“Up from Slavery” is an autobiography written in 1901 for Booker T Washington. The book details Booker T Washington’s personal experiences in working and how he rose from his position as a slave child against the obstacles and difficulties during civil war until he got his university education and finally to his work of establishing several vocational schools for the black people and other minority groups who are disadvantaged to learn marketable and useful skills and work together to pull themselves up the bootstraps as a race (Washington & Brundage, 2003). However, despite the fact that the book was once hailed as a classic for several decades, it is not often taught today. The themes and tones that could explain this are diverse.
The central theme and tone in the book is the slavery of the African Americans. The deep shame of our ancestors’ role in slavery may have been a major factor why the book is never taught often. It is important for the current generation to acknowledge and do everything it can to make moral amends among races instead of having nostalgic memories of the dark days by reading books which document the slavery of African Americans. The best thing was to limit the learning of the horrors of slave trade amongst school children since it brings out the shameful and faults of the whites in the past (Washington & Brundage, 2003).
Light and dark is the first major symbolism throughout the story. Désirée represents lightness while Armand represent darkness. From the onset, Arman is associated with darkness because his house inspires fear, and his estate is a terror place. This functions as a symbolic projection to the Armand’s personality landscape (Chopin, 2015). Similarly, color yellow symbolizes the way it is used. Armand’s plantation is yellow, as well as the baby nurse Zandrine and La Blanche and her son who are portrayed as black. In the story, the slaves are also described as yellow, and Armand is linked to darkness. The personality and reaction of Armand are also symbolic. He falls in love instantly as if he has been struck by a pistol shot. Furthermore, symbolism is also seen in the manner Armand reacts to the baby for being black. His character is shown as a person who rushes into doing everything and by impulse (Chopin, 2015).
The irony in the story comes in the end when Chopin reveals the information about Armand through his mother’s letter to his father written a long time ago. The letter reveals the truth Armand is black, and he is from a cursed race with slavery brand and not Désirée (Chopin, 2015).
Double Consciousness
Washington’s “two-ness” means that back Americans exists in two warring ideals in one dark body, that is as a Negro, and as an American; two unreconciled strivings, two thoughts, two souls; whose dogged strength keeps it from being divided apart (Du, 1990). DuBois’s double-consciousness means that a person always looks at himself or herself through others’ eyes, that us measuring one’s souls using the tape of the world which looks in pity and amused contempt (Du, 1990). An example in two-ness was evident during the nineteenth and twentieth century where it was and has been impossible for a black American to function as an American and also an African at the same time. Similarly, it was even more ridiculous for a black American to function as an African who happened to be a national of America. On the other hand, an example of double consciousness is where the African Americans looked at themselves and tried to function through the eyes or the expectations of the whites. That is to function as being inferior while in reality this was a tape of the world which was filled with pity and contempt (Du, 1990).
References
Washington, B. T., & Brundage, W. F. (2003). Up from slavery: With related documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
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What clinical and laboratory features are consistent with the diagnosis of an acute uncomplicated lower UTI (cystitis) in this patient?
Dysuria and frequency of urination and urgency to urinate
How does one differentiate cystitis from urethritis (caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or herpes simplex virus) or vaginitis (caused by candida or trichomonas species)?
To differentiate cystitis from urethritis, the major symptoms will be dysuria and urethral discharge. The discharge can be whitish, purulent, or mucoid. Moreover, its onset is usually sudden and it is characterized by urgency, frequency, and painful or burning voiding of urine in small volumes. Other systemic symptoms include nausea, sweats, chills, and fever.
How should a patient experiencing her fourth episode of cystitis and not responding to treatment be managed? Should a urine culture and sensitivity test be performed?
Urine culture should be done since it is the standard criterion in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections, however, urine must be properly collected and quickly cultured or refrigerated (Nickel, 2005).
What are the most likely pathogens and frequency of occurrence causing this patient’s infection?
The most likely pathogens include Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis), and Escherichia coli and their frequency is 75-95% (Seattle STD/HIV, 2015).
What factors can increase the risk of developing a UTI?
Female gender– UTIs are very common amongst women because they have shorter urethra compared to men, and this cuts down the traveling distance for the bacteria to reach the urethra
Being sexually active– people who are active sexually tend to have more UTIs
Using particular types of birth control such as the diaphragm and spermicidal agents increases the risks (UTI, 2013).
