work, get fully motivated to enable them focus fully on innovative projects which would benefit the organization and maintain its competitive edge.

“How you treat failure is more important than how you reward success. Hiding or fearing failure spawns projects that never die and that suck up all your capacity for innovation.”

The organization should be very careful about how they treat the failure of the project (Scott, Duncan and Siren 2014, p.1). If handled in a wrong way it will interfere with the productivity of the employees and even affect their confidence making them scared of making a decision, coming up with ideas, avoiding the risks but promising ideas and in the long run affect the innovative power of the organization making it less competitive in the market.

Failure in the market should be made as a stepping stone, and the employees and managers should take it as a challenge and a lesson rather than look at it as inefficiency. Fear of failure would make organization stagnant as nobody would want to go out of the book and think about ideas as the fear would have overridden any other thing. Innovation is all about risk, and failure is just a step up as rather than a step-down. It’s a lesson that would give the employees experience they would learn from it and avoid the errors made that resulted into a failure.

A thorough analysis of the failed projects should be shared across the organization, to enable every individual to know why the project failed. This will inspire the employees to make them be persistent and ensuring that most of the new projects are handled with precision it requires to avoid failure. This will minimize the failure rate, employees will be encouraged and still give it all, be efficient and effective in the new projects and in the long run ensure it is successful.

Persistence is gained when the organization stand together on the low moments like a failure in a project, the employees become more determined and focused, they become more knowledgeable, come up with feasible ideas which would result into new successful projects. When an organization makes employees look down upon themselves due to failure in a project that’s a lethal injection that would slowly kill the dreams that the organization had.

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a clear sign that the minimum viable innovation system model if implemented has a ma ore positive impact in the organization and has a higher chance of being successful than any other previous model. The fact that the leading companies in the world are using it is enough to give it credibility and eliminate any doubt. The central point of convergence in the model is the fact that it guarantees employees satisfaction and motivation a factor which is key to innovation as a motivated employee is usually more creative and has more innovative ideas as compared to unmotivated and unsatisfied one.

The minimum viable innovation system advantages outweighs Rick Eager’s Innovation management concept as it gives more liberty to the project team and the timeline given enables the organization to absorb any negative issues pertaining the project at s shorter time therefore making it more viable as compared to Eager’s concept.

Minimum viable innovation system is employee driven and the management work will only to ensure the employees are motivated enough and create an enabling environment whereby every employee will be encouraged to be innovative. The model works best in a place where employees are fully motivated and are able to work with no supervision nor is incentive, as the innovative projects they handle an equal motivation.

Based on the study it is projected that the minimum viable innovation system concept will be used for quite a long period of time and the companies that need to stay afloat and retain their competitive edge need to adapt the concept. This concept will gradually override the Eager’s concept due to its systematic steps that can be easily implemented in the organization.

Reference list

BURGELMAN, R. A., CHRISTENSEN, C. M., & WHEELWRIGHT, S. C. (2009). Strategic management of technology and innovation. Boston, McGraw-Hill Irwin.

CHEN, J., & WANG, Z. (2005). Technology innovation and HRM. Bradford, England, Emerald Group Pub. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=254023.

GOFFIN, K. (2016). Innovation management. [Place of publication not identified], Palgrave Macmillan.

Hamel, G. (2018). The Why, What, and How of Management Innovation. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2006/02/the-why-what-and-how-of-management-innovation [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

HEMMERT, M., & OBERLÄNDER, C. (2003). Technology and innovation in Japan: policy and management for the twenty-first century. London, Routledge. http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9780203194720.

HUANG, L. K. (2009). The Contingent Role of Innovation between IT Management Sophistication and Strategic Alignment. Journal of Global Information Management. 17, 60-92.

LIEBLEIN, M. J., & ZIEDONIS, A. A. (2011). Technology strategy and innovation management. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Pub.

MELNICK, L. (2018). 90-day plan to increase your company’s innovation. [online] The Business of Social Media. Available at: https://lloydmelnick.com/2014/12/04/90-day-plan-to-increase-your-companys-innovation/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2018].

OLSEN, D. (2016). The lean product playbook (summary): how to innovate with minimum viable products and rapid customer feedback. https://www.overdrive.com/search?q=53ABBCC6-7433-4FBC-A9EB-9D2D60288F40.

RHODES, E., & WIELD, D. (2001). Implementing new technologies: innovation and the management of technology. Oxford, NCC Blackwell.

SCOTT, DUNCAN AND SIREN (2014). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days | Innosight. [online] Innosight. Available at: https://www.innosight.com/insight/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

SOBELMAN, N. (2018). Build an Innovation Engine in 90 Days – Commentary – Innovation Excellence. [online] Innovationexcellence.com. Available at: https://www.innovationexcellence.com/blog/2015/03/23/build-an-innovation-engine-in-90-days-commentary/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2018].

TREAT, T. (2011). Technology management. [San Francisco], [Wiley]. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10510449.

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Herman Bailey

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