Abstract
The purpose of the study was to find out the role of IMA in the Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia in ischemic and nonischemic groups. Diagnosis of myocardial ischemia has been done using other biomarkers such as troponin. However, their lower diagnostic accuracy, in addition to lower symptoms specificity has made them unreliable. IMA levels have been found to increase in cardiac ischemic patients, and this makes it useful for inaccurate diagnosis of cardiac ischemia. However, its role in the diagnosis of cardiac ischemia is little known. Therefore, the study aims to find out the role of IMA in the diagnosis. The results of the study indicated that ischemic patients had a higher level of IMA compared to the nonischemic patients. This will be useful when diagnosing a patient who has acute chest pain and also stratifying the patients.
People Also Read
Introduction
Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA) according to Bar-Or et al (12) is a marker of myocardial ischemia. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) from different studies have shown that it is an early marker in patients that are undergoing the process of coronary angioplasty for ischemia (Charpentier et al, 33). Moreover, IMA is very sensitive compared to cardiac troponin (cTn) and 12-lead ECG levels when diagnosing acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients that experience chest pain, and within three hours are attending the emergency department at the onset of the pain (Aparci et al, 369). Further research needs to be done in chest pain patients to assess the role of IMA in myocardial ischemia as a marker.
Methods
The study was conducted on two groups; ischemic and nonischemic groups. 96 patients with acute chest pain between ages group30-60years were admitted to ICCU of the hospital were included for the study. Among these subjects 40 were male and 56 were female. Out Of the 96 patients, 16 of them had no evidence of myocardial ischemia. They were categorized as group II. The remaining 80 patients with research should address pediatric infections and resistant organisms in Aseptic Technique for peripheral IV insertion. There are much evidence of myocardial ischemia were categorized into group I. Of the 80 ischemic patients (group I) 34 were males and 46 females. The control group had healthy subjects who were 28 in number, of which 10 were males and 18 females.
Patients were evaluated as being nonischemic or potentially ischemic through standard coronary disease indicators [(CK), CK-MB, LDH, and electrocardiography findings] and were tested by a Co (II)-albumin binding assay for IMA. The patients of the ischemic group are further divided into three groups based on their age&sex as follows; 30-40 yrs (M&F), 40-50 yrs (M&F), and 50-60 y0rs (M&F).
Results
The mean±SD of CK-MB for the age group 30-40 yrs is normal in both males and females. But for the females of age group 40-50yrs it is higher (24±1.6) compared to males. Likewise, in the age group of 50-60 yrs in females, the CKMB values (56±4.8) have high mean than males (52±6.0).In addition to CK-MB, the LDH values are also higher in females (225±6.4) than males (198±10.6). The LDH levels are normal in the other two groups.
Discussion
From the results, the ischemic group had higher levels of IMA compared to the nonischemic group. This is an indication that patients with chest discomfort but who have low IMA, in addition to other tests like the cTn, are enough to rule out myocardial ischemia. This study reflects the previous study done by Januzzi (116) where the study found that the IMA was positive in four of five patients with pipeline of school to prison. Ecenbarger (2012) believes that the evidence of ischemia in ECG being 16 of 20 patients who had negative ECG but with coronary ischemia. The combination of IMA along with the other standard biomarkers among these patients increases the sensitivity for detecting ischemia to 97% (Tousoulis et al, 102). Additionally, Sinha et al (112) conducted a study to find out the role of IMA in the early diagnosis of ACS among ischemic patients. Diagnosing cardiac ischemia in patients that show symptoms of ACS in emergency departments is often difficult. The study by Sinha et al (112) evaluated IMA with ECG and cTn among 208 patients at the emergency department with acute chest pain within three hours. The results of ECG, IMA, and cTn, in combination and alone, showed correlation with the final diagnosis of, ST-segment elevation, unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation, and non-ischemic chest pain myocardial infarction (Kazanis et al, 1). Gaze (335) indicated that in the entire group of patients under study, IMA sensitivity at presentation for the ischemic chest pain origin was 82% compared to ECG of 45%, and lastly cTnT of 20%. Similarly, when IMA was used in conjunction with cTn or ECG, the sensitivity was 92% and 90% respectively. However, when all three tests were combined identified 95% of chest pain patients were attributed to ischemic heart disease (Charpentier et al, 31). This supports this study in which there is an appropriate setting in which to consider the use of the multimarker combination of IMA plus markers of myonecrosis would be for the rapid assessment of low to intermediate patients with chest discomfort risk. The correlation was also shown in a study conducted by Mowafy et al (145-149) which indicated that the ischemic group had higher levels of IMA compared to the nonischemic group. May et al (145-149) conducted a study on the role of IMA in excluding ischemia from coronary artery disease patients that had chest pains. The study was done on 50 patients with an average age of 54.7 ± 9 years and was grouped into three groups. Group one had 13 patients with unstable angina, group two had 17 patients with NSTEMI, and finally, group three was the control group. The results indicated that IMA was significantly statistically higher in group one and two compared to group three patients (p value<0.05) (Mowafy et al, 145-149). The average level of IMA was significantly cardiac biomarkers that include TIMI risk score, troponin, and a number of the vessels affected but not correlated to the short-term prognosis and Modified Gensini Score (MGS). The optimal cutoff value of the levels of IMA in the prediction of poor prognosis according to Yakut et al (174) was 9.65ng/ml. This study shows a correlation to the findings of this study that showed that the ischemic group had higher levels of IMA compared to the nonischemic group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the IMA serum is a useful biomarker in ruling outpatients who are nonischemic and are suspected to be suffering from ACS, and is related significantly to many affected blood vessels. The ability to detect ischemia using IMA before the destruction of the myocyte will make it possible for more accurate and earlier management decisions for the patients suspected to be ailing from cardiac ischemia (Tousoulis et al, 752). Furthermore, it improves the ability to stratify patients with acute chest pain and in therapeutic decision guidance.