Completing menopause– UTIs are more common in post-menopause women because of lack of estrogen which causes urinary tract changes making it more vulnerable to infection
Having abnormalities in the urinary tract– abnormal urinary tracts which cause back up of urine in the urethra or do not allow the urine to leave body normally have an increased UTIs risks
Having urinary tract blockages– enlarged prostate or kidney stones can trap urine in the bladder thus increases UTIs risks (UTI, 2013).
Having an immune system that is suppressed– diabetes and other diseases impairing the immune system can increase UTIs risks
Using a catheter in urinating– people who use a catheter for urination because they cannot urinate have an increase in UTIs risks. This also include hospitalized patients with neurological problems which makes it difficult for the patients to control their urinating ability and individuals who are paralyzed (UTI, 2013)
List potential reasons that this patient may not be responding to treatment?
Re-infection with the same bacteria
Functional or anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract
Frequent sexual intercourse
The patient might be having comorbid conditions or even other predisposing factors (Kodner & Thomas, 2010)
Because this is her fourth episode of an uncomplicated UTI this year, should she receive prophylactic antibiotics to prevent further episodes?
Yes, since postcoital or continuous prophylactic antibiotics are used in treating women with recurrent urinary tract symptoms.
What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
Is to make the patient free of the symptoms, eradicate the infection and prevent complications
What are the desirable characteristics of an anti-infective agent selected for the treatment of this uncomplicated UTI?
They should promote improved compliance
Low costs
Lower frequency of leading to adverse reactions (Wagenlehner & Naber, 2001).
The spectrum of the agent
Pharmacokinetics that favor wider intervals of dosing effect on the vaginal and fecal flora
Adequate urinary levels of antimicrobial duration
Potential for undesirable side effects (Rafalsky, Andreeva & Rjabkova, 2006).
What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for empiric first-line and second-line treatment of an uncomplicated UTI?
Other feasible pharmacotherapeutic options of treatments include cranberry products, and self-started antibiotics (Kodner & Thomas, 2010).
What nonpharmacologic therapies may be useful in preventing uncomplicated UTIs?
Other feasible nonpharmacologic therapies include behavioral modifications. Renal imaging can also be done if structural abnormalities of the urinary tract are suspected (Kodner & Thomas, 2010).
What drug, dosage form, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy are best for this patient?
For this patient, Quinolones is good because of its good actions against E.coli, have minimal effect on the protective flora of the natural vagina, and achieve high urinary concentrations. Once or twice daily dose of regimens can be used in administering Quinolones. Moreover, seven-, three- day, or single-dose schedules can be applied (Rafalsky, Andreeva & Rjabkova, 2006).
What clinical and laboratory parameters are necessary to evaluate the therapy for the achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
Dipstick method in Routine analysis can be used as a clinical and laboratory parameter in the evaluation of the therapy for the achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and also detect or prevent adverse effects. Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and repeat urine culture testing, a renal scan, or renal ultrasound.
What information should be provided to the patient to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
The patient should be informed about simple measures such as taking the prescribed medications. Moreover, to ensure maximum compliance, health professionals should provide information on possible adverse effects and the influence of drugs on treatment continuity. Moreover, to enhance understanding of the patients, the given direction should be given in straightforward and simple language, simple directions and accompanied always by a written version
What are the safety and efficacy of a single dose, 3 days, and 7-day antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of acute uncomplicated bacterial cystitis?
The 7-day antimicrobial therapy has a greater potential of resulting in side effects, has not shown to have a therapeutic effect that is improved, and is even more expensive. The3-day antimicrobial therapy is a short course and has the best combination of efficacy in addition to having decreased toxicity and side effects (Rafalsky, Andreeva & Rjabkova, 2006).
Obtain information on the rates of resistance of E. coli to TMP-SMX and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. How do these rates compare to those reported at your institution?
The prevalence of resistance of E. coli to TMP-SMX antibiotics among patients suffering from uncomplicated pyelonephritis is less than 20% in many regions of the United States. Rates of resistance or E. coli to fluoroquinolone were less than 15.8% (Talan et al, 2008).
Provide assessment and recommendation on the role of phenazopyridine in the treatment of UTIs
For some patients who are suffering from cystitis, phenazopyridine which is a urinary analgesic three times a day as prescribed is useful in relieving discomfort because of severe dysuria. Moreover, a two-day course is normally sufficient to allow time for antimicrobial therapy symptomatic response and minimization of inflammation. In fact, within a few hours, dysuria is usually diminished after the commencement of the therapy. However, this agent should not be chronically used since it may mask the clinical symptoms that are required for clinical evaluation (Klimberg et al, 2005).
References
Klimberg, I., Shockey, G., Ellison, H., Fuller-Jonap, F., Colgan, R., Song, J., Keating, K., … Cyrus, P. (January 01, 2005). Time to symptom relief for uncomplicated urinary tract infection treated with extended-release ciprofloxacin: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled primary care study. Current Medical Research & Opinion, 21, 8, 1241-1250.
Kodner, C. M., & Thomas, G. E. K. (January 01, 2010). Recurrent urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and management. American Family Physician, 82, 6, 638-43. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0915/p638.html
Nickel, J. C. (January 01, 2005). Practical management of recurrent urinary tract infections in premenopausal women. Reviews in Urology, 7, 1, 11-7.
Rafalsky, V., Andreeva, I., & Rjabkova, E. (January 01, 2006). Quinolones for uncomplicated acute cystitis in women. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3.
Seattle STD/HIV. (2015). Chapter 5: Urethritis & Cystitis in Females.
Talan, D. A., Krishnadasan, A., Abrahamian, F. M., Stamm, W. E., Moran, G. J., & EMERGEncy ID NET Study Group. (January 01, 2008). Prevalence and risk factor analysis of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli infection among emergency department patients with pyelonephritis. Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 47, 9, 1150-8.
Urology Care Foundation. (2013). The Official Foundation of the American Urological Association. (n.d.).
Urinary tract infection (UTI). (2013). Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/basics/risk-factors/con-20037892
Wagenlehner, F. M., & Naber, K. G. (January 01, 2001). Uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Current Opinion in Urology, 11, 1, 49-53. Retrieved from http://www.antimicrobe.org/e4a.asp
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
Employment at will defines a structure upon which an employee can decide to leave a job when he or she wants to for any reason, and it also works the other way where an employer can terminate his or her employee for any particular reason without a specific cause or notice ( Shepard et.al (1987). Shepard et.al (1987) states that the objective and aim of the employment-at-will doctrine is the prevention of wrongful terminations as well as employment lawsuits that may occur between employees and their employers.
According to Shepard et.al (1987), employment-at-will has some key exceptions in employment which function at the state as well as the federal level which can sufficiently be prevented from being utilized as a defense within a lawsuit. Harcourt et.al (2013) indicates that the first exemption is the public-policy exception. This exception comes into implementation when an employee is wrongfully discharged from his or her work when the cause of termination runs against an explicit and public policy that is well-established by the State (Harcourt et.al, 2013). A good instance of such a case would be the fact that in several states, an employer is in no position to terminate his or her employee for having filed a workers’ compensation claim due to an injury attained while at work, as well as when an employee standing against breaking the law as per the request of his or her employer.
The second exemption is the implied-contract exception which applies when an employer-employee contract is formed which is a written instrument in regards to the existing employment relationship (Harcourt et.al, 2013). However, Harcourt et.al (2013) explains that even with employment typically not being contract governed, an employer is in a position to make both oral and written representations to their employees in regards to their job security as well as procedures which will be implemented in a situation where adverse employment actions are undertaken.
The third exemption is the covenant-of-good-faith exception. Harcourt et al. (2013) point out that specifically eleven States recognize this exception; furthermore, this exception deals with the representation of the most significant departures derived from the traditional doctrine of employment-at-will. According to Shepard et.al (1987) instead of a narrow prohibition of employment terminations based on public policy as well as an implied contract, thus this particular exception is quite broad when determining a covenant-of-good-faith as well as fair dealing in concern to all employment relationships.
Amongst the exceptions, however, in regards to the Employment at Will Doctrine, employment contracts are the most relevant amongst the rest of the exemptions to the current Human Resource practices. Shepard et.al (1987) mentions that the formal employment contracts help the Human Resource within the organization to determine the protection offered and provided to an organization’s employers and employees under the employment-at-will. With the human resource having a written contract in place employers are given the ability to outline an employee’s responsibilities, duties as well as work structure.
Progressive discipline in the definition is referred to as a process of utilizing significantly critical steps as well as measures in a situation where an employee has failed to effectively correct a certain problem after he or she is given a fair opportunity to resolute it (Mader- Clark & Guerin, 2007). Mader- Clark, and Guerin (2007) mention that the key root principle behind the sound progressive discipline is utilizing the least severe action which you consider necessary towards the correction of the certain undesirable situation. According to the progressive discipline, Canada (2011) explains that the increase of severity of the implemented action is done only if the particular situation is not corrected effectively. Canada (2011) thus defines progressive discipline policy as one that establishes a clear progression of the set disciplinary actions that will be undertaken once an employee violates the work rules.