Conclusion
In summary, IMA is an effective marker for ACS diagnosis. High negative predictive IMA values make it an independent predictor of ACS development among patients. Furthermore, IMA is not just specific to cardiac ischemia. This makes it potential as a biomarker for other acute ischemic events.
Work Cited
Bar-Or, D, E Lau, and JV Winkler. “A Novel Assay for Cobalt-Albumin Binding and Its Potential As a Marker for Myocardial Ischemia-a Preliminary Report.” The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 19.4 (2012): 311-5. Print.
[email protected], Govender, Radha, De Greef, Jacques, Delport, Rhena, Becker, Piet J., & Vermaak, William J.H.” Biological Variation of Ischaemia-Modified Albumin in Healthy Subjects. Clinics Cardiv, 2009.” Internet resource.
Rodriguez-Ospina, LF, CP Rosales-Alvarez, and A Lopez-Mas. “Cardiac Biomakers for the Evaluation of Acute Coronary Syndrome.” Boletín De La Asociación Médica De Puerto Rico. 101.4 (2009). Print.
Sinha, M, Roy, D, Gaze, D, Collinson, P, & Kaski, J. “Role of “ischemia Modified Albumin”, a New Biochemical Marker of Myocardial Ischaemia, in the Early Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes.” BMJ Group, 2014. Print
Wiviott, Stephen D, Christopher P. Cannon, David A. Morrow, Kausik K. Ray, Marc A. Pfeffer, and Eugene Braunwald. “Differential Expression of Cardiac Biomarkers by Gender in Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 46.8 (2011): 1411-1416. Print.
Januzzi, James L. Cardiac Biomarkers in Clinical Practice. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009. Print.
Tousoulis, Dimitris, and Christodoulos Stefanadis. Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013. Print.
Kazanis, K, M Dalamaga, C Nounopoulos, AS Manolis, N Sakellaris, G Jullien, and A Dionyssiou-Asteriou. “Ischemia Modified Albumin, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis.” Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 408 (2009): 1-2. Print.
Mowafy, H.H, M Hamdi, M Khaled, and M Ashraf. “The Role of Ima in Ruling Out Ischemia in Patients Presenting with Chest Pain, and Its Relation with the Extent of Coronary Artery Disease.” Egyptian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 1.3 (2013): 145-149. Print.
Chawla, R, N Goyal, R Calton, and S Goyal. “Ischemia Modified Albumin: a Novel Marker for Acute Coronary Syndrome.” Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry: Ijcb. 21.1 (2010): 77-82. Print.
Yakut, Ibrahim, Cüneyt Tayman, Osman Oztekin, Mehmet Namuslu, Fahri Karaca, and Aydın Kosus. “Ischemia-modified Albumin May Be a Novel Marker for the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Necrotizing Enterocolitis.” Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 28.3 (2014): 170-177. Print.
Gaze, DC. “Ischemia Modified Albumin: a Novel Biomarker for the Detection of Cardiac Ischemia.” Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 24.4 (2009): 333-41. Print.
Aparci, M, E Kardesoglu, N Ozmen, O Ozcan, BS Cebeci, BY Cingozbay, and M Dincturk. “Prognostic Significance of Ischemia-Modified Albumin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.” Coronary Artery Disease. 18.5 (2011): 367-73. Print.
Charpentier, Sandrine, Jean L. Ducassé, Maxime Cournot, Françoise Maupas-Schwalm, Meyer Elbaz, Cécile Baixas, Henri Juchet, Thierry Lang, and Dominique Lauque. “Clinical Assessment of Ischemia-Modified Albumin and Heart Fatty Acid-Binding Protein in the Early Diagnosis of Non-St-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Emergency Department.” Academic Emergency Medicine. 17.1 (2010): 27-35. Print.
With a student-centered approach, I create engaging and informative blog posts that tackle relevant topics for students. My content aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed academically and beyond.