The progressive disciplinary policy includes a set of standardized steps; the first step is a verbal warning. According to Mader- Clark, and Guerin (2007), a verbal warning is defined as a substantially informal one. The verbal warning ensures that an employee is given awareness of the infraction in question and thus allowed to take the necessary steps towards getting a solution and remedy for it. Mader- Clark, and Guerin (2007) point out that even if the verbal warning is practically verbal is recommended to document it.
The second step taken within the implementation progressive disciplinary system is a written warning (Canada, 2011). Canada (2011) states that an employee can be handed one or more written warnings; Canada (2011) further states that a written warning is considered a substantially formal warning. A written warning is issued once a verbal warning is not productive towards objectifying a positive change within the employee in question behavior at work.
The third step undertaken in the implementation progressive disciplinary system is suspension. Canada (2011) explains that a suspension as per the choice of an employer could be with or even without pay. Canada (2011) further expresses that suspensions are put in place as a result of major infractions and to create time to investigate the entire situation. Lastly, termination is the last step undertaken. Termination is considered the last resort in most situations and more often than not cannot be avoided. Every step has in place documentation but any termination decision documentation is more vital than in the other steps.
The concepts as well as practices progressive discipline together with that of employment-at-will have a certain level of interaction. The employment contracts are under the Charter schools and are required to provide ‘Good Cause’ for the implemented termination, as the due process as per the Constitution. Charter schools are under the governance of government employment laws. The progressive discipline process embraces effective documentation which efficiently fits in the charter school set policy. Both the progressive discipline together with that of employment-at-will embraces the Charter school in their policymaking.
Nevertheless, utilizing and implementing a progressive discipline policy may compromise the doctrine of employment-at-will. For instance, under the employment-at-will doctrine, an employer, as well as the employee, is placed in a position free to access at any time termination of the existing employment relationship; whether or not they give notice and reason. Therefore a progressive discipline may lead to the creation of a reasonable expectation upon which a particular procedure will efficiently be followed as well as the fact that there is a requirement for reasonable cause for the termination.
The doctrine of employment-at-will together with the progressive discipline is vital in the realization of the employee potential as well as the maximization of organizational outcomes. The policies provide clear explanations of all the consequences that come with not meeting the company’s employer’s expectations as well as not keeping up with the employer’s rules; thus keeping the improve its customer service to its clients. The associates or the employees in check and pushing them towards achieving their employer expectations. Secondly, the policies provide a system that allows enhancing consistency as well as fairness in the disciplinary procedures in the organizations; therefore with consistency in the organization’s system the organization’s capacity to maximize their outcome increases. Thirdly embracing the policies allows the employees to make better, positive changes that are beneficial to the company’s overall performance. Fourthly, the policies give room got the employer to explain to the employees which actions could be undertaken towards improving the present situation; thus with the opportunity to coach as well as a mentor their employees the employer is enhancing the ability of the employee to reach their maximum potential in their work duties.
References
Canada. (2011). Progressive discipline. Gatineau, Québec: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.
Harcourt, M., Lam, H., Hannay, M., & University of Waikato. (2013). Distributive justice, employment at will, and just cause dismissal.
Mader-Clark, M., & Guerin, L. (2007). The progressive discipline handbook: Smart strategies for coaching employees. Berkeley, CA: NOLO.
Shepard, I. M., Olsen, H., Duston, R. L., & College and University Personnel Association. (1987). Employment at will: A guide to an eroding doctrine. Washington, D.C: College and University Personnel Association.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
One of the famous writers in the study of American literature and History is Thoreau. Through his work, he influenced critical thinking among his readers. Thoreau’s Works the Walden challenges the validity of having a government, paying taxes, and many other social issues. Other writers have similarly given their opinions on the understanding of Walden. Another Writer is Edgar Poe, who, through his short stories and poems, tells different life experiences. This paper will discuss both of these writers’ works through the eyes of different writers.
Poetzsch, Markus. “Sounding Walden Pond: The Depths and ‘Double Shadows’ of Thoreau’s Autobiographical Symbol.” ATQ 22.2 (2008): 387-401. Print.
Poetzch explores the autobiographical symbolism in Double Shadows of Thoreau. He says the phrase Walden Pond is a symbol that different authors, such as Richard Schneider, have explored. He compares authors like Melvin Lyon, who built the pond’s symbolism, to morality and purity matters. To him, Walden Pond is like a travel diary for the reader. The scenery of the pond is painted as a personal guide. Poetzch suggests that the challenges presented by a different critic of Thoreau’s text are intended to challenge the understanding of growth. He suggests that Thoreau’s text indulges fantasy regarding the ethical environment and philosophy. He agrees with Lawrence Buell, who says that Thoreau’s writing has greatly influenced American culture formation.
Bankston, Carl L. “Thoreau’s Case for Political Disengagement.” Modern Age 52.1 (winter 2010): 6-13. Print.
Carl associates the text with modern political activism. He adds that Thoreau’s Works influenced the works of Martin Luther King Jnr and Mahatma Gandhi, among many activists. Carl explores Thoreau’s views about government, justice, and voting. He says that from the Text, Thoreau expresses his disregard for the law and thinks that the law is an expression of the opinion of the well-off in society. Thoreau argues for moral disengagement from the government. He explores the importance of personal action over political action. Carl is respectful of Thoreau’s views; however, he says that Thoreau does not accept the libertarian Principle that individuals are guided by their agreements and engagements. Carl argues that perhaps the societal divide at the time would legitimize Thoreau’s actions, for instance, his refusal to pay taxes.
Carl disagrees with Thoreau’s views; for example, he states that Thoreau was opposed to slavery and the Mexican war; he, however, does not give his reasons for opposing. Further, Thoreau does not provide a mapping work for the peaceful and free society he wants. Carl contradicts the previous and current interpretations of the essay. He suggests that Thoreau’s text manifested social and political libertarianism since choice and association guide human conscience.
Fanuzzi, Robert. “Thoreau’s Urban Imagination.” American Literature, Volume 68, No 2 (1996): 321-346. Print.
He explores Thoreau’s, Walden Story. He states that Thoreau went to the country to find the city. To him, the city is both present in the Walden story. It is only present through illusions of city life. He says that if Thoreau resided in Boston, it would have been easy to endow him with urban imagination. According to Fanuzzi, the main challenge Walden poses is the free imagination of Thoreau about urbanism and the construction of the social space.
Morgan, Winifred. “‘Bartleby’ and the Failure of Conventional Virtue.” Renascence 45.4 (summer 1993): 257-27. Print.
Morgan Wilfred explores Bartleby, a story by Herman Melville. He informs the reader that most of Herman Melville’s stories are based on voyages. The Bartley, however, is not a voyage story but a story of Wall Street. He starts by telling the encounters of the narrator with Bartley. He goes further to present the critics’ argument on the Bartley story. Wilfred states that some critics, such as Arvin, Dillingham, and Pribex, to name a few, interpret Bartley’s common strange behavior as inhumane and depict the forces of modern society. Morgan agrees that by Bartley sending the narrator to church on Sunday morning, he wants to be identified as a staunch Christian. He adds that using biblical quotations in the text manifests listening skills and a better interpretation of the bible.
Drain, Kim. “Poe’s Death-Watches and the Architecture of Doubt.” New England Review 27.2 (2006): 169-177. Print.
Drain Kim explores her understanding of the Raven by Edgar Allen Poe. Drain understands Poe’s stories more than she dreams about. She says that the structure of Poe’s stories and poems is architectural. She adds that the strong opinions expressed by Poe in his writing are strongly related to the interior decoration and landscaping gardening fields. Many things are alive in Poe’s work, or at least imbued with mute intelligence. For instance, one of his most disturbing stories, “Bernice,” concerns a monomaniacal man’s obsession with his cousin’s teeth. To these teeth “long, narrow, and excessively white,” the story’s narrator assigns “a sensitive and sentient power, “capable “even when unassisted by the lips . . . of moral expression.” In short, to his horror, this man comes to think of Bernice’s teeth as “ideas.” And in one of the most grotesque scenes in all of Poe’s work, he pulls these ideas, these teeth, from his cousin’s mouth during one of her paralyzing fits of epilepsy.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
Bartholomew is a well established and known Greek Orthodox Patriarch; he is a well respected spiritual head worldwide leading a great population of Orthodox Christians globally. Bartholomew made an official recognition of the created independent and unified church of the entire Moscow Patriarchate in Istanbul. Nevertheless, this was one move that was met with a persistent resisting campaign that had existed over a period in the history of Russia (Wawrzonek 14). Bartholomew, therefore, signed a recognized decree which grants autocephaly, as well as independence, to Ukraine’s Orthodox Church which ended the Russian reign and religious control over Ukraine which had lasted for over three hundred and thirty years.
The official granting of Tomos was marked with a ceremony in Istanbul on the 5th of January. The ceremony made consideration of Orthodox Christianity’s spiritual headquarters. Moreover, the ceremony was with Petro Poroshenko the Ukrainian President’s attendance. The entire spiritual ceremony was fully completed in two days and made a memorable handing over of the ‘Tomos’ decree to the newly recognized Ukrainian church. Bartholomew stated that now the Ukrainians were free to embrace and enjoy as well life with the sacred gift of independence, emancipation together with self-governance. Moreover, this now meant that Ukrainians were now free from any and every external intervention as well as reliance.
Impact of Granting Of Tomos
There has been a raging debate deciding on what impacts and effects Ukraine’s new Orthodox Church will bring about, the discussion revolves around how this change will affect not only the global political landscape but also the religious landscape.
According to Richters from the late 1600s, the entire Orthodox Church within Ukraine has been existing and living under the Russian Orthodox Church and therefore was dependent on the Russian Church rather than having its own independence (24). A great number of the Ukrainians had grown over time to resent the element of implicating Ukraine as Russia’s vassal. Therefore embracing and implementation of the ‘Tomos’ cause a significant rise in deep concerns as to what will then be the next step to the estimated twelve thousand churches located in the Ukraine that were living under the rule of the anciently established Moscow Patriarchate. Not to forget to mention that within recent years, about fifty churches located within the Ukraine that were existing under the Moscow Patriarchate were seized and later transferred forcibly to be under the Kiev Patriarchate (Richters 26).
Secondly, the efforts made by the Ukrainians to attain their own independence raised a great outrage both politically and religiously from the Russian leaders. However, the presence of Ukraine’s President Petro in the officiating ceremony in Istanbul brought forward a great level of elevation and affirmation of the attainment of independence of Ukraine from the Russian control within his long-embattled country. President Petro’s attendance also enhanced a great boost in the then-upcoming elections in March.
Thirdly, the embracement and signing of the ‘Tomos’ decree was another way of making a path for Ukraine to strive towards attaining social harmony. The proclamation of Ukraine’s independence as the Orthodox Church from the Russian influence enhances a strong guarantee of Ukraine’s spiritual freedom. The global recognition of Ukraine’s Orthodox Church brought about a resolution to a key issue that was greatly affecting Ukraine after a large population of the Ukrainians had made the decision and broke off from Moscow, and had thus declared noncanonical (Denysenko 45). Thus, enabling a more unified nation striving towards peace and harmony within the nation.
Fourthly, Chaillot points out that the Ukrainian Orthodox church has been existing under the rule and jurisdiction of Moscow since the year 1686 (52). Therefore, the longstanding relationship that exists between Ukraine and Russia was threatened by the tensions that rose after the passing of the ‘Tomos’ decree. This was particularly intense when about two hundred bishops, as well as other church figures, came together within the Ukrainian capital to choose the future head of the autonomous Ukrainian church. Moreover, this was a critical decision that sealed Ukraine’s intention towards severing the religious ties between both Moscow patriarch and the Russian Orthodox Church.
Nevertheless, a great concern arises regarding the schism division of the Russian and Ukrainian churches that has the potential of provoking violent clashes over the church assets in terms of property. Therefore, the Ukrainian Government has taken it as awareness and is advised towards preparation and seeking recommendations of the possibility.
Conclusion
All in all, it is vital to note that studying and understanding old religious disputes matter. The study and research of the history of politics as well as religion have proven that the old religious disputes continue to contribute significantly shaping modern politics in the world today. Therefore, Ukraine is no exception, and therefore the signing and decree of the ‘Tomos’ present a great source of influence on World politics. Particularly because the ‘Tomos’ marked taking out of Ukraine officially from the set ‘Russian World’, thus leaving the Russian political borders.
Works Cited
“Tomos for Ukraine. The Signing Ceremony of Tomos by the Ecumenical Patriarch Right in Istanbul.” Ukraine Interactive Map – Ukraine Latest News on Live Map – Liveuamap.com, 5 Jan. 2019, liveuamap.com/en/2019/5-january-tomos-for-ukraine-the-signing-ceremony-of-tomos.
Chaillot, Christine. The Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Lang, Peter, AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012.Print.
Denysenko, Nicholas E. The Orthodox Church in Ukraine: A Century of Separation. , 2018. Print.
Richters, Katja. The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture, and Greater Russia. , 2014. Print.
Wawrzonek, Michal. Religion and Politics in Ukraine: The Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches as Elements of Ukraine’s Political System. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015.Print.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
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